Test bank anatomy physiology an integrative approach 2nd edition mckinley

Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enz

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Test Bank Anatomy Physiology: An Integrative Approach 2nd Edition McKinley

Bloom's Level: 1 Remember

Learning Objective: 03.01.01 Describe the two states of energy

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kinetic

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3

The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the

A kinetic energy of sodium rushing out of a cell down its concentration gradient

B kinetic energy of the large difference in sodium concentration on the inside versus the outside of the cell

Bloom's Level: 3 Apply

HAPS Objective: C08.01c With respect to the following membrane transport processes – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & filtration: Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process

HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes

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Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy Section: 03.01

Topic: Cellular respiration

HAPS Objective: C04.04a With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: Identify the monomers and polymers HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds

Learning Objective: 03.01.03 List the three important molecules that function primarily in chemical energy

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7 Compare and contrast chemical energy and radiant energy Into which broad category of energy (kinetic or potential) does each fit? What are two examples of each type of energy that relate to human physiology?

Chemical energy is potential energy and radiant energy is kinetic energy Two examples of chemical energy are triglycerides and complex carbohydrates such as glycogen Two examples of radiant energy are UV light (a DNA mutagen) and visible light (sensed by the visual system)

Bloom's Level: 4 Analyze

Learning Objective: 03.01.02 Describe chemical energy (one form of potential energy) and the various forms of kinetic energy

A DNA, tRNA, and rRNA

B glucose, glucagon, and glycogen

C ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.

D ADP, DNA, and mRNA

E glucagon, insulin, and protein

HAPS Objective: C04.04e With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids: Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body

HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds

Learning Objective: 03.01.03 List the three important molecules that function primarily in chemical energy

Section: 03.01

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9 The propagation of an impulse along the axon of a neuron is considered electrical energy, a form of kinetic energy

TRUE

Bloom's Level: 2 Understand

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12 The first law of thermodynamics states that once energy is consumed, it can no longer be converted to any other form of energy

FALSE

Learning Objective: 03.01.04 State the first law and second law of thermodynamics

A some of it is converted to heat.

B some energy is destroyed

C new energy is created

D homeostasis is maintained

E chemical bonds must be broken

A radiant potential energy

B the first law of thermodynamics

C the second law of thermodynamics.

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True / False Questions

15 When a car burns gasoline, the majority of the gasoline's chemical energy is transformed

to sound and heat

TRUE

Learning Objective: 03.01.05 Explain why energy conversion is always less than 100

it is an exception to both laws of thermodynamics, because no usable energy is lost

C it is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, but an exception to the first

D the conversion is consistent with both laws of thermodynamics.

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17 Typically, synthesis reactions are endergonic

TRUE

HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism

HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism

Learning Objective: 03.02.03 Describe the three classifications of chemical reactions

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19

The reaction in which water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbonic acid is

A irreversible, as carbonic acid rapidly causes a drop in pH

B reversible, and can proceed in either direction depending on the concentrations of the

molecules

C exergonic, and is an important energy source within the body

D an exchange reaction in which protons are transferred between atoms

E a catabolic reaction in which the formation of a larger molecule can lead to an increase in cell size

HAPS Objective: C03.04 Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer and give examples of physiological significance

HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions

Learning Objective: 03.02.04 Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism

Section: 03.03

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21

When the body's digestive system breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler carbohydrates, the reaction is

A anabolic and endergonic

B anabolic and exergonic

C catabolic and exergonic.

D catabolic and endergonic

HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions

Section: 03.02

22 Which one of the following choices includes three descriptions that are consistent with each other (that is, that describe the same type of chemical reaction)?

A Anabolic, dehydration, endergonic

B Exchange, hydrolysis, endergonic

C Catabolic, dehydration, irreversible

D Metabolic, synthesis, exergonic

E Anabolic, catabolic, dehydration

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23 The exchange of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate is categorized as a catabolic (rather than anabolic) reaction

FALSE

HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions

A reactions involving the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

B reactions involving the breakdown of complex molecules or the exchange of atoms between similarly sized reactants

C all the chemical reactions in the body.

D reactions involving the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

E digestive system reactions that are either catabolic or exchange reactions

Section: 03.02

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25

When NAD+ becomes NADH, it is being

A reduced and gaining chemical energy.

B reduced and releasing chemical energy

C oxidized and gaining chemical energy

D oxidized and releasing chemical energy

HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism

Learning Objective: 03.02.05 Discuss the exchange that takes place in an oxidation-reduction reaction

HAPS Objective: O02.05 Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, and phosphorylation

Section: 03.02

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C is hydrolyzed into a smaller molecule

D releases chemical energy in the form of ATP

E becomes a larger, more complex molecule

HAPS Objective: O02.05 Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, and phosphorylation

HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP

Learning Objective: 03.02.06 Explain ATP cycling

Section: 03.02

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29

ATP formation

A is endergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy

B is endergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose.

C is exergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy

D is exergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose

HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location

HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration

Learning Objective: 03.02.06 Explain ATP cycling

A increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and increase the reaction rate.

B raise the activation energy and catalyze the reaction

C lower the activation energy and the kinetic energy of the reactants

D convert products to reactants by increasing the energy requirements

E lower the reaction rate due to the change in structure of the reactants

HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions

Learning Objective: 03.02.07 Define chemical reaction rate

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31 In order for a reaction to occur, energy is needed to break the bonds that already exist in the reactant molecules; that energy is called the _ energy

activation

Learning Objective: 03.02.08 Explain activation energy

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34 A reaction with a very high activation energy should have a very high reaction rate

FALSE

A increases activation energy

B decreases activation energy.

C increases potential energy

D does not affect either activation energy or potential energy

Learning Objective: 03.03.01 Describe the general function of enzymes

Section: 03.03

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37 Exergonic reactions do not require activation energy

FALSE

Section: 03.03

38 In the absence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, the combination of water and carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid does not occur

FALSE

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HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds

Learning Objective: 03.03.02 Describe the key structural components of enzymes

one-size-fits-all active site

B highly specific active site.

C highly specific antibody

D

one-size-fits-all antibody

Section: 03.03

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41

The enzyme-substrate complex is

A another name for the active site

B the reactants whose chemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes

C the chemical structure formed when the substrate binds to the active site.

D a pocket on the substrate that the enzyme recognizes

Learning Objective: 03.03.03 Identify places in the body where enzymes may be found

Section: 03.03

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43

Lactose intolerance is caused by the lack of the enzyme lactase, which is normally found in the

A lumen of the stomach

B inside of cells of the liver and gall bladder

C membranes of cells in the small intestine.

D inside of cells in the large intestine

E

endothelium of capillaries in the large intestine

Section: 03.03

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Section: 03.03

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45 Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?

A Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical

bonds, release of product

B Induced fit, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product

C Formation or breakage of chemical bonds, induced fit, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, release of substrate

D Induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, release of product

Learning Objective: 03.03.04 Explain the steps by which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

When an enzyme's conformational change results in the enzyme hugging the substrate in its active site, the action is referred

to as the model of enzyme function

induced-fit or

induced fit

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47

When an enzyme catalyzing a catabolic reaction changes conformation to an induced fit with the substrate,

A it strengthens the chemical bonds in the enzyme so that it remains perpetually active

B it stresses chemical bonds in the substrate, making it easier to break them.

C it strengthens chemical bonds in the substrate so that cofactors can act on it

D

it stresses chemical bonds in the enzyme so that the enzyme breaks into two catalytic subunits

A the substrate is released and the enzyme is inactivated

B the product is completed and the enzyme is inactivated

C the products are released and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates.

D the enzyme and substrate form chemical bonds with each other resulting in a new product

E equilibrium is obtained so that the enzyme does not catalyze further reactions

Section: 03.03

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49 Cofactors are generally proteins

FALSE

HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism

Learning Objective: 03.03.05 Describe cofactors and their role in reactions

HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism

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51

In performing its enzymatic function, carbonic anhydrase

A requires the inorganic coenzyme zinc.

B requires the organic coenzyme carbon dioxide

C

is facilitated by the inorganic coenzyme NAD+

D is facilitated by the organic coenzyme zinc

E requires the inorganic coenzyme NADPH

HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism

Section: 03.03

52 Which enzyme class splits a chemical bond in the absence of water?

Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class

Section: 03.03

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53 Which enzyme class transfers electrons from one substance to another?

Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class Section: 03.03

54

An enzyme that is described as a protein kinase is a

A hydrolase that removes an amino acid from a protein

B transferase that transfers a phosphate group to a protein substrate.

C ligase that adds an amino acid to a protein

D isomerase that changes one protein into another

E protease that transfers electrons from one protein to another

Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class Section: 03.03

Topic: Energy transfer using ATP

Learning Objective: 03.03.07 Describe the naming conventions for enzymes

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56 Briefly describe how enzymes are named What is generally used for the root of the name, and what is generally used as the suffix? Provide one example

The root is usually the substrate (or product) and the suffix is generally "-ase" An example

is lactase, which digests lactose

Learning Objective: 03.03.06 Identify the six major classes of enzymes and the general functions of enzymes in each class

Section: 03.03

58 Both pepsin and trypsin are proteins that digest proteins

TRUE

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59 Which statement accurately describes the effects of substrate and enzyme concentrations

on reaction rate?

A An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate

B An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will decrease the reaction rate

C An increase in substrate concentration increases the reaction rate, but enzyme

concentration has no effect

D A decrease in substrate concentration or an increase in enzyme concentration increases the reaction rate

E An increase in substrate concentration or a decrease in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate

Learning Objective: 03.03.08 Define how enzyme and substrate concentration affect reaction rates

A there is so much enzyme present that the reaction rate decreases if more is added

B all enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase

reaction rate

C enzymes become fatigued and can no longer catalyze changes in the substrate

D intramolecular interactions are disrupted in the enzyme, decreasing its efficiency and decreasing reaction rate

E the substrate is denatured and the enzyme cannot catalyze any changes in its structure

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61 Generally, a decrease in substrate concentration leads to an increase in reaction rate

FALSE

Section: 03.03

62 Enzyme saturation occurs when substrate levels are so high that all enzyme molecules are actively engaged in the chemical reaction, and so further increases in substrate concentration

do not increase reaction rate

TRUE

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