Test bank for psychology in everyday life 3rd edition by myers

Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.C clinical psychology; psychiatry D unconscious mind; conscious mind 27.. Which research method did he use?A the su

2 Wilhelm Wundt was both a

A) psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

B) physiologist and philosopher

C) sociologist and psychiatrist

D) theologian and philosopher

3 Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology For example, was an American philosopher and was an Austrian physician

A) William Wundt; Ivan Pavlov

B) William James; Sigmund Freud

C) B F Skinner; John B Watson

D) Jean Piaget; Abraham Maslow

4 Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of

A) learning

B) perception

C) personality

D) mental illness

5 The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind Her name was

A) Mary Whiton Calkins

10 Humanistic psychologists were led by

A) Wundt and Piaget

B) Freud and James

C) Rogers and Maslow

D) Watson and Skinner

11 The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called

D) clinical psychology; psychiatry

15 Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the body and brain influence behavior and mental states?

20 The behavior genetics perspective would study how much influence our individual differences

A) naturalistic observation and hindsight bias

B) conscious and unconscious motives

C) nature and nurture

D) naturalistic observation and dual processing

21 Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how genes and environment interact in children's vulnerability to depression Her research best illustrates the concerns of the perspective.

C) clinical psychology; psychiatry

D) unconscious mind; conscious mind

27 Which psychological perspective highlights how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

31 Dr Tiao studies the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving skills Which psychological subfield does her

research best represent?

33 Dr Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember

information Dr Karima is most likely a psychologist

41 Dr Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm Dr Ochoa is most likely a(n) psychologist.

46 Professor O'Brien has used correlational evidence to describe a cause-effect relationship Questioning his use of correlations

to reach this conclusion best illustrates

A) critical thinking

B) the placebo effect

C) naturalistic observation

D) the double-blind procedure

47 A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of

A) random sampling

B) SQ3R

C) the testing effect

D) many levels of analysis

48 A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly

D) the double-blind procedure

50 Which of the following refers to ideas and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next?

51 The transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance ofA) the correlation coefficient.

B) replication

C) the placebo effect

D) culture

52 The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

A) levels of analysis dilemma

54 Do psychological differences between men and women result more from biological influences or more from social

influences? This question is asking about the issue of

A) evolution or natural selection

B) naturalistic observation or case studies

C) behavior or mental processes

D) nature or nurture

55 Namiko wonders whether her personality style was learned from experience or based on her genes This is the issue of

A) correlation and causation

B) behavior and mental processes

C) nature and nurture

D) conscious mind and unconscious mind

56 A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside of our awareness, thanks to our capacity for

D) the nature–nurture issue

58 Brain damage left one woman unable to recognize the width of a block even though she could grasp it with just the right finger-thumb distance This unusual case illustrates the importance of our normal capacity for

61 To balance psychology's focus on human problems such as anxiety and depression, Martin Seligman has advocated the development of

64 Hindsight bias most often contributes to the perception that

A) psychological theories are simply statements of researchers' personal values

B) psychological experiments are simplified versions of reality

C) psychological theories and observations are merely common sense

D) psychology is potentially dangerous

65 Hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as

A) the placebo effect

B) hindsight bias

C) random assignment

D) the double-blind procedure

67 A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own This statement would seem unsurprising to students because

A) most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves

B) this finding is consistent with common sense

C) students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves

D) students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries

68 According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II The grandfather's claim best illustrates

A) describe how experimental hypotheses are based on basic psychological principles

B) predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results

C) explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results

D) personally engage in naturalistic observation

70 When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving them by

themselves This best illustrates

71 As people prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do This best illustrates

D) All of these sequences would be equally likely

75 Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of

A) randomly sampling their life experiences

B) attributing these three similarities to chance

C) perceiving order in random events

D) assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests

76 The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old In Psalm 46 of this

translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of

A) randomly sampling biblical passages

B) generalizing from extreme examples

C) assuming that most people share your opinions

D) perceiving order in coincidental events

77 As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that

A) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking

B) most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong

C) claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence

D) events never occur randomly

78 When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of

A) humility

B) respect for animals

C) environmental sensitivity

D) enthusiasm for animal research studies

79 An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events is called a(n)

81 Hypotheses are best described as

A) the selection of random samples

B) perceiving order in random events

C) repeating an earlier research study

D) rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested

87 To make sure a new scientific finding is reliable, psychologists are most likely to use

91 Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children Which research method did he use?

A) the survey

B) the double-blind procedure

C) the case study

93 After carefully studying how three single parents who have lost their jobs, Dr Phong began to overestimate the national rate

of unemployment In this instance, Dr Phong should be warned that may be misleading

D) the double-blind procedure

96 In studying the development of relationships, Dr Rajiv carefully observed and recorded the behavior of men and women in singles bars Which research method did Dr Rajiv use?

98 The survey is a research method in which

A) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments

B) a representative sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors

C) an individual is studied in great depth

D) an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other

99 You want to investigate the relationship between the political attitudes, and the economic status of North Americans Which method should you use?

A) the survey

B) naturalistic observation

C) experimentation

D) the case study

100 Most of the people responding to a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” In

a similar survey, only 33 percent agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These different findings best illustrate the importance of

101 Researchers question random samples because they are likely to be

103 To learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected

800 of these students to complete a questionnaire In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)

A) observing representative samples

B) recognizing that others may not share our opinions

C) confusing causation with correlation

D) realizing that random events may not look random

105 Most of the students in Mr Blair's slow-reader classes are girls So Mr Blair concludes that girls do not read as well as boys

Mr Blair's conclusion best illustrates the danger of

A) hindsight bias

B) generalizing from select cases

C) confusing correlation with causation

107 A random sample of a large group of people is one in which

A) the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance

B) every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample

C) there are very few personality differences among those in the sample

D) all of these answers are true

108 Which procedure helps ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

A) random assignment

B) replication

C) naturalistic observation

D) random sampling

109 To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use of

A) the double-blind procedure

111 A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the

A) size of a population from which a sample has been taken

B) extent to which two factors vary together

C) relationship between an independent and dependent variable

D) difference between an experimental group and a control group

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112 Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades?

115 A researcher would be most likely to discover a negative correlation between

A) body height and body weight

B) self-esteem and depression

C) education and personal wealth

D) intelligence and academic success

116 If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

A) positively correlated

B) independent variables

C) dependent variables

D) negatively correlated

117 A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –1.00 would indicate that

A) lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income

B) higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness

C) it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels

D) impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income

118 Scientists discover that a specific brain structure is much larger in violent individuals than in nonviolent people A news headline announces: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should be warned about the dangers of

A) perceiving illusory correlations

B) explaining events in hindsight

C) confusing correlation with causation

D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples

119 If psychologists discovered that poverty and aggressiveness in children are related, this would clearly indicate that

A) poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior

B) the factors that lead to poverty also cause aggressive behavior

C) economic status and aggressiveness in children are negatively correlated

D) all of these answers are true

120 A positive correlation between self-esteem and academic success would indicate that

A) a positive self-concept contributes to academic success

B) academic success contributes to a favorable self-image

C) those with high self-esteem are more academically successful than those with low self-esteem

D) all of these answers are true

121 People with low self-esteem are also likely to suffer from depression This does not necessarily mean that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions Why?

A) Sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations

B) Events often seem more probable in hindsight

C) Correlation does not prove causation

D) Random sequences often don't look random

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122 To avoid assuming a cause-effect relationship based on correlational evidence, researchers make use of

124 The experiment is a research method in which

A) a random sample of individuals are questioned about their opinions and behaviors

B) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment

C) a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior

D) an individual is studied in great depth

125 To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage in

A) case studies

B) correlational research

C) experimentation

D) surveys

126 Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve

A) operationally defining research procedures

B) manipulating the factors of interest

C) studying observable behaviors

D) replication of previous research

127 The most accurate way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means of

A) case studies

B) experiments

C) correlational measurement

D) naturalistic observations

128 Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim that

A) children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive

B) people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers

C) people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol

D) people who consume excessive amounts of coffee experience higher-than-normal levels of anxiety

129 Random assignment is most likely to be used in research

D) the double-blind procedure

131 In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the group

133 To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of people work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels, the researchers would use

A) the case study

B) correlational measurement

C) naturalistic observation

D) random assignment

134 Random sampling is to as random assignment is to

A) correlational studies; case studies

A) testing a large sample

B) operationally defining his procedures

C) replicating observations of other researchers

D) creating a control group

138 In an experiment, the experimental group is the group that

A) receives a placebo

B) is informed about which treatment they are receiving

C) is exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment

D) is not fully debriefed following the completion of the experiment

139 In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, psychologists raised groups of monkeys in either a smoke-free or smoke-filled environment Monkeys in the smoke-filled environment were assigned to the _ group

A) random sampling

B) replication

C) operational definitions

D) the double-blind procedure

142 The double-blind procedure is most likely to be used in research

143 Abdul is participating in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin Neither he nor the researchers know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos The investigators are making use of

A) naturalistic observation

B) the testing effect

C) the double-blind procedure

A) the age of the research participants

B) the physical abilities of the research participants

C) the amount of alcohol consumed

D) the effects of alcohol consumption

149 Which procedure is most likely to be used to control for possible confounding variables?

A) debriefing

B) informed consent

C) random assignment

D) naturalistic observation

150 The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor

A) that is directly manipulated by the investigator

B) that may be influenced by the experimental treatment

C) whose effect is being studied

D) that causes the behavior being studied

151 In an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be the

B) the correlational method

C) the double-blind procedure

D) the descriptive method

153 Psychology experiments are typically designed to

A) test and evaluate theoretical principles

B) observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory

C) re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors

D) observe a truly random sample of human or animal behavior

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154 Psychologists study animals because

A) they want to understand how different species think and behave

B) animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology

C) it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans

D) of all of these reasons

155 Gallup surveys suggest that the majority of adults in Canada and the United States believe that

A) medical testing on animals for research purposes is morally acceptable

B) the well-being of animals used in research studies should be placed above the well-being of humans

C) animals should be used only in research studies that directly benefit the animals involved in those studies

D) animals should be fully debriefed following their use in research studies

156 The British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association have issued guidelines for animal research These guidelines call for

A) housing social animals with companions

B) ensuring the health of research animals

C) minimizing the infliction of pain on research animals

D) all of these requirement

157 Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment to prevent them fromA) worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience

B) realizing that their privacy is being violated

C) deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment

D) trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions

158 Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association urge psychological investigators to

A) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test

B) avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings.C) ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research

D) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research

159 The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to

A) choose whether they wish to participate in a research study

B) know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group

C) replicate the results of a research study

D) be fully debriefed following their participation in research

160 Debriefing refers to

A) a technique for assessing the attitudes of those who respond to a survey

B) repeating a research study with a different set of participants than those in the original study

C) a procedure designed to inhibit hindsight bias

D) explaining a research study to participants after the study is completed

161 The personal values of psychologists are likely to influence their choice of

A) topics of investigation

B) research methods

C) explanatory theories

D) topic, method, and theory

162 An understanding of behavior and mental processes can be misused to manipulate people That's why some worry about the potential dangers of

164 The SQ3R method encourages students to

A) read each text chapter quickly to minimize boredom

B) read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn

C) survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself

D) read entire text chapters at one sitting to maximize comprehension

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165 For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of

A) spaced practice and testing yourself

B) speed reading and massed practice

C) case studies and psychoanalysis

D) all of these practices

166 Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to study

D) Mary Whiton Calkins

171 In its early years, psychology focused on the study of

C) unconscious thought processes

D) potential for healthy growth

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176 In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology renewed interest in the scientific study of

A) mental processes

B) genetic influences

C) sexual conflicts

D) learned behaviors

177 Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

A) natural selection and behavior tendencies

B) childhood memories and psychological disorders

C) thought processes and brain functions

D) philosophy and physiology

178 Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

A) conscious and unconscious mental activity

B) observable responses to the environment

C) behavior and mental processes

D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors

179 Smiling is to feeling as is to

A) evolution; natural selection

B) behavior; mental process

187 Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of gene-based traits and social factors on homosexual

behavior Her research best illustrates the interests of the perspective

192 The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

A) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry

B) people try to understand their own unconscious drives

C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions

D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

193 Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

197 Dr Wong investigates the relationship between brain chemistry and intelligence Dr Wong is working in which

C) providing therapy to troubled people

D) providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders

205 For no apparent reason, Ryozo has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he often stays home from work It would

be best for Ryozo to contact a psychologist

207 Dr Lipka is involved in the study of employee job satisfaction and productivity Dr Lipka is most likely a(n) psychologist.

A) clinical

B) developmental

C) personality

D) industrial-organizational

208 Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of

A) the testing effect

C) the placebo effect

D) the double-blind procedure

211 When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are engaging in

A) naturalistic observation

B) a biopsychosocial approach

C) random assignment

D) critical thinking

212 Melinda expressed valid concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have

encouraged people to give answers that show unusually positive levels of well-being Melinda's concerns best illustratedA) hindsight bias

B) informed consent

C) critical thinking

D) the testing effect

213 Different views of the same behavior that together can give us a complete description represent different

A) independent variables

B) naturalistic observations

C) levels of analysis

D) case studies

214 An integrated understanding of gender differences in terms of cultural, biological, and psychological influences best

illustrates the goal of

D) many levels of analysis

217 Which term refers to the traits and behaviors that individuals in a given culture expect in a man or woman?

218 The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people constitutes their

A) massed practice and spaced practice

B) unconscious and conscious motives

C) behavior and mental processes

D) genes and experience

220 Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home

environments are most directly related to the debate regarding the issue of

A) behavior and mental processes

B) evolution and natural selection

C) correlation and causation

D) nature and nurture

221 Nadia wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences In this instance, Nadia is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

A) neuroscience and cognition

B) nature and nurture

C) behavior and mental processes

D) conscious and unconscious thoughts

222 Biology is to experience as is to

A) naturalistic observation; case study

B) psychology; psychiatry

C) nature; nurture

D) behavior; mental processes

223 By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for

A) informed consent

B) dual processing

C) replication

D) learning and adaptation

224 The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called

A) the double-blind procedure

227 Research on human flourishing is the major focus of

A) the psychodynamic perspective

228 Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology that focuses on such topics as

A) prejudice

B) compassion

C) depression

D) poverty

229 Positive psychology uniquely focuses on the promotion of positive

A) curiosity, skepticism, and humility

B) emotions, character traits, and institutions

C) descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods

D) classroom instruction, study techniques, and test grades

230 The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

A) dismiss the value of replication

B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested

C) believe that they would have foreseen the outcome of past events

D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions

231 Many people believe that psychology merely proves our commonsense understanding In large part this is because of

A) random assignment

B) hindsight bias

C) operational definitions

D) the placebo effect

232 Giving half the members of a group a true psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to show the impact of

A) the placebo effect

B) confounding variables

C) hindsight bias

D) the double-blind procedure

233 Professor Mysore told one class that drinking alcohol increases sexual desire He told another class that drinking alcohol reduces sexual desire Neither class was surprised by the information they received because of the power of

A) replication

B) hindsight bias

C) the double-blind procedure

D) the placebo effect

234 Several weeks after a political election, voters often think they could have predicted the election outcome This best

235 Shin Kang's stockbroker tells him that he has lost a lot of money on his stocks When Shin tells his wife, she angrily

responds, “I could have told you that your stocks would lose money!” Her comment is an example of