B group of people who were born around the same time?. When José is explaining some historical facts about childhood, he would MOST likely say that in previous centuries people:A cared m
Trang 11 Developmental scientists are:
3 Which of the following does NOT describe developmental science?
A) Developmental science is multidisciplinary
B) Developmental science is a pseudoscience
C) Developmental science examines variations in development
D) Developmental science is interested in parenting practices
4 Which of the following relates to the statistical study of populations?
8 Cognitive behaviorists/social learning theorists place primary emphasis on:
A) learning through observation
B) attachment theory
C) genetics
D) the use of operant conditioning
9 Dr Styler studies universal human tendencies that are shared by all people He speculates that these are biological
predispositions that helped promote human survival Dr Styler MOST likely is a(n):
A) evocative and active
B) interactive and disjunctive
C) evocative and reactive
Trang 212 Behaviorists emphasize the crucial role of _ on behaviour.
A) environmental influences
B) genetic influences
C) cognitive processes
D) normative and non-normative influences
13 Cassie is conducting a study of the relationship between depression and anxiety Cassie is performing _ research
16 Dr Jones, who is a psychologist, studies development So does Ms Stevens, who is a teacher, and Professor Johnson, who is
a biologist This demonstrates how developmental science is:
A) challenging
B) scientific
C) multidimensional
D) multidisciplinary
17 “They are born at around the same time as we are, and we travel through life during the same point in history.” This
description refers to a person's:
A) social group
B) social class
C) club
D) cohort
18 Developmentalists seek to understand all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the universal and predictable ways in which a person develops
B) individual differences in human development
C) the impact of life transitions
D) the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
19 Which of the following is NOT something a developmental scientist would be interested in?
A) Does parental divorce lead to negative outcomes in adolescents?
B) How do boys and girls adjust to entering elementary school?
C) What are the differences in statistics used in the varying research approaches?
D) How does corporal punishment impact children?
20 Joe lives in a society that prizes independence, competition, and personal success Joe lives in a(n) _ culture
22 Which is an example of self-efficacy?
A) John believes that he is competent in psychology so he works very hard in this class
B) Jean feels good about himself as a person
C) Jacqui likes to reward herself for doing well
Trang 323 Dr Lee is interested in determining the degree to which genetics influence intelligence, so she compares the intelligence test scores of identical and fraternal twins Dr Lee's field of study is:
A) behavioral genetics
B) evolutionary psychology
C) attachment theory
D) developmentalism
24 Which is NOT an example of a bidirectional relationship?
A) Ms Taylor enjoys doing homework with her son in the evening
B) Mary feels happy when she sees her upbeat friend
C) Ng becomes annoyed when he sees his moody and unpredictable neighbor
D) Professor Erikson notices that when she is lecturing, she does not make eye contact with her shy students
25 Eighteen-year-old Bethany is trying to determine who she is as a person and what she wants to do in life According to Erik Erikson's framework, Bethany's current life challenge is:
Trang 434 According to traditional behaviorists, the way to extinguish behavior is to stop reinforcing it.
48 The scientific study of development is called _
49 If Janet is a baby boomer and Jamila is a millennial, then Janet and Jamila are members of different _
50 _ is the term that refers to one's income and level of education
Trang 551 To say that developmental science draws on neuroscience, nursing, psychology, and biology indicates that the field of study
is _
52 Harmonious family and group relationships are of primary importance in _, while independence and achievement are highly valued in individualistic cultures
53 The developmental science term for environmental forces that shape behavior is _
54 _ explain why people act the way they do
55 In traditional operant behaviorist terminology, people learn through _
56 In cognitive behavioral terms, a person who has low _ will be less likely to accept a challenging task than his
counterpart
57 Freud referred to the mass of instincts that drive human behavior “unconsciously” as people's _
58 According to John Bowlby, children's early experiences with _ shape their ability to love
59 Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the roots of human behavior
60 The field that explores the biological and environment contribution to human differences is called _
61 A scientist studying how early life events might change the outer cover of human DNA, and so have far-reaching
consequences throughout life, is working in the new field called _
62 For Erikson, each life stage involves a particular developmental challenge, or _
63 A researcher who looks at many different influences on behavior advocates the _ perspective
64 The disadvantage of correlational studies is that they do not allow a researcher to determine _
65 In a(n) _, the researcher assigns groups to different treatments and looks at the results
66 Cross-sectional studies tell researchers about differences between or among _
67 The volunteers who remain in a longitudinal study for years tend to be a(n) _ group, much better than average
68 When researchers sample groups of people, use objective measures such as questionnaires, and rely on “numbers” or
statistics to find answers, these scientists are conducting _
69 A developmental scientist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:
A) parenting practices and how they affect normal child development
B) cross-cultural concepts about the right age to toilet train children
C) emotional development during childhood
D) travel and its economic impact on a nation's wealth
70 A developmentalist might study all of these topics EXCEPT:
A) when children reach milestones such as walking or puberty
B) what drugs work best for people with schizophrenia
C) what happens to children once they start public education
D) how an individual's personality may change over time
71 Which of the following is NOT a predictable milestone in development?
A) walking
B) attachment
C) speaking
D) divorce
Trang 672 Which of the following would NOT be considered a context of development?A) social class
B) culture
C) heredity
D) family environment cohort
73 Which person's statement is referring to his or her cohort?
A) “We live in the same area of the country.”
B) “We play tennis together every week.”
C) “We were born around the same time.”
D) “We are of the same ethnic group.”
74 A cohort refers to a:
A) group of friends
B) group of people who were born around the same time
C) family group
D) group of people who live in the same neighborhood
75 When Aracelly tells you she is a baby boomer, Aracelly is referring to her _.A) society
77 Which person is NOT a baby boomer?
A) Cesar, who was in college during the late 1960s
B) Callista, who is 65
C) Cami, who is 40
D) Corrine, who is about to retire
78 Which person MOST likely is a baby boomer?
A) Selma, who is about to turn 65
B) Kimiko, who is in her late seventies
C) Kevin, who became a grandpa last year
D) Tan, who just got his Ph.D
79 All are true of the baby-boom cohort EXCEPT that they:
A) were teenagers during the late 1960s
B) are entering their young-old years
C) are an incredibly large cohort
D) have had little impact on Western society
80 Today, the baby-boom cohort is:
A) in the aging phase of life
B) in young adulthood
C) almost completely dead
D) all in middle age
81 Which person is NOT a member of the baby-boom cohort?
A) David, who was born in 1946 after his dad returned from World War IIB) Adrianna, who entered college at age 18, during the late 1960s
C) Lynnette who was born during the Great Depression
D) Liang, who retired in 2013 at age 63
82 A woman who says she is a baby boomer:
A) grew up during World War II
B) grew up during the 1980s
C) reached her teens during the 1960s or 1970s
D) reached her teens in the 1980s
Trang 783 A scientist studying demography (or demographics) would look at:
A) how prevalent schizophrenia is in the population
B) the symptoms of schizophrenia
C) the heredity component of schizophrenia
D) new treatments for schizophrenia
84 In general, over the past century global fertility rates have:
A) risen
B) remained stable
C) declined
D) followed a U-shaped curve
85 The main early twentieth-century change revolutionizing childhood was:
A) a dramatic decline in infant and childhood mortality
B) the fact that children develop earlier
C) the rise of single-parent families
D) women in the workforce
86 Which world region has the lowest fertility rates?
A) Europe
B) North America
C) East Asia
D) Africa
87 Childhood got longer because of:
A) schooling—the need for more education
B) economic pressures—the need for kids to stay at home
C) biology—children reaching puberty at younger ages
D) family changes—more single-parent moms
88 When José is explaining some historical facts about childhood, he would MOST likely say that in previous centuries people:A) cared more about nurturing children than people do today
B) cared more about childhood education than people do today
C) were defined as adults right after college
D) engaged in activities viewed today as child abuse
89 The modern “caring” view of childhood was NOT influenced by:
A) the writings of Locke and Rousseau, who felt childhood was a special period
B) medical advances which have increased life expectancy
C) the need for children to receive an education
D) advances in birth control The decline in the two parent family
90 Over the centuries, childhood has become much:
A) longer
B) more difficult
C) more stressful
D) simpler
91 For people born in the eighteenth century, all of the following are true EXCEPT that they would:
A) be far more likely to die during early childhood than today
B) be far less likely to go to school than today
C) begin their “adult life” at a far younger age than today
93 All are true of emerging adulthood EXCEPT that it:
A) refers to the time from age 18 through the late twenties
B) is the time when people explore their place in the adult world
C) came into being because people now live for a long time
D) tends to be a very unhappy life stage
Trang 894 All are true of the twentieth-century rise in life expectancy EXCEPT that it:
A) was caused by dramatic medical advances
B) occurred in the first half of the century
C) allowed children to work to help the family from an early age
D) allowed parents to feel comfortable in forming an attachment to their children
95 The twentieth-century rise in life expectancy occurred when scientists were able to:
A) cure or prevent many viral and bacterial diseases
B) slow the progress of many chronic diseases
C) make inroads in curing heart disease
D) allow people to live happier lives
96 Which age group has benefited MOST from the disease-control advances that produced the twentieth-century life-expectancy rise?
A) infants and young children
B) adults in their thirties
C) midlife adults
D) elderly people
97 Sara is describing some effects of the twentieth-century life-expectancy strides Which statement is NOT correct?
A) “People today are unlikely to die from eating impure foods.”
B) “People today receive less vaccinations than in previous centuries.”
C) “People today expect to survive beyond childhood.”
D) “Parents today have the ability to limit their family size.”
98 “Income inequality” refers to the widening income gap between:
A) the very rich (1 percent) and the rest of the population
B) the young and old
C) minorities and everyone else
D) women and men
99 What question would a person ask to BEST understand someone's socioeconomic status?
A) “What is your education level?”
B) “What is your medical history?”
C) “What is your income?”
D) “What is your education level?” and “What is your income?”
100 All of the following statements relate to a person's socioeconomic status, EXCEPT:
A) “He is earning over $300,000 year.”
B) “He is living under the poverty line.”
C) “She has a Ph.D.”
D) “She just turned 65.”
101 Which nation is a developed country?
103 Mariah says, “Obedience to family comes first.” Obi says, “Honesty and independence are my main values in life.”
Compared to Obi's cultural worldview, Mariah's cultural worldview is _
A) narcissistic
B) caring
C) collectivist
D) individualistic
104 In collectivist cultures, people tend to:
A) value their own needs over the good of the community
B) live in intergenerational families
C) care greatly about personal success
D) want to succeed economically above all else in life
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Trang 9105 In individualistic cultures, people tend to prioritize:
A) arranged marriages
B) independence
C) obedience
D) suppressing feelings
106 Who has the MOST individualistic worldview?
A) Pedro, who puts his college plans on hold because his grandparents are ill and he feels “family comes first”
B) Kim, who is preparing for her wedding to Jules, the man her parents picked to be her husband
C) Marta, who wants to go to school to become a doctor, but will easily give up this plan to preserve family harmony, if her father and brothers object
D) Dimitrios, who wants to raise his daughters to be self-sufficient and to openly speak their minds
107 The nation with the LEAST collectivist worldview is:
A) the United States
B) India
C) China
D) Bangladesh
108 Emerging adults from collectivist cultures have all of the following tendencies EXCEPT:
A) being more reticent about sharing feelings
B) not wanting to leave home to go to college
C) placing enormous value on subordinating personal needs to the group
D) wanting to live independently from their families
109 Ata has a collectivist worldview and Maya has an individualistic worldview Which statement is NOT a good prediction about Ata and Maya?
A) Ata values obedience more than Maya
B) Maya values independence more than Ata
C) Maya values self-assertion more than Ata
D) Ata is more unhappy than Maya
110 Which of these people is likely to live the longest?
A) Donald, a farmer in the U.S Midwest
B) Raquel, who works in a factory in the Honduras
C) Abdul, who runs a shop in Morocco
D) Delun, a third-grade teacher in Canada
111 Which is the largest U.S minority group?
B) composed of people from a variety of countries, with different attitudes and worldviews
C) becoming more isolated
D) growing dramatically as a fraction of the U.S population
114 Imagine it is 2020 in the United States People are apt to see all of the following changes EXCEPT:
A) more Hispanics
B) less Whites
C) more biracial and multiracial people
D) more American Indians
115 Gender differences in attitudes and lifestyles:
A) are mainly biological
B) are mainly shaped by society
C) are shaped by biology and society
D) stay the same over time
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Trang 10116 What is the number of childbirths per female referred to as?
118 Theories in developmental science:
A) predict why people act the way they do
B) are concerned only with genetic traits
C) are only useful in isolated cases
D) involve conducting statistical tests
119 If Dr Im believes in a nurture explanation of development, she might make all of the following statements EXCEPT:
A) “Personality depends on how people are treated during infancy.”
B) “Gender differences in friendship styles are programmed at birth.”
C) “Good teachers can raise intelligence test scores in children from impoverished homes.”
D) “With effort, people can be anything they want to be in life.”
120 Which comment would be made by a behaviorist?
A) “I can explain human behavior by looking at the reinforcers.”
B) “I want to understand people's inner motivations.”
C) “Each person perceives reality differently.”
D) “Human behavior is very complicated.”
121 According to B F Skinner, behaviors that are _ will be learned
A) “JoJo has learned 'If I scream long enough, I will be reinforced.'”
B) “If the father had ignored JoJo's tantrum, the screaming would extinguish.”
C) “JoJo is basically a bad girl.”
D) “The father has put JoJo on a variable reinforcement schedule, which should cause huge problems the next time they visit the mall!”
123 Which statement refers to a variable reinforcement schedule?
A) Sometimes I get “A”s when I study and sometimes I don't So if I happen not to get an “A” on this test, I know I have to keep studying and eventually I will succeed
B) If I don't get an “A” on this test, I will give up
C) If I get an “A” on this test, I'm a genius
D) I love teachers who give mainly “A”s
124 Which is NOT an example of operant conditioning?
A) When Tiffany cries, the family gives her attention, so she has learned to cry a lot
B) Bao gives her husband a kiss when he does yard work, so now he mows the grass every few days
C) After a car accident, a person refuses to drive
D) A child who loves the food that he watches his friends eat
125 If a traditional behaviorist notices that a nursing home resident's memory has seriously declined, this person MOST likely would say that the resident:
A) is not being reinforced for remembering anything
B) has developed Alzheimer's disease
C) is being overmedicated
D) is lonely and depressed
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Trang 11126 If a traditional behaviorist notices that a child is acting out at a restaurant, this person would most likely say that this boy or girl:
A) is being given attention for acting out
B) has ADHD
C) has not been given enough love
D) has a biological problem
127 A behaviorist might give all of the following child rearing tips EXCEPT:
A) “Pay attention to good behaviors.”
B) “Be consistent Never reward a child who acts inappropriately.”
C) “Don't pay attention to a child who is acting up.”
D) “Give a child total, unconditional love.”
128 Imagine that a couple visits a behavioral therapist for help with their child The psychologist MOST likely would:
A) train the couple to reinforce positive activities
B) encourage the parents to explore their inner motivations
C) comment on the parents' early childhood experiences
D) help the parents understand their unconscious motives
129 A behaviorist is giving child rearing advice Which tip is this person LEAST likely to give?
A) Ignore bad behavior (or do not reinforce it) by paying attention to a child
B) Pay attention when a child does something positive and reinforce a child for good behavior
C) To encourage a child to persist at an activity, reinforce the child every time he performs that action.
D) To discipline a child, be consistent Never give in because the child whines
130 Link statements (1), (2), and (3) to the correct behavioral terms
(1) “Sometimes when I study, I get 'A's and sometimes I don't So I keep plugging along.”
(2) “Even though I failed this test, I know I'm a terrific student So I keep studying because I have faith in myself.”
(3) “I watched my brother studying; that's how I learned to study hard.”
A) (1) = high self-efficacy; (2) = modeling; (3) = variable reinforcement schedule
B) (1) = variable reinforcement schedule; (2) = high self-efficacy; (3) = modeling
C) (1) = reinforcement; (2) = variable schedule; (3) = modeling
D) (1) = variable reinforcement schedule; (2) = modeling; (3) = high self-efficacy
131 A cognitive behaviorist MOST likely would make all of the following statements EXCEPT:
A) “You can predict children's behavior by looking at their feelings of competence.”
B) “Children learn by watching and imitating people.”
C) “Children learn only when they are given concrete rewards.”
D) “The best way to change children's behavior is to work with their thoughts.”
132 Jorge is an 8-year-old boy According to social-learning theory, which person would Jorge be MOST likely to model?
A) Maria, a 4-year-old girl who lives down the street
B) Uncle Pedro, who is incredibly kind and involved with Jorge
C) Mr Taylor, the principal at the high school in town
D) Spot, Jorge's dog
133 Phyllis is terrified of going to fifth grade A behaviorist might make all of the following statements about this issue EXCEPT:A) “Phyllis is emotionally disturbed.”
B) “Phyllis is not being reinforced at school.”
C) “Phyllis may have low efficacy feelings with regard to making new friends.”
D) “The school should develop more reinforcing activities for children like Phyllis
134 Which teenager is NOT showing high self-efficacy?
A) Annie enrolls in a challenging service-learning course
B) Petra auditions for a starring role in a school play
C) Maurice likes to stretch his physical capacities by rock climbing
D) Crista only interacts with people she knows well because she is shy
135 With regard to studying, link the examples to the following: (1) modeling and (2) self-efficacy
A) (1) “My best friend studies and makes good grades, so I am inspired to study.” (2) “I know I can do well academically,
so I study a lot.”
B) (1) “I know I can do well academically, so I study a lot.” (2) “My best friend studies and makes good grades, so I am inspired to study.”
C) (1) “The last test I studied for I got an A, so I'll study for this one too.” (2) “I'm in the habit of studying.”
D) (1) “I hate studying.” (2) “I love studying.”
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Trang 12136 Joanna gets a “C” on her first test and then decides to work very hard because she believes that with extra effort she can succeed in class According to cognitive behaviorists, Joanna has:
A) high self-efficacy
B) good ego strength
C) good genetics
D) high self-esteem
137 Which statement would a behaviorist NOT make?
A) “Children can succeed if they try hard.”
B) “Children can succeed if they are rewarded by teachers for doing well.”
C) “Children can succeed if their parents encourage them to work hard.”
D) “Children can succeed if they get a high score on an intelligence test.”
138 Daniel gets an “A” on his high-school science test and Eva gets a “C.” Which conclusion is NOT one a behaviorist might make?
A) Eva may have low self-efficacy with regard to science
B) Daniel is more genetically gifted than Eva
C) Eva may not have been reinforced for doing well in school in the past
D) Daniel may have been reinforced for doing well in science in the past
139 A psychoanalytic theorist might make all of the following statements EXCEPT:
A) “Personality depends on how parents treat a child during early childhood.”
B) “Personality is shaped by unconscious feelings stemming from childhood.”
C) “Self-understanding is the key to a successful life.”
D) “People's behavior is rational.”
140 If a teenager visits a psychoanalytic therapist for treatment, that therapist MOST likely would:
A) discuss early childhood experiences
B) identify the reinforcers shaping behaviors
C) give homework exercises to employ between sessions
D) give self-efficacy training
141 An emerging adult goes to a psychologist for therapy If this mental health professional is psychoanalytically oriented, the therapist MOST likely would focus on:
A) increasing the reinforcements
B) understanding the person's unconscious motivations
C) increasing the person's efficacy feelings
D) providing medications
142 All are goals of psychoanalytic treatment EXCEPT:
A) promoting ego strength
B) promoting self-understanding
C) understanding one's childhood motivations and feelings
D) changing the reinforcers
143 If a psychoanalyst labels a person as having a “strong ego,” that individual will MOST likely feel:
A) complimented for being told she is mentally healthy
B) angry at being called a narcissist
C) puzzled because the therapist has not mentioned the id
D) anxious because the superego is most important in development
144 Yael has coped very well with serious life stresses A psychoanalytic theorist would say Yael's behavior shows:
A) sexual impulses driving behavior
B) the goal of psychoanalytic treatment
C) feelings of love for the therapist
D) a transfer of unconscious impulses
146 Which is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
A) anal, oral, phallic
B) oral, anal, phallic
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