Test bank for sociology a down to earth approach 2nd australian edition by henslin

A the sociological imagination B social location C social integration D the social imperative Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.1-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Kno

Trang 1

Chapter 1

The sociological perspective

Exam Name _

MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question

1) The concept used to describe opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behaviour by placing it within its broader social context is called

A) the sociological imagination B) social location

C) social integration D) the social imperative Answer: A

ID: soc9h 1.1-1 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Knowledge

Objective: What is the sociological perspective?

2) When sociologists group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job and income, they are trying to determine their

A) social network B) social location C) social personality D) social skills Answer: B ID: soc9h 1.1-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Comprehension

3) Which of the following variables do sociologists emphasise as determining our thinking and behaviour?

A) Random chance events B) Natural instincts

C) Inherited genetic structure D) One's society and social location Answer: D

ID: soc9h 1.1-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5

Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/

Trang 2

Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Application

SHORT ANSWER Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question

4) What is social location?

Answer: Social location is the set of groups that people belong to in a given society and point in history and their personal biography

5) In addressing the sociological perspective, what did C Wright Mills mean by history?

Answer: Each society is located on a broad stream of events Because of this, each society has specific characteristics, such as its ideas about the proper roles of men and women

ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper

6) Define the sociological imagination, citing its components and how they were defined by C Wright Mills

Answer: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography By history, Mills meant that each society is located in a broad stream of events By biography, Mills referred to each individual's specific experiences

ID: soc9h 1.1-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4-5 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Analysis

7) Study Figure 1.1 "Suicides in Australia, 2001-10" on page 15 Applying the sociological imagination to these numbers, what can be said about these statistics, and what future directions for research might this suggest?

Answer: The figure shows that significantly more men commit suicide than women

Trang 3

This suggests that there are underlying social factors influencing suicide related to gender, and poses questions about the social construction of gender in Australia as

a direction for future research There were more suicides in 2001 and 2008 than in any other years in this timeframe; suicides were at their lowest point in 2006

While there is not enough data to draw any further conclusions, additional research could uncover potential causes for this; for example correlating this with changes in social policy, and hence relating a private trouble to public issues, or demographics, for example research into the rate of suicide per capita, which might be a better measure of changes in suicide than total numbers A further direction for future research might be data on the class or ethnicity, for example, of those committing suicide, which could then be correlated with social policy and other factors As there

is an apparent increase in suicides after a slight fall from the 2008 highpoint, data from succeeding years would serve to indicate if the total number of suicide is continuing to increase

ID: soc9h 1.1-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4-7, 14-15 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Analysis

8) Briefly define the concept of social location and then provide an account of your own social location How might your social location realistically be expected to change in the next ten years? What are the most important group memberships for determining your future social location?

Answer: Social location is the set of group memberships that people have due to living in a particular society at a specific point in history and in their personal biography Individual social location may include age category, occupation (employed or unemployed, casual or permanent), gender and sexuality, ethnicity, class, marital status and a range of other group memberships Ascribed statuses of the student (ethnicity, gender and others) are unlikely to change, though this is not absolutely precluded Ten years from now the student may expect to be a

university graduate, in a professional position, with a different marital status and so on; the likely most important membership for determining future social location is class, but this may not be primary for students in relation to their aspirations

ID: soc9h 1.1-9 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4-7 Topic: The sociological perspective Skill: Synthesis

TRUE/FALSE Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false

9) Anthropology, economics, government, psychology and sociology are all appropriately classified as social sciences

Answer: True False ID: soc9h 1.2-1

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge

Objective: What is science, and where does sociology fit in?

10) The first goal of any scientific discipline is to discover the pattern, or reoccurring characteristics, of the phenomena under study

Answer: True False

Trang 4

ID: soc9h 1.2-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge

11) Because sociology is based on common sense it is a discipline that enables students to apply their common-sense notions of social life

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension

12) Of the following, which discipline is most appropriately classified as a natural science?

A) Geomorphology B) Economics C) Government D) Anthropology Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.2-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension

13) The first goal of each scientific discipline is to

A) explain why something happens B) make generalisations about why things happen C) look for patterns when things happen

D) predict what will happen in the future Answer: A

ID: soc9h 1.2-5 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Knowledge

14) The dominant everyday understandings in society, the things that 'everyone knows' to be true, are referred to as

Answer: common sense ID: soc9h 1.1-5

15) What is the primary difference between the social and natural sciences?

Answer: The social sciences examine human relationships and attempt to objectively understand the social world, while the natural sciences objectively try to understand the world of nature, and the lawful relationships that are not obvious

Trang 5

but must be discovered through controlled observation

ID: soc9h 1.2-6 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Analysis

16) The first two goals of a scientific discipline are to and Answer: explain why something happens; make generalisations that can be applied

to a broader group or situation ID: soc9h 1.2-7

17) What four social sciences do the authors cite as being most closely aligned with sociology? What is the fundamental emphasis of each?

Answer: The disciplines are anthropology, economics, political science and psychology Anthropology emphasises understanding culture; economics concentrates on the production and distribution of goods and services; political science focuses on politics and government; psychology focuses primarily on individuals’ mental processes

ID: soc9h 1.2-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 Topic: Sociology and the other sciences Skill: Comprehension

18) Herbert Spencer believed that the most capable and intelligent members of a society would survive while the 'weak' and 'less fit' would die, thus improving society through a principle he called 'survival of the fittest'

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?

19) Applying the scientific method to the social world is called empiricism

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?

20) Karl Marx thought class conflict was the engine of human history, and his writings on modern society focused on the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

Trang 6

21) Emile Durkheim identified the degree of social integration as the primary variable to explain different rates of suicide within different European nations

22) According to Max Weber, Calvinists took financial success as a ‘sign’ that they were favoured by God

23) The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a

doctrine known as

A) social Darwinism B) positivism C) postmodernism D) social welfare Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-6 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

24) What is the use of objective, systematic observation to test theories often employed by sociologists?

A) Correlation B) Common sense C) The scientific method D) Multivariate analysis Answer: C

ID: soc9h 1.3-7 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

25) What social event influenced Comte to explore patterns within society and what holds society together?

A) The discovery of the New World B) The Inquisition

C) The Russian Revolution D) The French Revolution Answer: D

ID: soc9h 1.3-8 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11-12

Trang 7

Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

26) Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human progress is

A) class conflict B) religion C) status D) education Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-9 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

27) The early European sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?

A) Social integration B) Class conflict C) Social Darwinism D) The spirit of capitalism Answer: A

28) Durkheim conducted rigorous research to show how social forces affect people's behaviour Which social phenomenon did he focus his study on?

A) Revolution B) Suicide C) Divorce D) Religious devotion Answer: B

29) Weber described the self-denying approach to life characterised by people achieving financial success while living lives of rigorous self-discipline as the

A) spirit of capitalism B) class consciousness C) Protestant ethic D) manifest destiny Answer: C

Trang 8

30) Marx theorised that was the central force for social change while Weber believed that was the force most responsible for social change A) economics; ideas

B) education; political stability C) government; economics D) religion; education Answer: A

ID: soc9h 1.3-13 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Application

31) According to Weber, the Protestant ethic was a vital influence on the practice of

A) capitalism B) democracy C) socialism D) bureaucracy Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.3-14 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?

32) What is the scientific method?

Answer: The scientific method is using objective, systematic observation to test theories

33) Why did Durkheim's research support the position that suicide was more a sociological issue than one based on psychological theory?

Answer: Durkheim's comparison of suicide rates in several countries revealed that people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak He also discovered how suicide rates within a specific country and culture remain constant while they differ considerably between cultures This suggests a social basis (sociology) rather than an individualistic basis (psychology) for the cause of suicide

ID: soc9h 1.3-16 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Analysis

34) What did Weber mean by 'the Protestant ethic'?

Answer: A lifestyle characterised by strict self-discipline and asceticism conditioned

by particular religious beliefs

ID: soc9h 1.3-17 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology

Trang 9

Skill: Knowledge Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?

35) Trace the historical development of sociology in Europe

Answer: Describe the origin of sociology in the transition from traditional to more modern societies and forms of social organisation Relate this to the development of the scientific method and the idea of positivism Include the influence of

industrialisation, urbanisation, revolution and imperialism and how these changes created a need for disciplines oriented to understanding them and the problems they caused Refer briefly to the specific contributions of Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber to the development of sociology

ID: soc9h 1.3-18 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11-16 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Knowledge

36) Based on the theories of Marx, what are the two classes in society? Define each

Answer: The two classes in society are the bourgeoisie and proletariat Bourgeoisie are the capitalists, those who own the means of production The proletariat are the exploited workers who do not own the means of production

37) How did Weber explain the emergence of the spirit of capitalism?

Answer: Weber believed that ideas were the central force in social change; in this case the ideas were religious Protestants believed that financial success was a 'sign' that showed they were saved and in 'God's will', and that this was pre-destined To allay their anxieties over whether they were saved or not, they aspired

to this 'sign' of salvation, living frugal lives and investing the surplus money they made As a result they were able to accumulate more and more capital This readiness to spend money on capital or further production rather than consumption was what Weber called 'the spirit of capitalism'

ID: soc9h 1.3-20 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Analysis

38) Summarise the main points of Marx's theory of class conflict

Answer: Marx felt class struggle was the key to understanding human history In every society there is a small group that controls the means of production and exploits those who do not In industrialised society, this struggle is between the bourgeoisie (the small group of capitalists who own the means to produce wealth) and the proletariat (the workers who are exploited by the capitalists because they

do not own the means of production and hence must work for those who do) As

Trang 10

the relation to the means of production is primary for Marx, politics is subordinate

to economics; the capitalists also monopolise political power, using the power of the state to control the workers and deny them access to the means of production ID: soc9h 1.3-21

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Comprehension Objective: When did sociology first appear as a separate discipline?

39) The social Darwinist ideas of Herbert Spencer have been largely discredited within sociology and social policy, yet they remain a part of populist and 'common-sense' understandings of the social world Using the example of social welfare, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social Darwinism as a social policy Answer: Advantages of a social Darwinist social policy might include reductions to resources required to support social groups not otherwise able to support

themselves, with these resources then available for use elsewhere; reduction of associated problems of managing marginal groups; and, motivation of some members of such groups to gain entry to other groups and hence change their dependent or marginal situation Disadvantages of a social Darwinist social policy, apart from the obvious hardship and suffering such policies would cause, might include increases in levels of crime and violence as groups no longer supported by society either attempt to secure the resources they need illegally or contest social Darwinist policy; increasing polarisation and conflict between marginal and non-marginal groups in society; attendant damage to social integration across groups in society; loss of the potential future contributions of members of marginal or

dependant groups to society; and, reduction of the legitimacy of the groups or elite classes and institutions responsible for governing society and determining social policy

ID: soc9h 1.3-22 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 13 Topic: Origins of sociology Skill: Evaluation

40) Because of their training and expertise, sociologists stress their personal values

Objective: Should the purpose of social research be only to advance human understanding

or also to reform society?

41) What quality did Weber stress as being the hallmark of social research?

A) Subjective assessment B) Sympathetic understanding C) Value neutrality

D) Capital investment Answer: C

Trang 11

ID: soc9h 1.4-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension

42) June has an interest in understanding contemporary gender identities and is a student of Connell's work on masculinity June has submitted a proposal to repeat Connell's study of masculine identity to determine if the original conclusions are still valid This type of research is referred to as

A) replication B) ethnography C) triangulation D) correlation Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.4-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension

43) What was Weber's view on how one's personal values should affect social research? Has his view been adopted as the standard for all sociological research? Explain

Answer: Weber believed that sociological research should be value free, or that a sociologist's values should not affect his or her research Weber wanted total neutrality to be the hallmark of sociological research He identified values with bias and lack of objectivity The possibility of value neutrality or objectivity in

sociological research is, however, subject to some debate Although sociologists agree that no one should distort data, they disagree as to the extent to which it is possible, or even desirable, for research to be value free It is arguable that, as sociologists have a social location like everyone else, the effects of the values of their particular location within society, and that society and its values, cannot be transcended; even where there is no bias as such, sociologists still tend to choose topics for research based on their values, i.e what is important, problematic and/or interesting to them

ID: soc9h 1.4-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Application

Trang 12

44) Figure 1.2, "The debate over values in sociological research" on page 16, provides a schematic model of the value debate in sociological research What are the main discussion points?

Answer: Sociologists disagree regarding both the purposes and uses of sociological research While some follow Weber in arguing that sociology should strive to be value free and objective, and focused merely on understanding social behaviour (basic or 'pure' sociology), others take a more activist stance They suggest instead that sociologists ought to be more concerned with improving society and that research should focus on particular problems and aim to inform social policy and reform society (applied sociology)

ID: soc9h 1.4-5 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16-17, 24 Topic: Values in sociological research Skill: Comprehension

45) Emile Durkheim's notion of social facts refers to the subjective meanings that people assign to their own behaviour

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 17 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Knowledge

Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour?

46) Max Weber used the term 'Verstehen' to mean

A) being value free B) to grasp by insight C) the normlessness of society D) the need for human companionship Answer: B

Trang 13

ID: soc9h 1.5-2 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension

Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? 47) Durkheim referred to the observable patterns of behaviour that characterise a social group as

A) a social profile B) stereotyping C) social integration D) social facts Answer: D ID: soc9h 1.5-3 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Knowledge

48) Summarise what Weber meant by Verstehen and what Durkheim meant by social facts Give examples of how a sociologist might approach a given topic using both Verstehen and social facts

Answer: Address the subjective meaning of Verstehen as it was intended by Weber and the objectivity of social fact as it was intended by Durkheim

ID: soc9h 1.5-4 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension

Trang 14

49) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years

1991-2011" on page 29 Which of the following social facts best describes the general

pattern?

A) The number of divorces per 1000 residents is lower in 2011 than in 1991-2001 B) The number of divorces per 1000 residents is higher in 2011 than in 1991-2001 C) The divorce rate per 1000 residents was highest in 2011

D) The divorce rate per 1000 residents was highest in 1991

Answer: A ID: soc9h 1.5-5 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 29 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension

50) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years

Trang 15

2011" on page 29 Which of the following social facts is NOT true?

A) Men are more likely to seek a divorce than women

B) The average number of children per divorce remains stable throughout the period

C) There were more divorces granted in 2011 than in 1991

D) There were more divorces granted in 2001 than in any other year in the study Answer: A

51) Study Table 1.2 "Selected divorce indicators, Australia, selected years 2011" on page 29 How has the social fact represented by 'Median length of marriage: To divorce' changed during the last 20 years?

1991-Answer: The median length of marriages before divorce has generally increased between 1991 and 2011, peaking in 2007 before slightly declining to 2011

Marriages ending in divorce generally lasted almost two years longer in 2011 than they did in 1991

Trang 16

52) Figure 1.4 ,"Births registered to single women" on page 32, shows the number

of births registered to single women from 1977 to 2007 What is the single most obvious change in this social fact during these 30 years?

Answer: The percentage of births by single mothers have dramatically increased, from just over 10 per cent of total births in 1977 to around 34 per cent in 2007 ID: soc9h 1.5-8

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Comprehension

Objective: How do sociologists use Verstehen and social facts to study human behaviour? 53) Use the concepts of Verstehen and social facts to explain why your university attracts students possessing similar characteristics

Answer: Regarding Verstehen, universities have images and reputations that may tend to attract given types or groups of students, depending on the students’

subjective perception of these images and reputations, and their personal interests and aspirations Regarding social facts, each institution has certain specific entry requirements and offers specific programs that may determine whether certain groups can enter or would consider entering Universities exist in a 'market' situation, vis-a-vis other universities and prospective students, determined by social facts – including higher education policies, student income support, parental education level and geographical location – that interact in specific and observable ways with the social locations, especially class locations, of prospective students and result in statistical tendencies for certain types of student to attend certain

types of university Combining Verstehen and social facts allows us to see that the

subjective and objective sociological elements are interdependent, with subjective expectations tending to be affected, even determined, by the objective social facts

of the situation, leading to these expectations being fulfilled in practice, which then becomes social fact

ID: soc9h 1.5-9 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Topic: Verstehen and social facts Skill: Synthesis

Định dạng
Số trang	33
Dung lượng	487,6 KB