beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: a Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of American criminal justicea. beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: b Objective:
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TEST BANK CHAPTER 1
Probation and Parole in Criminal Justice
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
1 According to Henrichson and Delaney (2012), what is the annual per inmate cost to house the
over 1.5 million prisoners in the United States?
a $15,000
b $30,000
c $45,000
d $60,000 Answer: b
Objective: Understand why reducing prison populations by keeping out or releasing
early “nonviolent offenders” is a dubious policy
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
2 What metaphor is used to describe life imprisonment for those convicted of a third felony?
a truth in sentencing
b life without parole
c three strikes and you’re out
d none of the above Answer: c
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 3-4
Level: Basic
3 Which term refers to the reduction of time served in prison as a reward for not violating prison
rules?
a good time
b parole
c probation
d early release Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 4
Level: Basic
4 Of the three components of the criminal justice system (police, courts and corrections), which
receives a disproportionate share of the criminal justice budget?
a police
b courts
c corrections
d They all receive equal shares
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Answer: a
Objective: Discuss why the system of criminal justice in the United States is not
systematic
Page number: 6
Level: Basic
5 Which of the following is considered a crime?
a any immoral act
b any violation of the criminal law
c any act that harms someone else
d all of the above Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 8
Level: Basic
6 Which of the following is considered a criminal?
a any person who commits an immoral act
b any person who is convicted of a crime
c any person who is accused of a crime
d all of the above Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 8
Level: Basic
7 What period refers to an outgrowth of the European Enlightenment during the eighteenth
century where adherents rejected spiritualism and religious explanations for criminal behavior?
a Neoclassicalism
c Classicalism
d Renaissance
Answer: b
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
8 What is the Latin term for “guilty mind” and meaning the intent necessary to establish
criminal responsibility?
a nolle prosequi
b nolo contendere
c mens rea
d actus reus Answer: c
Objective: Discuss why the system of criminal justice in the United States is not
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systematic
Page number: 10
Level: Basic
9 What classical approach encompasses such mitigating factors as age and prior record?
a Neoclassicalism
c Classicalism
d Renaissance
Answer: a
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
10 Which of the following attempts to explain the cause of crime and offers a basis for
rehabilitating criminals?
a Neoclassicalism
c Classicalism
d Renaissance
Answer: b
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
11 Which level of evidence is necessary for the police to arrest a suspect for a crime?
a clear and convincing evidence
b preponderance of evidence
c probable cause
d beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: c
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 13
Level: Basic
12 Which level of evidence is necessary to establish guilt in a criminal trial?
a clear and convincing evidence
b preponderance of evidence
c probable cause
d beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: d
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
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13 Which level of evidence is used in extraordinary civil cases such as commitment and child
custody?
a clear and convincing evidence
b preponderance of evidence
c probable cause
d beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
14 Which level of evidence is used in probation and parole revocation hearings?
a clear and convincing evidence
b preponderance of evidence
c probable cause
d beyond a reasonable doubt Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
15 What is a plea bargain?
a a written confession obtained by the police or prosecutor
b an initial pleading at arraignment
c a decision by the prosecutor declining to persecute a defendant
d a legal transaction in which a defendant pleads guilty in exchange for some form of leniency
Answer: d
Objective: Explain why most convicted offenders are not imprisoned
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
16 Which Amendment to the U.S Constitution allows each side in a criminal trial to subpoena
witnesses to present testimony and can cross-examine adverse witnesses?
a First
Answer: d
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
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17 Which of the following refers to a wrongful act or deed?
a mens rea
b nolo contendere
c nolle prosequi
d actus reus Answer: d
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
18 Which Amendment to the U.S Constitution prohibits a defendant from being tried a second
time for the same offense after he has already been found not guilty?
a First
Answer: d
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
19 Which of the following is a punishment dimension that expresses society’s disapproval of
criminal behavior?
a restitution
b rehabilitation
c deterrence
d retribution
Answer: d
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
20 Which of the following reduces the opportunity for further criminal behavior by
imprisonment?
a restitution
b rehabilitation
c deterrence
d incapacitation
Answer: d
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
Comment [CC1]: Are we worried
about being gender neutral? (he or she)
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21 Which of the following is a belief that punishment will reduce the likelihood of future
criminal behavior either by the particular offender or by others who fear similar punishment?
a restitution
b rehabilitation
c deterrence
d retribution
Answer: c
Objective: Understand why prevention of recidivism is difficult to determine
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
22 Which of the following is a belief that by providing services – social, psychological,
educational, or vocational – an offender will be less likely to commit future crimes?
a restitution
b rehabilitation
c deterrence
d retribution
Answer: b
Objective: Understand why prevention of recidivism is difficult to determine
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
23 Which of the following is a repayment by an offender to the victim or to society in money or
services for the harm committed?
a restitution
b rehabilitation
c deterrence
d retribution
Answer: a
Objective: Understand why prevention of recidivism is difficult to determine
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
24 Which Amendment to the U.S Constitution prohibits the prosecutor from appealing an
acquittal?
a First
Answer: c
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
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25 Which of the following is a legal document challenging custody and designed to force
authorities holding a prisoner to produce him and justify the custody (often used as an alternate
method of appealing a conviction)?
a affidavit
b habeas corpus
c presumptive waiver
d presumptive sentence Answer: b
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
Page number: 17
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 True-False
1 “Good time” is a term used in the field of criminal justice to refer to the reduction of time
served in prison as the result of a plea bargain
a True
b False Answer: b
Objective: Understand why reducing prison populations by keeping out or releasing
early “nonviolent offenders” is a dubious policy
Page number: 3-4
Level: Basic
2 Lex talionis, or “an eye for an eye”, is a primitive system of vengeance that emerged and was
passed down from generation to generation
a True
b False Answer: a
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 8
Level: Basic
3 According to National Crime Victimization Surveys, most crimes are never reported
a True
b False Answer: a
Objective: Discuss why the system of criminal justice in the United States is not
systematic
Page number: 8
Level: Basic
4 Classicalism is an outgrowth of Enlightenment philosophy that stresses free will and equality
before law and provides a basis for determinate sentencing
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Answer: a
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
5 Mens rea is the Latin term for “guilty mind” and meaning the intent necessary to establish
criminal responsibility
a True
b False Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 10
Level: Basic
6 Positivism is the classical approach that encompasses such mitigating factors as age and prior
record
a True
Answer: b
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
7 Neoclassical approach refers to a method for examining and understanding social behavior
Answer: b
Objective: Distinguish the classical view from the positive view of crime and
criminal behavior
Page number: 11
Level: Basic
8 “Beyond a reasonable doubt” is the level of evidence necessary for the police to arrest a
suspect for a crime
a True
Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 13
Level: Basic
9 “Probable cause” is the level of evidence is necessary to establish guilt in a criminal trial
a True
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Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
10 “Clear and convincing evidence” is the level of evidence used in extraordinary civil cases
such as commitment and child custody
a True
Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
11 “Preponderance of evidence” is the level of evidence is used in probation and parole
revocation hearings
a True
Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
12 Regardless of time of day, or day of week, pretrial court appearances are always held
immediately following the arrest
a True
b False Answer: b
Objective: Discuss why the system of criminal justice in the United States is not
systematic
Page number: 14
Level: Basic
13 Approximately 85 to 95 percent of all criminal convictions are the result of a guilty plea and
most guilty pleas are the result of plea bargains
a True
b False Answer: a
Objective: Explain why most convicted offenders are not imprisoned
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
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14 The Fourth Amendment to the U.S Constitution allows each side in a criminal trial to
subpoena witnesses to present testimony and cross-examine adverse witnesses
a True
Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
15 The Sixth Amendment to the U.S Constitution prohibits a defendant from being tried a
second time for the same offense after he has already been found not guilty
a True
Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 15
Level: Basic
16 Restitution reduces the opportunity for further criminal behavior by imprisonment
a True
Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
17 Incapacitation is a belief that punishment will reduce the likelihood of future criminal
behavior either by the particular offender or by others who fear similar punishment
a True
Answer: b
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
18 Rehabilitation is a belief that by providing services – social, psychological, educational, or
vocational – an offender will be less likely to commit future crimes
a True
Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
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19 Restitution is a repayment by an offender to the victim or to society in money or services for
the harm committed
a True
Answer: a
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 16
Level: Basic
20 “Habeas corpus” is a legal document challenging custody and designed to force authorities
holding a prisoner to produce him and justify the custody (often used as an alternate method of
appealing a conviction)
a True
b False Answer: a
Objective: Explain how the criminal law and its enforcement reflect distinctions
in power
Page number: 17
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank
1 Of the three components of the criminal justice system (police, courts and corrections), the
_ component receives a disproportionate share of the criminal justice budget
Answer: police
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 6
Level: Basic
2 A crime is any violation of the _ law
Answer: criminal
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 8
Level: Basic
3 A criminal is any person who is of a crime
Answer: convicted
Objective: Understand the contradictory goals and competing expectations of
American criminal justice
Page number: 8
Level: Basic