Computational intelligence principles techniques and applications (2005) 3540208984

Amit KonarComputational Intelligence Principles, Techniques and Applications... Amit KonarComputational Intellingence Principles, Techniques and Applications With 215 figures and 13 tab

Amit Konar

Computational Intelligence

Principles, Techniques and Applications

Amit Konar

Computational

Intellingence

Principles, Techniques and Applications

With 215 figures and 13 tables

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004117176

ISBN 3-540-20898-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is

concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,

reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or

parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965,

in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Violations are

liable to prosecution under German Copyright Law.

Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media

springeronline.com

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

Printed in The Netherlands

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply,

even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws

and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Typesetting: Data conversion by the author.

Final processing by PTP-Berlin Protago-TEX-Production GmbH, Germany

Cover-Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg

Printed on acid-free paper 89/3141/Yu – 5 4 3 2 1 0

Prof Dr Amit Konar

Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineering Department

Jadavpur University

Calcutta 700 032

India

£°Ê
LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ-ÕLiVÌ

-ˆ˜ViÊ ˆÌÃÊ ˆ˜Vi«Ìˆœ˜ ˆ˜Ê ̅iÊ i>ÀÞÊ £™™ä½Ã]Ê Ì…iÊ ÃÕLiVÌÊ …>ÃÊ Õ˜`iÀ}œ˜iÊ >Ê `À>“>̈VVi˜ÌiÀi`Ê>ÀœÕ˜` ̅iʏœ}ˆVʜvÊvÕââÞÊÃiÌÃ]ʘiÕÀ>Ê˜iÌܜÀŽÃ]Ê}i˜ïVÊ>}œÀˆÌ…“Ê>˜`

«ÀœL>LˆˆÃ̈VÊ Ài>ܘˆ˜}Ê >œ˜}Ê ÜˆÌ…Ê Ì…iÊ ÃÌÕ`ÞÊ œvÊ Ì…iˆÀÊ ÃޘiÀ}ˆÃ“°Ê /…iÊ “œ`iÀ˜

“>V…ˆ˜iÊ ˆ˜Ìiˆ}i˜Vi°Ê ÌÊ `i>ÃÊ ÜˆÌ…Ê Ì…iÊ “œ`iÃÊ œvÊ }À>˜Õ>ÀÊ Vœ“«Ṏ˜}]Ê ˜iÕÀ>Vœ“«Ṏ˜} >˜`ÊiۜṎœ˜>ÀÞÊVœ“«Ṏ˜}Ê>˜` ̅iˆÀʈ˜ÌiÀ>V̈œ˜ÃÊ܈̅ >À̈vˆVˆ>Êˆvi]

V…>œÃÊ Ì…iœÀÞÊ >˜`Ê œÌ…iÀÃ°Ê ˆ}°Ê £Ê «ÀœÛˆ`iÃÊ >Ê LÀˆivÊ œÕ̏ˆ˜iÊ œvÊ Ì…iÊ `ivˆ˜ˆÌˆœ˜ œv}ˆÛi˜Êˆ˜Êˆ}° Ó°

Ó°
LœÕÌÊ̅iÊ œœŽ

/…iÊLœœŽÊÌ>ŽiÃÊ>ʓœ`iÃÌÊ>ÌÌi“«ÌÊ̜ÊVœÛiÀÊ̅iÊi˜ÌˆÀiÊvÀ>“iܜÀŽÊœvÊVœ“«ÕÌ>̈œ˜>

ˆ˜Ìiˆ}i˜ViÊ >˜`Ê ˆÌÃÊ >««ˆV>̈œ˜ÃÊ ˆ˜Ê >Ê Ãˆ˜}iÊ ÛœÕ“i°Ê ÌÊ ˆ˜VÕ`iÃÊ ÓÎÊ V…>«ÌiÀÃ]VœÛiÀˆ˜}Ê>Ê>ëiVÌÃʜvÊ̅iÊÃÕLiVÌʈ˜Ê> Vi>À]Ê«ÀiVˆÃiÊ>˜`ʅˆ}…ÞÊVœ“«Ài…i˜ÃˆÛiÃÌޏi°Ê /…iÊ LœœŽÊ >ÃœÊ ˆ˜VÕ`iÃÊ ÌÜœÊ >««i˜`ˆViÃ°Ê Ê
««i˜`ˆÝ‡
Ê Vœ˜Ì>ˆ˜ÃÊ Ã>“«i

««i˜`ˆÝ‡ Ê ˆ˜VÕ`iÃÊ iۜṎœ˜>ÀÞÊ >}œÀˆÌ…“ÃÊ œv ÀiVi˜Ì ˆ˜ÌiÀiÃÌ]Ê Ü…ˆV…Ê >Ài

ˆ˜VĂi>ʈ˜}Þ Liˆ˜} ÕÊi`Í ÌœÍ …>˜`iÍ Vœ“«iÝÍ i˜}ˆ˜iiȘ}Í «ĂœLi“ÊÍ œvÍ `ˆÛiĂÊi

E /…iÍLœœŽÍˆ˜VÕ`iÊÍ«i˜ÌÞ͜v͘ՓiÈV>ÍiÝ>“«iÊÍ>˜` ܜÎi` œÕÌÍ«ĂœLi“Ê°

E /…iÍiÝiĂVˆÊi͈ÊÍV>ĂivՏÞ͜Ă}>˜ˆđi`Í̜ }Ո`iÍÊÌÕ`i˜ÌÊÍ̜ …>˜`iÍVœ“«iÝ Ăi>ÜœĂ`Í «ĂœLi“Ê°Í Í ˆ˜ÌÊÍ >ĂiÍ }ˆÛi˜Í ÌœÍ “œÊÌÍ «ĂœLi“ÊÍ ÊœÍ >ÊÍ ÌœÍ i˜>LiÍ Ì…iÊÌÕ`i˜ÌÊÍ̜ÍVœ“«iÌiÍ̅iÍʜṎœ˜Ê͜˜Í̅iˆĂ͜ܘ°

>˜`Í ĂœLœÌˆVÊÍ ÜˆÍ …i«Í ̅iÍ ÊÌÕ`i˜ÌÊÍ Ìœ }ÜÜÍ ˆ˜ÌiĂiÊÌÍ ˆ˜Í ̅iÍ ÊÕLiVÌÍ >˜`i˜…>˜ViÍ̅iˆĂÍ«œÌi˜Ìˆ>Í̜ͅ>˜`iÍ«ĂœLi“Ê͜vÍʈ“ˆ>ĂÍ`œ“>ˆ˜Ê°

EÍ,iÊi>ĂV…Í«ĂœLi“Ê͈˜VÕ`i`͈˜ÍV…>«ÌiĂÍÓÎÍ܈Íi˜>LiÍ}Ă>`Õ>ÌiÍĂiÊi>ĂV…iĂÊ̜͈`i˜ÌˆvÞÍ«ĂœLi“Ê͜vÍ̅iˆĂ͜ܘÍV…œˆVi°

-Õ«iẶˆÊi` 1˜ÊÕ«iẶˆÊi` ,iˆ˜vœĂVi“i˜Ì



ˆ`i˜ÌˆvˆV>̈œ˜]Í œ«Ìˆ“ˆđ>̈œ˜]Í `ˆ>}˜œÊˆÊÍ >˜`Í Vœ˜ÌÜÍ >ĂiÍ VÕĂĂi˜ÌÞÍ Liˆ˜}Í Ăi«>Vi`LÞÍ Ì…iÍ “œ`iÊÍ œvÍ Vœ“«ÕÌ>̈œ˜>Í ˆ˜Ìiˆ}i˜Vi°Í ,iÊi>ĂV…Í ÊÌÕ`i˜ÌÊÍ œœŽˆ˜}Í vœĂÍ >ÊՈÌ>LiÍ«ĂœLi“ vœĂÍ̅iˆĂÍ-͜ĂÍ*…Í Í̅iʈÊÍ܈Í>ÊœÍvˆ˜`Í̅ˆÊ LœœŽÍ…i«vՏÍ>Ê͈Ì

ˆ˜ÌÜ`ÕViÊÍ >Í ˜Õ“LiĂÍ œvÍ œ«i˜‡i˜`i` «ĂœLi“ÊÍ ÜˆÌ…Í ÊÕvvˆVˆi˜ÌÍ …ˆ˜ÌÊÍ ÌœÍ i>V… œv

̅i“°

/…iÍ LœœŽ Vœ˜ÊˆÊÌÊÍ œvÍ ÌÜœÍ “>ˆ˜Í «>ĂÌÊ°Í *>ĂÌÍ Í œvÍ Ì…iÍ LœœŽÍ ˆÊÍ Vœ˜ViØi` ܈̅v՘`>“i˜Ì>Í ˆÊÊÕiÊÍ œvÍ Vœ“«ÕÌ>̈œ˜>Í ˆ˜Ìiˆ}i˜Vi]Í Ü…iĂi>ÊÍ «>ĂÌ Í `i>ÊÍ ÜˆÌ…Ê«iVˆ>ˆđi`Í Ìœ«ˆVÊ]Í i“«…>ʈđˆ˜}Í ÊޘiĂ}ˆÊ“Í œvÍ Ì…iÍ Vœ“«ÕÌ>̈œ˜>Í “œ`iÊ

ˆ˜ÌÜ`ÕVi`͈˜ «>ĂÌÍ°Í
ÍÊiV̈œ˜ œvÍ«>ĂÌÍ͈ÊÍ`i`ˆV>Ìi` ̜Íi˜}ˆ˜iiȘ} >««ˆV>̈œ˜Ê

œvÍVœ“«ÕÌ>̈œ˜>Íˆ˜Ìiˆ}i˜ViͫȘVˆ«iÊ°

ˆ˜ÌÜ`ÕV̈œ˜Í̜Í̅iÍÊÕLiVÌ°Í*ȘVˆ«iÊ͜vÍvÕđđÞÍÊiÌÊ]ÍvÕđđÞ͏œ}ˆVÍ>˜` >««ĂœÝˆ“>ÌiĂi>ʜ˜ˆ˜}Í >ĂiÍ VœÛiĂi`Í ˆ˜Í V…>«ÌiĂÊÍ Ó >˜`Í ÎÍ ĂiÊ«iV̈ÛiÞ°Í ÕđđÞÍ Vœ˜ÌÜÍ ˆÊ

ˆ˜ÌÜ`ÕVi`Í ˆ˜Í V…>«ÌiĂÍ {°Í ÕđđÞÍ `>Ì>L>ÊiÊÍ >˜`Í vÕđđÞÍ «>ÌÌiĂ˜Í ĂiVœ}˜ˆÌˆœ˜ >Ăi

˜iÕĂ>Í ˜iÌÊ°Í ՘`>“i˜Ì>Í «Ăˆ˜Vˆ«iÊÍ œvÍ ˜iÕĂ>Í ˜iÌÊÍ >ĂiÍ VœÛiĂi`Í ˆ˜ V…>«ÌiĂÍ Ì°

*ȘVˆ«iÊÍ œvÍ ÊÕ«iẶˆÊi`]Í՘ÊÕ«iẶˆÊi`]ÍĂiˆ˜vœĂVi“i˜ÌÍ >˜`Í Vœ“«ï̈ÛiÍ i>؈˜}

>}œĂˆÌ…“ÊÍ>Ăi͈˜ÌÜ`ÕVi`͈˜ÍV…>«ÌiĂÍ£Ó°ÍÍi̅œ`œœ}ˆiÊ͜vÍLiˆivÍVœ“«Ṏ˜} >Ăi

«ĂiÊi˜Ìi`͈˜ÍV…>«ÌiĂͣΰ

*>ĂÌÍ Í œvÍ Ì…iÍ LœœŽÍ Li}ˆ˜Ê ÜˆÌ…Í Ăi>ʜ˜ˆ˜}Í ˆ˜Í vÕđđÞÍ *iÌĂˆÍ ˜iÌÊÍ œÕ̏ˆ˜i` ˆ˜

V…>«ÌiĂÍ £{°Í
}œĂˆÌ…“ÊÍ vœĂÍ …Õ“>˜Í v>ViÍ ĂiVœ}˜ˆÌˆœ˜Í >˜`Í “œœ`Í `iÌiV̈œ˜Í >Ăi

ÊÕV… >ÊÍ }Ă>˜Õ>ĂÍ Vœ“«Ṏ˜}]Í ĂœÕ}…Í ÊiÌÊ]Í «>Ă̈ViÍ ÊÜ>ÓÊ]Í >Ă̈vˆVˆ>Í ˆ““Õ˜i

ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ





/…iÍ>Õ̅œĂÍܜՏ`͏ˆŽiÍ̜Í̅>˜ŽÍ“>˜Þ͜vͅˆÊÍvÈi˜`Ê]ÍVœi>}ÕiÊÍ>˜` Vœ‡ÜœĂŽiĂÊvœĂÍ …i«]Í Vœ‡œ«iĂ>̈œ˜Í >˜`Í ÊÕ««œĂÌ]Í ÜˆÌ…œÕÌÍ Ü…ˆV… ̅iÍ LœœŽ VœÕ`Í ˜œÌÍ LiVœ“«iÌi`͈˜Í̅iÍ«ĂiÊi˜ÌÍvœĂ“°

͈ĂÊÌÍ >˜` vœĂi“œÊÌÍ Ì…iÍ >Õ̅œĂÍ ÜˆÊ…iÊÍ ÌœÍ Ì…>˜ŽÍ *ÜviÊʜĂÍ
° °Í >ÊÕ]Í 6ˆVi‡ÜÈÌiÍ̅iÍLœœŽ°Íi͈ÊÍiµÕ>Þ͈˜`iLÌi`Í̜Í*ÜviÊʜĂͰ͈ÌĂ>]Í i>˜]Í v>VՏÌÞÍ œv

̅iÍLœœŽ°Í/…iÍ>Õ̅œĂÍ>ÊœÍ܈ʅiÊÍ̜Í̅>˜ŽÍ*Üv°Í-°Í°Í->˜Þ>]Í̅iÍ i«ÕÌÞÍ6ˆVi‡LœœŽ°Í/…iÍ>Õ̅œĂÍ}>`ÞÍ>VŽ˜œÜi`}iÊÍ̅iÍÊÕ««œĂÌÍiÝÌi˜`i`ÍLÞÍ̅iÍVÕĂĂi˜ÌÍ>˜`

̅iÍ «>ÊÌÍ ÌÜœÍ " - œvÍ …ˆÊÍ `i«>Ă̓i˜Ì\Í *ÜviÊʜĂÍ
°Í ° >˜`ޜ«>`…Þ>Þ]

*ÜviÊʜĂÍ°Í->…> >˜` *ÜviÊʜĂÍ,°Í >˜`ˆÍvœĂÍÍ̅iÍÊÕVViÊÊvՏÍVœ“«ïœ˜ÍœvÍ̅iLœœŽ°

̅iˆĂÍۈiÜÊ͜ÛiĂÍ Ì…iÍ «>ÊÌÍ£xÍ Þi>ĂÊ]Í܅ˆV… Տ̈“>ÌiÞÍ ÌœœŽÍ ʅ>«iÍ ˆ˜Í ̅iÍ vœĂ“ œv

̅iÍ LœœŽ°Í /…iÍ >Õ̅œĂÍ }Ă>ÌivՏÞÍ >VŽ˜œÜi`}iÊÍ Ì…iÍ Vœ˜ÌÈLṎœ˜Í œv …ˆÊÍ ÊÌÕ`i˜ÌÊ\-Ü>}>Ì>“Í >Ê]Í ˆÊÜ>Ắ«Íœ>Þ]Í
`ÈÊ͈ÊĂ>]Í*ÈÞ>˜ŽœÍˆÌĂ>]Í-œÕ“Þ>ˆÌÍ iÞ]-œ˜>ˆÍ ,>Þ]Í iLĂ>Í i]Í ->ˆL>Í Վ…œ«>`…Þ>Þ]Í
L…ˆˆÌÍ >ÊÍ >˜`Í
L…ˆŽ…ˆÊÍ *…°