A Student English Grammar

g fbllow ctrpular vcrbs likc ltc or lx'Lrtnrc.h are subjcct, verb.. 3 Verbs and auxiliaries7 Who was he tclling to gct out of thc kitchcn, ancl why'l U lt has nothing to clo with kitchcn

A

A STI"]DENT'S

A Stucil:nt's Grarnnrctr of'the English Longu,oge

bv Sidney Grecnbaum and Randolph Quirk

E '-'"GMAN

Addison WesleY l-ongman Limited,

Ikl i r tbt r rg/.t (|rttc, IIrr rlrttr'

I:sst'.t' ( )XI 2O 2./ll, Iirt,ql r u ul

ottrl Assrrcirtletl ('lttntltrutit's thnttr,qltrtttt the trvtrlrl

O S (lhalkct 1t)t)2

A l l r i g l r t s r c s c r v c c l : l l ( ) l ) a r t o 1 ' t l i i s l l t r l : l l i c : r t i o r l

r r r c c ' l i u n i c e l , p l t o t o c o l l y i n g ' t ' < o r c l i n g , o r o t l l c r u ' ' i s c l ,' u v i t l t o t t t l l r c p r i o t ' u ' t i t t c n l l c r t r l i s s i o t l < i 1 ' t l r c I ) t r l r l i s h e r s '

I n t r o d u c t i o n , 1

I T h c E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e - 5

2 A g c n c r a l f l ' a r r c w o r k 1

l V e r h s r r r r t l a u x i l i u r i e \ | |

, 1 T h c s c n r a n t i c s o f t h e v e r b p h r a s c 2 I

5 N o u n s a n c l c l c t c n n t r t c r s 3 6

6 P r o n o u n s 4 1

7 A d j c c t i v e s a n c l a d v c r b s - 5 3

U T h c s e n r a n t i c s a n d g r l r n r n a r o f a c l v c r b i a l s 6 0

t ) P r c p o s i t i o n s a n c l p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h r a s c s 6 7

f 0 T h e s i r n p l c s c n t c n c c 1 4

I I S c n t e n c e t y p e s a n d c l i s c o u r s e l ' u n c t i o n s 1 J 2

1 2 P n l - l i r r n r s a n c l c l l i p s i s t l 6

| 3 C l o o r r l i n a t i o n 9 3

1 4 T h c c o r n p l c x s c n t c n c c 9 9

l 5 S y n t a c t i c a n d s c n r a n l i c I ' u n c l i o n s o l ' s u b o r d i n a t c c l l u s c s 1 0 9

l 6 C o m p l c n r c n t a t i o n o f v c r b s a n c l a t l j c c t i v c s l 2 |

l 1 T h c r t o t r n p l t r r r s c I l l

l l l T l r c r r c l i r c u s , a n c l i n f i r n n a t i o n p r o c c s s i n g 1 4 2

1 9 F r o m s c n t c n c e t o t e x t l - 5 2

K I I Y S u g g c s t c c l i t n s w c r s l - 5 8

lntroduction

i s u k c y t o l h c c x c r c i s c s t r t lh c l r u c k b u t i t r r t u s t h c p o i r t t c d o u t l h l t t l l l s o l l t c

c a s c s l l t c r c n r a v b c o t h e r a c c c l t t l r b l c u n s u ' e l s ( i l l t t n n t a r is t r n t l c n i a t r l y i t t t t a l l c l o l '

n r l c s a n r l l' r - c r p r c n t l v o i " r i g h f l n r l ' l l ' t ' o t t g ' : b u l i t c l r r t a l s o lr c tt r t t l t t t c t - o l ' r i g h t ' l r l l t l' r i g h t ' u c h o i c c h c t w c c n I w ( ) ( ) r n l o r c g r a t n t n u l i c u l w a v s o l ' s a y i n g s o t t t c t l t i t t g

d c p c n d i r r u < t n t h c c x r t c t tt l e a l l i t l g i t l t c t t t l c t l

s ( '

I - o n d o n

I 992

1 T h e E n g l i s h la n g u a g e

P r e s c r i p t i v e a n d d i s p u t e d g r a m m a r

Although thcrc is l'airly gcne ral agrccntcnt about what you carl ancl canttot

s a y in s t a n c l a r c l t t n g l i s h t h e r c a r e a t e w ' g r e y a r e a s ' o f tr t s t ' t l t t , l r u s a g c w h e r c

All ol t'ou vt'ill rrot ruxlcrstutrLl

[)on'l ettcl a sclltcltcc with lr prcposiliorl

S a y / t ' r ' / ( D o n ' t s r t y /l ' i r i i r ' )

P a r l l y a s a r c s u l t o l ' p r c s c r i p t i v c r u l c s w c t t l t c t t g c t l l l l ' l i l { ( ' o R l t l , ( ' l l ( ) N w h i c h

i s p c o p l c s c r i o u s l y r t r i s a p l t l y i n g a r u l e ' l ' h u s s o r l l c o t t e w l t o l t l t s b c c r l to l t l t t r

so tlrcy stty'i'lttlv't't'rt ltttr ttttti l

(-an you spot thc problctlts'/

I I u r r i i r n p r c s s c d b 1 ' t h c k n o u " l e c l g e h c u r t c l h i s l l - i e n t l s s l ' t o w o l ' d i f ' l c r c n t

g p i v e r s i t i c s a n d c o u r s c s ' l h c y u r c li t p p c ( l it t l t t lt t t c t w o r k o l i r t t i r r n r a l i o n l lclitl not usccl to bc likc tliat

v i c t i r n ( P o l i c c t t f fi c c r s p c a k i n g

i t ' i t h a c l n ' t h a v c b c c n f o r '

o n l c l c v i s i o n )

l h c c o u r a s c o l ' t h c

6 The English language

3 The doctor clismisscd the symptoms and suggested she take up a relaxinghobbv

4 Q: What would you have been had you not been born a sportsman'/A: I may have fbllowed rny father into the Servrces

5 I wondcr if he were indeecl herc vesterclay

6 A s t o r w c E n g l i s h w c s h o u l c l r c s i s t th c t c r n p t a t i o n t o r n a k e j o k e s

kcot to thc othcr

tl Nearly lirur linre s us nlany girls in Britlin sul'l'cr I'rorn lsthrna than in thc 1970s

- but all thosc who cltirn to be aller.uic arc not sufl'ering liorn it

2 A general framework

Exercise 2 Sentences and clauses [SGE 2.2-31

How much dil you know about scntence structure'l Complete the sentenccs by

(c) contains a subjcct and a predicate

( c l ) o n l y o c c u r w i t h t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s

(c) have to occur rn evcry scntencc

(f) usually conres befilrc the verb

(g) fbllow ctrpular vcrbs likc ltc or lx'Lrtnrc.(h) are subjcct, verb object, complctnenl aclverbial.( i ) c o n s i s t s o l ' a v e r b a n c l p o s s i h l y o t h c r

cletnct'tts

(-i) has to agree witlr thc subjcct

Exercise 3 Sentence elements: forms ISGE 2.241

Reacl the pas:ja-qe ancl then choose the otld tbrm out in each sct listed below

I sat down on a stonc I was exhausted My ankle was aching and leg nruscles that

I ncver knew cxisted wcre beginnins lo complain The sun wi.ls castinc longshadows and the silence worricd me Thcre was no sign of thc path, and tto tlther

t r a i l lo o k e c l a t a l l c o n v i n c i n g I c o u l d n o t s c c a s i n g l e h o u s e , t h e r e w e r c n o ta r n i l i a rlanclmarks, ancl the lndus u'as ttnly a glinting trickle far belo"v If'elt tirccl

thost' prttblenrs, u plucc I rttttt' r'isitt'd

Prcpositional phrases arc ralhcr diffbrcnt becausc prepositions clo ntll

+ another word, usually a noult

t q uu I I v u t ru 1t1tt'u I i tt.q( r i o s i g n ) t t l t h c p u t l t

(sat dorvn) ()n u st()n(

Word classes I

Look at the passage again (Ercrcise 3) and clccide what function cach of the

fbllowing phrases has

AcljPs 6 at all convincing

7 tirccl nrise rablc ancl slightly t'rightcnctl

8 welconting, altr-tost horrrcly

: l T h c o p c n c l a s s c s (a ) a r c c o n s t a n t l y g a i n i n - u r r c w w o r t l s ( b ) i n c l u c l c n t a i r t l v' q r a m r n a t i c a l ' w o r i l s

10 A general framework

E x e r c i s e 6 W o r d c l a s s e s : definitions [SGE2.6-11]

Complete the sentcnce s with thesc words:

u t l j e c t i v c : a d v e r b s e o n j u n c t i o n s t l c t t r m i n e r s n o u n s p r c p o s i l i o r r spronouns verbs

2 CollcLtiva, courtt ,qctritit'c,l)rolrcr are used in clescribing

3 Attri but i t'e, 1tt'cdi cutit'c, (ontpdrdtit'c, sultcrlot it,t, relatc to

Exercise 7 More about word classes ISGE 2.6-111

p a r t i c u l a r w o r r l c l a s s

3 Verbs and auxiliaries

7 Who was he tclling to gct out of thc kitchcn, ancl why'l

U lt has nothing to clo with kitchcns He was suggesting to pcoplc whtl could notwork undcr pressure that they get out and lincl othcr wclrk

9 O h I g e t it l

l0 I don't know whether anyone actually did get out as a result

E x e r c i s e 9 - e d f o r m : r e g u l a r a n d i r r e g u l a r [ S G E 3 3 - 1 0 ]

In rcgular verbs the past tcnsc and the past participle both encl in -crl:

I lookcd lpastl, I have lookcd [past participlcl

1 2 V e r b s a n d a u x i l i a r i e s

Cornple{c thc lbllowing passage using -rrl lbnns ol tlrcsc rcgular ancl irregular

v c r b s :

cicsccncl clisappear clrop givc

say scl stancl wrap

lead pcrclr populate risc rouncl

vcrbs into three lists according to the wav the enclings arc pronouncecl

3 1

o l ' t h c w a t c h a n d ( 1 0 r c v c l ) i r t t t t y l t a t r e c l o l ' ( ' r l w l c y -l.lrcn

14 Verbs and auxiliaries

u r r k i n c l I a r n a r r c l h o w u n l a i r l i f ' c is I l c ' s a ( 9 ) i n - t h c - w o o l s c r o u n s c r

E x e r c i s e 1 5 lr r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s [ S G E 3 1 0 ]

Ncwspapcr hcadlincs of'tcn usc prcscnt tcllscs to re port thc lalcst ncws - it sounrls

changcs that rnay bc ncccssary

A t r s v r c r ' A r t t h i e v c s h a v e s t o l c n a ( p a i n t i n g b y ) G a i n s b o r o u g h

I Rioting spreads to city centrc

2 Drcam comcs lrue ltlr octogcnarian

Thc regular -r,r/ fbrr.n is pronounccd in thrcc dilferent ways according to the

s o u n d i t f o l l o w s :

u islred ltl u'tiglted ltU v'uitcd lrcU

3 Boy sleeps through pit ordcal

4 Tottenham lose out in a differcnt ball samc

5 Thousands strike in dock unrest

6 Postal charges rise again

7 Madman shoots 5

Primary and auxiliary verbs 15

8 MP fights otf death threat from muggcr

9 P&O profits f:rll 22 per cent at half-year

l0 Ferry sinks in harbour

I I Refugees flce rencwed fighting

l2 Last ol'the re tirgees fly horne

l3 Wcst Country bears brultt of galcs

l4 Ciun victirn unclcrgocs ctncrgctlcy stlrgcry

I Thcrc's no firol likc an oltl ltlol

2 I'm only hcrc lirr lhc bccr

E,runrytle: I watch a lot of TV Do votr'l I oolt'r

I I don't watch the news very otien, though

2 I can't understand that weatherman's accent

J I m i s s e d t h e fi r s t p r o g r a m m c i n t h u t n c w n l t u r e s e r i e s

4 I ' d f b r g o t t e n i t w a s o n

'16 Verbs and auxiliaries

5 I'vc bcen ll'atching the tennis

Primary and auxiliary verbs 17

1B Verbs and auxiliaries

(c) using crcdit cards

(d) bartering goods for other goods

(e) paying fbr things by cheque

(f) pay for things by chcque

(g) carry moncy arouncl coins and things

(h) be paid in cash at the enci of thc weck

( i ) b e n o s u c h t h i n g

(i) use ntoncy

Exercise 2'l Yerb phrases ISGE 3.19-22]

A verb phrasc may consist of a singlc worcl (l'r'l/c) or scveral vcrb fbrtns(luttl bcctr v'r'itittg) A verb phrasc rnay bc linitc ancl ref'crto tintc (n'r'ilc.r.wrot() or ttortfinitc

H e t k r t ' s i l ' l lt l r v c li r t t c [ o r r |i / r '

Writitr.q isn't casy

I c l c n t i t y t h c l i n i t c v c r b p h r a s c s i n t h e l i r l l o w i n g T a k e c a c l t p l r r a s c a s w h o l c - c l onot classify cach worcl scparatcly Thcn Iind at lcast fivc nonlinitc vcrb phrascs

L t u m l t l c : r t t i , q h t s c t ' r t r ( f i n i t c ) tt t ltlutr (nonlinitc)

r n c a n s o l ' r r a k i i r g a l i v i n g y c l I ' c l b c c n d o i n - e j u s t t h a l lo r l h c - p a s t 1 w o y c a r s I h a c l n ' 1consciously choscn such a lif'c; it hatl just workccl oLrt that way

Exercise 22 Subjunctive [SGE 3.23-241

The so-callccl mandative sub.junctivc is usecl in //tal-clauscs afierexprcssions(which rnay bc vcrbs, nouns or acljcctivcs) of orclering recomrnencling,intcnding This subjunctive takes the basc firrrn of the verb - with no -.r lbrm.and no changes tbr past tensc:

They ordered that he not leave

A commcrn alternative is a verb phrase with shoulcl

V o i c e 1 9

Rewrite the fbllowing using the subjunctive where appropriate Make any otherchangcs necessary:

E:untple' The govemor directecl that all prisoners bc closely supervised '

v i t a l h c s a i c l t h a t t l l v i s i t o r s s h o u l c l b c s c a r c h c d

20 Verbs and auxiliaries

4 , n " s e m a n t i c s o f t h e v e r b P h r a s e

T i m e a n d t e n s e [SGE 4.1-6]

tensc are not thc satlc Tensc is a qratnttlatical

prcscnt ancl Past lirne

tirnc in thc worlcl titne ancl

c a t c l l o r y w i t h v a r i o u s k i n c l stcnscs rkl rtot itlways rcftr ttr

- whcthcr the current progranlmc (f3) contintrcs to the cncl of thc ycar'

- whether vclluntecrs ( l0) rcce ive any pockct moncy'?

22 The semantics of the verb phrase

Exercise 27 Past simple: when exactly? [SGE 4.1-6]

or whcthcr thc past tcnsc is uscd lirr:

T h r o u g h o u l { h c s u r t r r n c r [ { a r o l c l ( J ) l r t o k t d a c r o s s t o F r a n c e b u l r r o

N < r r r r r a n s ( 1 3 ) r ' r l r i r S h i p s i n t l r o s c c l a y s (9 ) t t t ' c r l t , t l w i n d p o w c r u n t l

c o n t r i l r y w i r r c l s a r r d s t o n n s (1 0 ) d c l u v u l W i l l i a n r c v c n w h c n h c ( | I ) 1 1 ' , / r rcarly

A r r c l th c n i n S c p l c r n b c r ' a n o t h e r c l a i r t r a r r t 1 o t h c l l r r - o n c , H a r a l d o l ' N o r w a y ,( 1 2 ) l u t u l u l i n n o r t h c r n L , n g l a n c l a n d ( 1 3 ) t ' u 1 t t u t e t l Y o r k M c d i e v a l

k i r r g s o f c o r r r s c ( l ; l ) l c d t h c i r o w n a r r n i c s s o f l n g l i s h H a r o l c l ( 1 5 ) t t x t k lris army north

Tense and aspect 23

Exercise 28 Present simple and progressive [SGE 4'7'111

C o m p l e l c t h e I' o l l o w i n g u s i n g :

Present simplc tense [1 ask, he a.rA.r 1

or Prescnt progressive ll utn uskittg,, thev arc asking 1

Indicate any places where both tenscs are possiblc

Thc increasing use of pcsticicles and other chcmicals by farmers in rccent years,( l c u r r c n t l y / c a u s e ) r s c L r R R r - N r I - y ( ' A u s r N c i b i r c l s o f p r c y t o l c a v e t h c c o u n t r y s i d c l b rurban arcas

B i r c l s o l ' p r c y ( 2 f t e d ) o n s m a l l m i t m m a l s , s o i n t h cc6untryside thcy ( 3 pick up) pesticidcs through eating poisoncd

t t ( t l a p p e a r ) t h a t t h c r e a r c n < l w c o n s i d c r a b l e t t u t l r b c r s o fsparrgwhawks in thc wcll wooclccl arcas of Lontlon [Jut as a rule thcsc bircls (9 not

-Contplcte thc fblkrw ing using thc prcsent sirnplc or prescnt progrcssive Rctllclnbcrthat both tcnses t'nay rcf'er to thc f uturc

.lrtlnt' Crn you cotne ancl help'? What ( I you/clo) ',}!i't'.Yl1!r.l}llf!: 'l

t h e B o o k c r s ( u c o r n e ) " " n e x t S u n c l a y , a n d I ' d l i k e t o d osomcthing diff'erent tbr then.r Besidcs I always (9 enjoy)

w a t c h i n g h c r I ( 1 0 p r o r n i s e ) I ' l l c o m e a n d h c l p t h e

m o m e n t t h e p r o g r a r n m e ( l l e n d ) I t ( 1 2 t i n i s h )

a t 3 3 0 a c t u a l l y P l e a s e ! Y o u ( l 3 i n t e r r u p t ) I ( 1 4 m i s s ) h e r

Monit'u James: And now we ( l5 whisk) the egg whites untilthev ( 16 stand) up in peaks And a useful tip to remember

24 The semantics of the verb phrase

here - slightly stale cgg whites ( l7 rnake) better meringues

t h a n a b s o l u t c l y f i e s h o n e s W e l l th a t ( l 8 l o o k ) r i g h t N o wfbr the sugar and grated chocolate See, I carefully ( I 9 fold )

t h i s in t o th e w h i t e s w i t h a f b r k I n c v c r (2 0 w h i s k ) i t i n

C o r l p l e t e t h e fo l l o w i n g u s i n g e i t h e r :

Prcscnt pcrt'cct sirnple She hrr.i tltoughr about it

Present perf'ecl proercssivc Wc ltnc ltectr thinkitt,q

l)uvid' Whatcvcr ( I you/do) nAVu yor ntIlx rxrrxr;'l You don't look ltxr grxtcl Isanything thc rnatter';)

Cornplctc thc firllowing, using a suitablc prcse nt tcnsc - prcscltt or prcscnt perf'cct.( b o t h c i t h c r s i n r p l c o r p r o g r e s s i v e ) I l c u r n , l u n t lt u r n i t r , q , l h u y c l e o r n t l l e u r n t ' t l ,

I lruvc lrcert lcurtrittg

Maria ( l lcarn) HAs BEFN r F'\RNtN(i English ftlr sevcral ycars now, but (2 only

r e c c n t l y / s t a r t ) t o w o r k h a r d a t i t N o w s h e (3 m a k c ) g o o d p r o g r e s s a n d ( 4 e n j o y )

r t

Ever sincc shc started she (5 alway:, fincl) reading

E n g l i s h t h e e a s i e s t S h e ( 6 li k c ) n o v c l s b e s t , a n d n o w ( 7

Tense and aspect 25

.all the words shc ( l0 not know)

26 The semantics of the verb phrase

hcr memory with a special 'mystery t'estival' - good

p u b l i c i t v f o r t h e t o w n o f c o u r s c I n 1 9 9 2 a L c l n d o n th c a t r e ( l 6 b e ) a b l e t o b o a s t : ' f h e M o u s e t r a l t , n o w i n i t s 4 f t h y e a r , ( 1 7

Exercise 33 Past simple or past progressive? [SGE 4.5-121

E.runtltlc.s'

P l c s i d c n t K c n n c c l y w a s a s s a s s i n a t c c l w h i l c h c w a s c l r i v i n g th l o u g h D a l l a s (ii) L,vcryonc alivc at thc tintc rclnctrtbcrs what thcy r/o/l'rcsiclcnt Kcnncdy /rt'killcd

k i l l c d

2 Jtrlius Citesar nrcct Cleopatrirlhc lull in lovc with hcr

' , l t , l i t t t t " i n l t C c n t t c s c p r i r o n

7 C a p t a i n J a m e s C o o k n r a t t ' h i s t h i r c l g r e a t P a c i f i c v o y a g e , / h e b c k i l l e t l i n H a w a i i

i n l l l 9

t - r 1 1 h i m

Tense and aspect 27

Henry Morton Stanley /inrl him in lt37l

l 2 S t a n l e y l i r i d h i m / h e r ' a r ' ' D r L i v i n g s t o n e I p r e s u m e '

Exercise 34 Past simple or past perfect ISGE 4.5-9]

rc rnuin use of the past pcrl'cct is lbr an earlier pasl:

s o u t h a s 7 f J - 5 0 S B u t i t r v a s n o t u n t i l l 9 l I t h a t th c S o r r t h P o l c i t s c l f w a srcac hccl

B r i t a i n ) i u r d th c N o r w c { i a n c x p l o r c r R o a l c l A r t t u n c l s c n T h c r r w r i t c o u t t h c s t o r y

u s i n g t h c p a s l s i n r p l c o r t h e p a s l p c l ' l c c t

firr thc Antarclic spring

l 9 O c t - A n r u n c l s e n ' s p a r t y l c l i t h e B a y o f W h a l c s

I Nrn' Scott's party sct oLlt

2 | D c c S c o t t c s t a b l i s h c c l h i s c a n r r l l 3 a t 7 , 1 ( X ) t ' e c t S c n t b a c k t t n c o l h i ssupport partics

28 The semantics of the verb phrase

Frostbitc and heavy gales pre vcntecl thern from goin-u to thc clcpot fbr fuel.) 9 M I u r t h - S c o t t w r o t c i n h i s j o u r n a l : ' T h c c n c l c a n n o t b e t a r '

l2 Not' - Scarch party tbuncl the boclics of Scott Wilson ancl Bowcrs

I Scott lcar'lr Mclbournc whclr he lcr'ctt'c news that Atnundsen was alscrheaciing firr the Polc

T h c y c o l c r l { ( X ) n r i l c s b t r t th c y / i r l c t h c l J 0 0 - r t r i l c t c l t t r t t i o t t r - t t e }

O r r r c r r c h i l r g M i c l d l c B a r r i c r D c p o t o n I M a r c l t t h c y l i r r r / t l t a t v i t l I t i r e I o i l l c t t k

O n l 7 M a r c h O a t c s r / i c i l Ir v a n s t/ i r ' r l li l u r w c c k s c a r l i e r

h a s ln c i t n i r t g s o f p r c d i c l i o r t , i r t t c r t t i o t r w ' i l l i n g r t e s s l : 1 2 7 l

C o r n p l e t c t h c l i r l l o w i r r g u s i n g c i t h e r t h c p r c s c n t p r o s r c s s i v c o r t h c ' w i l l l i r t u r c '( ' c I i u ' I h c u r y o t t ( I g o ) ' r n r , (i ( ) l N ( i o r t h o l i t l l y s o o n

30 The semantics of the verb phrase

unprecedented climatic change in the next century Because when the earth's

w i l l r i s e A n d a s t h e s c a s (7 ) ( a ) r i s e ( b ) w i l l r i s e ( c ) a r e g o i n - e t o r i s c , t h e r e w i l l

be widespread flooding

h a v e d o u b l e c l ( c ) w i l l h a v e b c c n c l o u b l i n g I f t h i s r n a s s i v e b u i l d - u p o f c a r b o n

d i o x i d e ( c ) ) ( a ) o c c u r s (b ) i s o c c u r r i n g (c ) w i l l h a v c o c c u r r e d t h e a v c r a g e e a r t h

t c m p c r a t u r c w i l l i n c r e a s e b y s e v c r a l c l c g r c e s a n c l w h i l c t h i s ( 1 0 ) ( a ) i s h a p p c n i n g( b ) h a s h a p p e n e d ( c ) h a s b c c n h a p p e n i n g t h c s c a le v e l ( I I ) ( a ) r i s ; c s ( b ) i s r i s i n g( c ) w i l l b c r i s i n g b y a s r n u c h a s A n r c t r c

A n o t h c r r e p c ' r r t c l a i l n s th a t th e s c s c r i o u s c l i m a t i c c h a n g e s ( I 2 ) ( a ) a c t r r a l l y b c g i n( b ) t r e l c t u a l l y b c g i n n i n g ( c ) w i l l a c t u a l l y b e g i n r a t h e r s o o n c r ' I t s a y s a s t h c

c h a n g c s ( l 3 ) ( a ) t a k e ( b ) h a v c t a k c n ( c ) w i l l t a k c e f ' t c c i s o r n c n o r t h c r n a r c a sNcw York fbr cxanrplc - could becurnc scrni-tropical This rcprtrt also says that

P c l h a p s w e ' l l o n l y r e a l i z e l h c c x t c n t o f t h e p r o b l c n t w h c n w c ( 2 0 ) ( a ) l c a v c ( h ) a r c

l c a v i r r g ( c ) h a v c l c f t i t t o o l t t c

Modal auxif iaries ISGE 4.21-241

Most of the ruodal verbs can bc puirccl into prcscnt ancl past lirrrns (cg: n,r//

M o d a l s 3 1

in this exercise with whether the event is real or hypothetical')

I C o m e e a r l y a r r d \ / e ( a / r h a v e a p i c n i c " " ' F ' L l T ! l $ P " " " '

3 lt nrut'wcll rain tomorrow

6 S l u l l w e c v c r d i s c o v c r th c t r u t h ' l

7 Thc sea t'oulLl bc very rough that winter

ll My cousin Lrtultl bc ovcr thcre but you'rc in thc way'

9 You n'il/ bc Paid

Arryonc crlli tttakc ll rllistakc

C o r n c c l r l y a t t t l w c ( 1 1 l r t l l l k Aclaru litn'lrrii,q/it know tltc ittrswcl-

A personal ctlmputer word processor

Befitre Vou ( I ) can start usirrg y'oLrr PC]W firr wtlrcl processillg your PCW (2 ) ncccls

to bc sct uP

T h e p r i n t c r ( J ) r l u s t b c c o r l l l c c t e c l t o -v-oul P ( ' W '

y o u ( - l ) n c e c l t ( ) p f e p a r c c o p i t - s o f l h c s u p p l i c d c l i s c s Y o u ( 5 ) s h o t r l t l t t t l l V c v e r

w o r k w ' i t h c o p i e s o 1 ' l h e s c c l i s c s

32 The semantics of the verb phrase

A -5 arnp fusc (6)r"r'rust be fitted to the plug The colours of the wircs in thc mainslead (7) may not corresponcl with thc colourecl rnarkings in your plug

There arc nrany dif-fbrent kincls of col.nputer clisc so you (fl) shoulcl alwayschcck that you arc buying thc right sort Labellccl discs fiom anl' leaclinsrnanuf'acturcr (t)) shoulcl givc goocl service

Modals 33

Exercise 41 Modal perfect infinitives [SGE 4.34]

Cornplcte thc followin-e using a suitable rnodal pcrt'ect infinitivc cg ntut' ltut'c

l , ' [ o r n w c n t o n a n d o r r a p o l o g i z i n g a h o u t i1 w h i c h w a s t 1 u i l e u n l r c c c s s a r y

Exercise 42 be able to, have to, be allowed fo [SGE 4.35]

34 The semantics of the verb Phrase

4 Running was permitted as an alternativc

Exercise 44The Mary Celeste: mixed tenses [SGE Chapter 4]

TIrc nryslcry of the Mrrrr Ct,lcslc is onc of thc greitl lilysterics of thc sea AnAn-rcrican sailing ship thc Mut't'Cclcstt'set sail fronl New York on 5 Novcrnbcr

1872 bouncl tirr Clcnoa in ltaly, witl.r a cargo ot' 1.7(X) barrt ls ol'ctlrlltncrcial

a l c o h o l U s c s u i t t b l c t c n s c s , i n c l u d i n g p l s s i v e s i f n c c c s s a r y , t o h n c l o u t t t t o r e

A nronth latcr on -5 Deccmber - sl.rc ( I sight ) east tlf the Azttrc-s in

t h e e a s l e r n A t i a n t i c , b y a B r i t i s h s h i p t h c D c i G r u t i t r B y a n a m a z i n g c o i n c i d c n c cthe mastcr of thc British ship, Captain David Reecl Morehousc ancl lhe rnastcr tllthe Murt' Ccleste Captain Benjarnin Spooncr Briggs (2 dine)

togethcr in Nerv York thc night berfore thc Mrrrl Celestt (3 set sail)

S o M o r c h o u s e ( l r c a l i z - e ) t h a t l h e - l l 4 u r v C e l t ' s l t ( 5 s a i l ) ' " " " 1 t 1

Nouns and determiners

Determiners 37

business cheese dinner expcrience glass ice

Use a rood dictionary to he lp you if necessary

to wrap up some parcels with

n c x l c l a y i t s t - t s u a l ' l ' v c s o t r t c l i t n e s t h o u g h t I ' d l i k c t o s t i t r t b u t i t I t t u s t b c a n i g h t r t r i t r c t h c s c tl a y s

r n a d c 1 ' r o n r g o a t ' s r r t i l k o t r c I c a l t ' t u c t i r t t n y l o c a l g r o c c r ' s Y o t r d o n ' t l i k c ' J Y o u c l o r t ' t k n o w w h a t y o u ' r c t l i s r i t t g

'Ilrey

gavc us a lot of aclvicc/a lot of brochLrrcs

38 Nouns and determiners

E x e r c i s e 4 8 N o u n s a n d t h e i r d e t e r m i n e r s

Underline all the worcls that fit the lbllowitts sentcltces without any othcr

I Not a greal clcal of experit'nents/investigations/walLAglqllE]l has bcelr clonc

o n t h i s

I A l n r o s t c v c r y d c l a i l i e x p l a n a t i o n / i n l b r r n a t i o n / t r e w s h c g a v c u s s c c t t t c t l

i n a c c u r a t c t o r t t c

.1 Docs il do much darnagc/rarrn/hLrlt/in.iury'/

tryrng

Unscrarnble these scnlcnccs

LrrrnrTrlr': I bccn havc I'nonths vcry

Atr.nrer' All these last f'cw months havc becn

? arc cornplaints rnattcr alone one ab<tut

u s u a l l y

-l bolh evcry seconcl thcsc two clay surgical dressings be changccl havc tcr

Articles 39

amount fbod needecl pcople times fbr of all that those three they

take hours tablet a cvery fbur half

all few first the those worsc wcre rest than claYs

at bccause it's now clisgraceful hall' gct clotrble a you thc packct pncc

agc husbands were Mary's bolh her twicc two lasl

l i l ) o l l r e I o l l r c f r ) ( ' w l t ' n l h c s l t e t l l t y t l t r ' s s c s h o 1 r g l 1 1

one onc ones you thc dozen as lbr coulcl litllc big sarnc scvcralpricc gct

Exercise 51 few, a few,little, a /iffle [SGE 5.10]

4 It is all right to havc sotle butlcr but try to cut clown the alllounl

-5 Sorne people do ove rcal but ttot as lltalty as yotr rnighl think

6 A s r n a l l a m o u n l o f ' s i t l t is a l l r i g h t i s n ' t i t /

7 T h e r e ' s n o t m u c h c h a n c e o f k c e p i n g s l i n t , u n l c s s y o r r s t i c k t o a c l i c t

about Tibetan ltrocl

Exercise 52 Articles: a or the? ISGE 5.11-24]

Crlrnplete the firllowing ttsing a/rrii or //tc