Experimental study on strength and permeability of pervious concrete pavement containing fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN THANH TUAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY

TRAN THANH TUAN

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS

CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SILICAFUME

MASTER’S THESIS

Hanoi, 2019

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY

TRAN THANH TUAN

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS

CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SILICAFUME

MAJOR: MASTER IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING

CODE:

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR:

Associate Prof Dr KOHEI NAGAI

Dr DUONG QUANG HUNG

Hanoi, 2019

CONTENTS

Acknowledgment 6

Abstract 7

LIST OF FIGURE 3

LIST OF TABLE 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 Background of Pervious Concrete Pavement 8

1.2 Scope and Objective 9

CHAPTER 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Introduction of the development of pervious concrete 10

2.2 Overview of pervious concrete uses Fly ash and BFS additives 12

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENT 15

3.1 Methodology 15

3.2 Experimental procedure 15

3.2.1 Compressive and flexural strength test 15

3.2.2 Void ratio test 15

3.3 Matertial preparation 17

3.4 Mixing Proportions and Casting Specimen 24

3.4.1 Proportion 24

3.4.2 Casting Specimen 25

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

4.1 RESULTS 28

4.1.1 Compressive Strength of PCPC 28

4.1.2 Permeability of PCPC: 31

4.2 Discussion 33

4.2.1 Combine slag in slurry to make porous concrete 33

4.2.2 Mortar with BFS and SF produces strength pervious concrete 34

4.2.3 Fly ash particle did not significantly enhance strength of porous concrete 35 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 37

5.1 Conclusion 37

5.2 Recommendation 38

Reference 39

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 3.1: Mixing PCPC with concrete mixer 25

Figure 3.2: Casting specimen at Lab 25

Figure 3.4: Curing PCPC specimen at Lab 27

Figure 4.1: Testing PCPC at Lab 28

Figure 4.2: The PCPC sample is destroyed after compression 29

Figure 4.3: Crack of PCPC after compression 29

Figure 4.4: Compressive strength development with time 30

Figure 4.5: Testing permeability of PCPC 31

Figure 4.6: Void ratio (%) of PCPC Specimen Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 4.7: Coefficient of Permeability (mm/s) 33

Figure 4.8: Hydrated Cement Paste 34

Figure 4.9: Cement Hydration Reaction 34

Figure 4.10: Pozzolanic Reaction 35

Figure 5.1: solution for designing PCPC road structure layers 38

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1: Summary of the research results on PCPC 10

Table 2.2: Typical mix design and properties of existing PCPC in the US (reported by Nation Ready Mix Concrete Association – NRMCA, 2004) 11

Table 3.1 Physical and chemical properties of OPC and GGBS 17

Table 3.2: Mix Proportion of specimens in trial experiment 24

Table 4.1: Compressive strength of PCPC 30

Table 4.2: Void ratio of PCPC 29

Table 4.3: Permeability of PCPC 29

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PCPC : Portland cement Pervious Concrete

PCP : Pervious Concrete Pavement

NRMACA : National Mixing Concrete Association

SP : Super plasticizer

SF : Silica Fume

BFS : Blast Furnace Slag

GGBFS : Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

CSH : Calcium Silicate Hydrate

AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ACI : American Concrete Institute

ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials

FHWA : Federal Highway Administration - United States Department of Transportation

ACPA : American Concrete Pavement Association

NRMCA : Nation Ready Mix Concrete Association

Acknowledgment

My master thesis was started from my internship at The University of Tokyo in September

2018 It was really a memorable and lucky time in my life Experimental activities at Komaba Campus – The University of Tokyo are very interesting and useful during the internship in Japan under the supervision of Associate Professor Kohei Nagai - University

of Tokyo, Japan and Dr Duong Quang Hung - Hanoi Architectural University From the bottom of my heart, I would like to express my gratitude to Associate Professor Kohei Nagai, Dr Duong Quang Hung for giving me helpful advice and dedicated guidance and valuable lectures for conducting research

It is difficult to express my gratitude to two talented and respectable professors Professor Nguyen Dinh Duc - Vietnam National University in Hanoi and Professor Hironori Kato – University of Tokyo Two co-directors of the Master in Infrastructure Engineering program

- VJU gave me useful advice and orientation in the right direction

Also, I would like to send many thanks to Dr Phan Le Binh, lecturer, JICA long term expert who always encouraged me and Dr Tien Dung Nguyen Dung at VJU for his devoted and valuable support Their support is extremely precious and always inspires me to complete the thesis

Also, without the help of my friends studying at Komaba Campus - University of Tokyo, I would not have accomplished my thesis Therefore, I would like to thank for their help

The last, I would like to give special thanks to MIE02-VJU classmates and students from the same course at Vietnam Japan University for supporting and accompanying me throughout my great time at Vietnam Japan University

My master thesis is also a gift for my whole family, for my parents, my wife and my lovely children because they were always beside me during the whole time I studied at VJU

Sincerely,

ABSTRACT

About 30 years ago, Porous Concrete (PC) was studied for use in the United Kingdom and the United States in some traffic works In Europe and Japan, to reduce noise and improve skid resistance, PC is also used as a very effective application material

Research and application development of Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) are widely used in Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC).Fly ash (FA) is very important because it not only increases the surface drainage capacity of transport works but also contributes to reducing pollution as a material of environmental friendliness

According to a study in Belgium, for some PC mixtures, the 28-day compressive strength also reaches 31.7 MPa However, the permeability of this mixture has not been specifically reported

Therefore, research on PCPC strength and permeability with the use of BFS, FA to replace part of cement and to achieve proper permeability is very promising and essential in the future

PCPC is a kind of concrete mixture made from coarse aggregate, small sand content (0-20%

by weight of aggregate or no sand, water from 27-43% and binder Pervious concrete with void ratio of 14-30% and rough textured surface

In this study, the author has found some mixing proportion of porous concrete using BFS and FA to replace part of cement and reduce the amount of sand used

The author carried out the design of various mixing proportion used for PC such as ash, flying ash combined with silica fume The experimental process at the Komaba Lab - Tokyo University finds the results and compares the effect of each of these materials on the strength and permeability of PC

When using BFS in combination with silica fume, the mixed concrete resulted in a strength

of porous concrete of 29.42 MPa with a permeability of 1,747 mm / s It can be considered for application in a number of projects using porous concrete that can drain in reality such

as parking lots, sidewalks, etc

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Pervious Concrete Pavement

Today, along with the development of modern construction technologies, advanced and environmentally friendly materials are also focused on sustainable development

Concrete is a common construction material in the construction industry in general and technical infrastructure in particular

In particular, Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC) or Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) is a material that has been researched and applied in recently as an environmentally friendly material

According to the National Mixing Concrete Association (NRMCA), porous concrete is a high porosity concrete used for flat surface concrete applications that allows water from rain and other sources to flow through This will reduce the flow from one location and reload the groundwater level These are also called non-fines concrete and are made of Portland cement, coarse aggregates, water, with little or no sand and additives

The draining water PCP has many merits, such as good safety driving in rainy days, reducing noise, high anti-slippery performance of the pavement and no accumulated water,

no splash and spray in rainy days, increasing the driving safety in rainy days greatly The draining water bituminous pavement obtains widespread applications in Western Europe,

US and Japan and so on

Porous concrete is used for pavement materials, it can penetrate rainwater at the source, contributing to improved driving safety, noise while reducing traffic, road heat effects in the capital Marketing is also overcome and contributes to sustainable development

Evaluating the environmental impact of porous concrete with non-porous or conventional concrete also gives different results Porous pavement makes air, water and temperature penetrate into different parts of the environment, from which they undergo different storage, handling and flow processes Therefore, porous concrete is an environmentally friendly material

Research on using fly ash and Blast Furnace Slag also contributes to reducing environmental pollution because Blast Furnace Slag pollutes water and air when left in nature

1.2 Scope and Objective

Objectives:

The study on strength and permeability of PC containing fly ash, slag and silica fume is

to achieve the following goals:

- To investigate the effect of fly ash and Blast furnace slag, silica fume on strength and permeability of PCPC

- To achieve PCPC mixture design that has necessary compressive strength and

permeability suitable for practical road applications

Scope:

Pervious concrete pavement has important indicators as strength, permeability, abrasion, surface texture and some other indicators Within the scope of this thesis, the author focuses on two main indicators: strength and permeability of Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP)

The super plasticizer used in this study is a common polycarboxylate-based SP8P admixture in Japan, which increases the workability, slump for concrete and extends the setting time of cement and concrete

Experimental process of making PCP samples at Komaba Lab, the study carried out the design, tested the compressive strength of concrete according to ACI 522 standard and determined the permeability of PCP according to Park and Tia’s Equation (2004)

By using materials to replace a part of cement such as Blast Furnace Slag (BFS), Fly Ash (FA) with additives such as Super plasticizer (SP) and Silica Fume (SF) to find the optimal mixture PCPC has enough strength and permeability to be applied in practice

Structure of thesis:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature review

Chapter 3: Methodology and Experiment

Chapter 4: Result and discussion

Chapter 5: Recommendation and conclusion

CHAPTER 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction of the development of pervious concrete

Leading institutes and associations in the field of concrete pavement in the world:

 United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

 American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA)

 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

 ACI Committee 522 – Pervious Concrete

 Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University The issues around PCPC have been investigated as the following table:

Table 2.1 Summary of the research results on PCPC

Noise reduction Olek (2003); Tamai (2003)

4 Pervious Pavement Design Kosmatra (2002); Young (2005); Ramadhansyah

(2014)

5 Construction Husain (2015), Darshna shar (2013),

PCP using waste material

Durability of Porous Concrete

An Experimental study on the

water-purification properties

of porous concrete

Sukamal (2015) Tamai (2003) Park, Tia (2004)

According to research, author Nguyen Van Chanh pointed out that: Pervious Concrete is

a type of concrete with continuous pore structure, magnetic porosity (15-35%) having the same composition as normal concrete, however coarse aggregates are used with the same grain size and contain very little or no sand (Nguyen Van Chanh et al., 2005)

When using synthetic stone gravel with smaller size, it increases compressive strength, while increasing porosity in concrete structure and thus increasing the drainage capacity of porous concrete

However, the drainage capacity of porous concrete is not merely secondary to porosity, but is still dependent to many other factors such as continuous counting, winding, pore surface

Water (W) and cement (C): The W/C ratio is determined to be from 0.25 to 0.45 Unlike conventional concrete, the amount of cement in porous concrete is lower than the amount of pore between aggregate particles

When the strength of cement mortar increases, it will lead to an increase in the overall strength of porous concrete Therefore, it is necessary to control the amount of water closely Using the right amount of water will make the concrete mixture get the desired properties, no mortar phenomenon will flow to the bottom of the bottom layer to fill the pores, causing the drainage of porous concrete

Pervious concrete mix designs in the US include cement, coarse aggregates with a size between 2.54 cm and No 4 sieves and are classified according to the ratio of water/cement (W / C) within from 0.25 to 0.43

28-day compressive strength of porous concrete ranged from 7 MPa – 24 MPa, with the rate of voids from 14% to 31% and the range of velocity permeability (2-6 cm/min) Compared to conventional concrete, compressive strength ranges from 3,500 to 4,000psi (28

MPa – 32 MPa), lower than 3,000 psi

Table 2.2 Typical mix design and properties of existing PCPC in the US (reported by Nation Ready Mix Concrete Association – NRMCA, 2004)

Cement content

Coarse aggregate content

300 to 600 lbs/yd32,400 to 2,700

180 to 360 kg/m31,440 to 1,620 kg/m3

Fine aggregate content

0 to 1 inch

0 kg/m30.27 to 0.43

4 to 4.5/1 by mass

0 to 2.54 cm 28-day compressive

strength

Flexural strength

Void ratio

Permeability (flow rate)

Density (unit weight)

2 to 36 cm/min (120 to 320 L/m2/min)

1600 to 2000 kg/m3 200x10-6

Strength and permeability

The Strength of concrete pavement is lower than that of conventional concrete Therefore, the application of PCPC is limited to low-intensity structures such as parking lots, shoulder lanes, light traffic areas, or roads but not highways

For a wider application, a long-term plan for the study of porous concrete pavements is needed to determine the optimal porous concrete mixing ratio to enhance the strength with suitable permeability to be used highway or highway surface

Nader Ghafoori and Shivaji Dutta reported that both sealed- and wet-curing conditions have shown similar effects on strength development Moreover, the gain in strength, under both curing types, is unaffected by the increase in compaction energy It is found the strength of no-fine concrete increase with rise in compaction energy

The movement of water will be more convenient when the interconnected voids are present in the structure of the permeable concrete When the porosity is higher, the texture is lower in strength and when the porosity is lower, the strength of the porous concrete will be higher (Ferguson, 2005)

2.2 Overview of pervious concrete uses Fly ash and BFS additives

Pervious Concrete: ''The new era for rural road sidewalks'' has said:

The objective of the study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of porous concrete compared

to conventional concrete In that study, conventional concrete was used according to the design of the IS Class M20, including 59.25 kg of cement (300 rs/50 kg), 88.88 kg of fine aggregate (600 rs/1 ton) and a total of 177.8 kg (1000 rs/1 ton) (Darshna et al., 2013)

Pervious concrete is used in accordance with the NRMCA guidelines, which are composed

of 46.5 kg of cement (300rs / 50kg) and concrete of course (1000rs /1 ton) The conclusion indicates that Porous concrete reduces the flow of rainwater to increase the amount of groundwater to eliminate costly storms for water management practices And that is significant savings in the amount of about 29 rs/m3 or 18 rs/ft2

A study named: “Effect of Aggregate Grading and Cement By-Product on Performance of Pervious Concrete” also indicates that:

Replacing part of cement with industrial by-products such as fly ash, GGBS has been successfully used as an additional cement material as the target of this study

The author used type 53 cement (specific weight 3.15), coarse aggregate (transmitted through 20 mm and left sieve on 10 mm sieve) together with using GGBS (specific gravity 2.88), fly ash and water (Husain et al., 2015)

Through the research article named: "Evaluation of performance of absorbent concrete using waste materials”, the use of furnace slag, rice husk ash and silica fume and solid waste (glass powder, ceramic waste, bottom ash) and its effect on strong compressive strength and permeability are as per below:

Usage: Fly ash (2-50%), RHA (10-30%), GGBS (35-70), Silica fume (8-12%), Rubber waste, Glass powder (20-40%) is used to replace part of cement

Research shows that the compressive strength and permeability when using materials have different effects as below:

Fly ash gives long-term compressive strength when increasing but then decreases compressive strength

Rice husk ash reduces more than 10-12% of compressive strength, permeability and durability

GGBFS gives higher strength but lower permeability Silica fume increases compressive strength but does not affect permeability Glass powder strengthens durability and workability and Ceramic powder improves durability (Sukamal et al., 2015)

Author A.Elsayed in the research paper: "Influence of Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Super Pozz and high slag on water permeability and strength of concrete" said that:

Can improve the properties of concrete, such as increasing resistance and reducing permeability by using mineral additives such as fly ash, BFS and silica fume (Elsayed, 2011)

Conclusion

In previous studies, increasing the strength of porous concrete will lead to reduce permeability and vice versa In the data sheet you can see, the PCPC strength is about 7-31 MPa That is the limit to expand the application of porous concrete in practice Limitations

on strength & durability prevent widespread application of Porous Concrete

3.2 Experimental procedure

Experiment method: There are four types of tests to characterize properties of pervious concrete mix in this research, including unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength, void ratio and permeability The characterization of tests methods and formulas used for the experiment are indicated as following:

3.2.1 Compressive and flexural strength test

Slump of the fresh concrete is measured following ASTM C143 by a standard cone test Compressive strength is determined according to ASTM C39, and flexural strength is conducted in accordance with ASTM C78 (using simple beam with third-point loading) The cylinder specimens with 10cm in diameter and 20cm in length are used for testing compressive strength The prismatic samples 10x10x40cm are for testing flexural strength Testing machine to test the compressive strength of samples with a capacity of 100 tons

is used, cylindrical test samples are aged at 7, 28, 56, 91 days since casting Loading speed

is 14 N /mm2/minute

3.2.2 Void ratio test

The void ratio of pervious concrete is determined by measuring the weight difference between dry samples and water saturated samples

When using the equation of Park and Tia (2004), cylindrical samples with a diameter of 10cm and a length of 20 cm were constructed to check the void ratio:

w

(1) where, Vr: total void ratio, %

W1: weight under water, kg

W2: oven dry weight, kg Vol: volume of sample, cm3

w: density of water, kg/cm3

Permeability test

The samples are wrapped in rubber and surrounded by adjustable tube clamps Cylindrical sample for experiments has a diameter of 10cm and a height of 20 cm The average permeability coefficient (k) is determined as follows according to Das equation (1998):

aL

(2) where, k: coefficient of permeability, cm/sec

a: area of standpipe, cm2 L: height of sample, cm A: area of sample, cm2

t: time for water to drop from h0 to ht, sec

h0: height of water in burette at initial time (t = 0), cm

ht: height of water in burette at final time (t = t), cm

20% sand to coarse aggregate by mass is used, which is expected to enhance strength of pervious concrete

Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) follows JIS R5210 standard, used in this study The physical properties and chemical properties as well as the limit value are specified by JIS R5210

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) or Blast Furnace Slag (BFS)

Blast furnace slag (GGBS) or blast furnace slag (BFS), is used instead of OPC in this study Blast furnace slag conforms to JIS A6206 and the criteria listed in Table 3.1

Table 3.1 Physical and chemical properties of OPC and GGBS

cm2/g 5000

Chemical

properties

LOI SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO

Fly ash

In the process of burning coal in power plants with by-products produced, it is fly ash Helmuth (Mindes and Young) has shown a summary of the properties and chemical composition of different fly ash

Based on the chemical composition, it is classified as fly ash type F or type C In type F there is a lower amount of High, hence less cement properties and vice versa, C has higher CaO content, so it has more cement properties and less toxic than F-type fly ash (Elsayed, 2011)

The fly ash particles are spherical, and the main chemical components include SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 The process of using fly ash for concrete mixtures can bring benefits such as improved workability, lower hydration

Besides, when mixing fly ash replaces a part of cement, it also helps concrete with lower cost and improves resistance to sulfate attack

The strength of concrete will also increase with lower porosity in the long term, while improving waterproofing ability

Specimen fabrication

Concrete containing BFS, FA, and SF is manufactured according to the following process:

First water and super-plasticizer are poured into the stirrer and then they are added to stir

at high speed for 3 minutes

Then, Cement, fly ash or slag, coarse aggregate and sand are rotated for 30 seconds by mixing dry in the mixer and then the water, SP, SF mixture is poured slowly and mixed for

1 minute, Hold for 1 minute before final mixing for 1 minute

When porous concrete mixing consists of silica fume, cement powder, fly ash or slag, and silica fume, the mixture is mixed under dry conditions in the planetary mixer before 3 minutes

Then the raw aggregate and sand are added to the rotary drum mixer before adding the above mixture and dry mixing for 30 seconds After that, the liquid mixture of additives are poured slowly and mixed for 1 minute, stopping for 1 minute before mixing the last 1 minute

The final fresh concrete is poured into cylindrical molds and prisms prepared for each type of test All cylinders are compacted with 25-fold pokes with skewers 10 mm in diameter and in three layers The outer surface of the mold is lightly tapped 15 times with a mallet after each layer to avoid the concrete sample being pitted around

For a prismatic beam pattern (10x10x40cm), concrete is added to the mold, which is flexed 30 times using a round head with a diameter of 16mm (once for each 14 cm2 of the