A critical discourse analysis of power in d j trump’s inaugural speech

The main purpose of this analysis is to explore and discover the relationships between language, ideology and power through social practice, discourse process of Donald Trump‟s speech, b

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

******************

NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN TRUMP’S

INAUGURAL SPEECH

(Bài phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán về việc sử dụng quyền lực

trong bài phát biểu nhậm chức của Tổng Thống Mỹ D.J Trump)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field : English Linguistics Code : 8220201.01

Hanoi – 2019

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

******************

NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN TRUMP’S

INAUGURAL SPEECH

(Bài phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán về việc sử dụng quyền lực trong bài phát biểu nhậm chức của Tổng Thống Mỹ D.J Trump)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field : English Linguistics Code : 8220201.01

Supervisor : Prof Dr NGUYỄN HÒA

Hanoi - 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the fulfillment of this study, first and foremost, I would like to express

my deep gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof Nguyễn Hòa, the lecturer at Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, ULIS, VNU for his enthusiastic and valuable suggestions, comments as well as his advice

I would like to thank all the lecturers of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, ULIS, VNU, for their training and support in all my M.A.study process implement this M.A thesis Besides, I would like to express my thanks to all the faculty specialists who helped me a lot

Finally, I also would like to express my deep thanks to my family and friends for their love, support and encouragement

ABSTRACT

This study presents a CDA of the Inaugural Speech of Presidential Donald Trump which was delivered on 20th, January 2017 The data in this research is a Trump‟s speech published on December 8th, 2017, on CNN channel, on YouTube The main purpose of this analysis is to explore and discover the relationships between language, ideology and power through social practice, discourse process

of Donald Trump‟s speech, based mainly on Fairclough‟s CDA framework (1992, 2001): Description, Interpretation, and Explanation, it also focused on the analysis

of language features, the relationship between situational and intertextual context, and social process The method applied in this research is descriptive qualitative method The results of the analysis have shown that Trump used soft skills to express his ideology, his own way to inspire the Americans, to give the future plans and lead the Americans to follow him, with strategies to get vast support and trust from the Americans

ABBREVIATIONS

1 CDA Critical Discourse Analysis

2 SFG Systemic Functional Grammar

5 DHA Discourse History Analysis

TABLES OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABBREVIATIONS iv

TABLES OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1 2 Aims of the study 2

1.3 Method of the study 2

1.4 Scope of the study 2

1.5 Significance of the study 3

1.6 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW& THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5

2.1 Defining CDA 5

2.2 Some key concepts in CDA 6

2.2.1.Ideology 6

2.2.2.Power 9

2.2.3.Discourse 9

2.3 CDA approaches 11

2.3.1.The socio – cognitive approach by Teun van Dijk 11

2.3.2 The discourse – historical approach by Ruth Wodak 12

2.3.3.The dialectical – relational approach by Norman Fairclough 13

2.4 Review of previous studies 17

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 Data 20

3.2 Social context of the speech 21

3.3 Analytical framework 22

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 27

4.1 Textual description and analysis 27

4.1.1.Vocabulary analysis 27

4.1.2 Grammar features 32

4.1.3.Transitivity 37

4.1.4.Macro – structure of the text 38

4.2 Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and interpretative processes 41

4.3.Explanation of the relationship between discourse and social process 43

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 46

5 1 Recapitulation and Conclusion 46

5 2 Limitations 48

5 3 Implications and Recommendations for further study 48

REFERENCES 49 APPENDICES I APPENDIX 1 I APPENDIX 2 III APPENDIX 3 VIII APPENDIX 4 XIII APPENDIX 5 XIX APPENDIX 6 XXIV

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Overview of process types (adapted from Halliday, 1994) 16 Table 2: Common pronouns in the speech 32 Table 3: The summary of transitivity analysis data 38

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Socio-political and socio-historic context (Fairclough, 1992) 15

Figure 2: Aspects of interpersonal management (Thompson, 1996:69) 17

Figure 3: Formal features: experiential, relational and expressive values (Fairclough, 2001, 94) 22

Figure 4: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001, p 119) 25

Figure 5: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001, p 36) 26

Figure 6: The analysis of the macrostructure of the speech 39

“implies a dialectical relationship between a particular discursive event and the situations(s), institution(s), and social structure(s), which frame it” (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997: 258) Critical Discourse Analysis researches consider how language works within institutional and political discourse in order to covert social inequality

in a social relationship Norman Fairclough (1989), the use of language in a social

„language is social process, and language is a socially conditioned process‟

Fairclough (1995; 56) states “Critical Discourse Analysis includes the larger sociopolitical and socio-cultural contexts within which discourse is embedded, that

we are able to reveal the ideological bases of discourse.” Here is political discourse focuses on the “abuse of such power through ideology” that is on “the ways one person or one community control people's beliefs and actions in the interest of dominant groups.” CDA is rooted in linguistics to produce and reproduce unequal power relations between different personal/individual, professional groups, ethnicities, social classes, ages, nation, and party, etc

Many studies in CDA have focused on the presidential inaugural speech which attracted a great deal of attention around the world, made many researchers interested in CDA is because Critical Discourse Analysis more focuses primarily on social problems and political issues CDA is considered to be an effective tool to discover the power and ideology hidden in political discourse Donald Trump is one

of the most different the President in America's history from the previous Presidents He did not “play by the book” as previous Presidents made through such

speeches on gender, terrorism, immigration, and race, but the point he gave as a

guardian for the US country with slogan “America First”,” Make America Great

Again”, when becoming the 45th president of the United States, marked a political

turning point in his life

Norman Fairclough (1989:256) suggests “discovery through linguistic analysis of the hidden connections between language, power and ideology” As the ideology, gender, race, injustice, prejudice in society, its purpose is to recognize that language is not a communication but language is a social act, a social process to make social change through CDA

Therefore, many writings discussed the speech in different directions in CDA Investigating the speech from CDA perspective made the researcher feel

curious to conduct this researched titled: A critical discourse analysis of power in Donald Trump’s inaugural speech

1.2 Aims of the study

The aim of this study focuses on exploring and discovering Trump‟s Inaugural Speech to how Donald Trump employed power as a means of communication in his inaugural speech

To achieve these above aims for the study, the researcher attempts to give answers to the following research questions:

 How are they realized linguistically?

1.3 Method of the study

The method used in this research is Fairclough‟s CDA dialectical-relational approach is to analyze for this study

1.4 Scope of the study

This analysis of Donald Trump‟s speech is confined to verbal aspects and the social context in which the speech was presented Nevertheless, the limitations of the time and space of the author preclude discovering all the available features in

the data Only salient points relating to the aims of the study are being mentioned The study also excludes paralinguistic (intonation, speed, loudness, etc.) and extra-linguistic (body language as facial expressions, body languages) Although the significant factors are influential in conveying the speaker‟s ideology and message Finally, the research is for academic purpose only and has no relation to any for

or against any parties with the aim to change anyone‟s political standpoint

1.5 Significance of the study

Significance of the study is that Critical discourse analysis as an analytical method provides a reference and orientation for many researches, especially political discourse analysis Speaker‟s power can be revealed through analyzing the language characteristics This study demonstrates how linguistic elements help address social problems is helpful in supplying a support to CDA theories Moreover, CDA can raise user‟s language consciousness, help people understand the deep meaning of political speech and improve their sensitiveness to the language Thus, it may provide the researcher another approach with language teaching and learning from CDA viewpoint so that the ability of critical thinking is well focus on power in discourse

1.6 Structure of the thesis

This research is organized into 5 chapters as briefly summarized below:

Chapter 1: Introduction this chapter introduce about rationale, aims, method, scope, significance and structure of the study

Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background chapter two

discusses CDA through discourse This chapter presents an overview of the definition CDA, and three mainly approaches of CDA, CDA concepts of ideology (discourse, power and ideology, and the function of ideology), and as social practice

to orientate for the study

Furthermore, it summarizes some previous researches from CDA perspective

to provide the thorough knowledge in CDA

Chapter 3: Research Methodology presents the data to be analyzed and the

context in which it was constructed This study consists a textual analysis of the political speech launched by Donald Trump through the presidential inaugural address 2017 from inception to its denouement This chapter mentions the reasons

to choose the topic and the context of the given address

Chapter 4: Findings and discussion is devoted to the analysis of the speech It

seeks to answer the set of research questions that motivated this study and discussed the main findings The goal is to reveal the ways in which Donald Trump represents the social process, and to illustrate and demonstrate for what ideologies Donald

Trump conveys and how they are realized linguistically in his speech

Chapter 5: Conclusion is summarized the main findings, and revisited the

rationale and research objectives that guided this research The study is then evaluated in its limitations in terms of data selection and future research avenues in

the field of political discourse analysis

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW& THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter presents an overview and mention some definitions of CDA that give knowledge in understanding of CDA as a discipline Some key concepts in CDA including power, ideology, discourse and some approaches to CDA are also presented in this part

2.1 Defining CDA

The roots of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) lie in classical Rhetoric, Textlinguistics and Sociolinguistics, as well as in Applied Linguistics and Pragmatics

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary study of discourse that views “language as social practice” (Fairclough/ Wodak, 1997), which studies and analyzes written and spoken text, with exploring the connection between the use of language with social context and social differences CDA studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality is enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and inequality context Most analyses of CDA were concerned with social inequality, included religion aspect, gender, and the other ideologies CDA also focuses on how political discourse constructed through linguistics elements to persuade and present the power in society CDA has characteristics as social practices, influential ideologies, prevailing social problem and intertextuality Furthermore, CDA serves as one of the tools to analyze the linguistic within the social context

Fairclough (1989, p 5) elaborates on the way CDA the relationship between language, power, and ideology, analyzing “social interactions which focuses upon their linguistic elements, sets out to show up their generally hidden determinants in the system of social relationships, as well as hidden effects they may have upon that system” Fowler (1996, p 3) points out that CDA is “designed to get at the ideology coded implicitly behind the overt propositions, to examine it particularly

in the context of social formations” CDA, recognizing this capacity of

power-generated hierarchical structures, tends to make these hidden connections obvious to the recipients of it Power has the capacity to create and maintain a hierarchical demarcation in social institutions (Fairclough, 1989)

For Van Dijk (1998), CDA makes “a connection between the textual analysis

of language and the social practice analysis”, and “analyzes the hidden power behind language, to disclose the role of language in social change and the constraining of social institution to discourse CDA studies the relationship between language, text and social structure” Fairclough (1995) offers “critical discourse analysis aims to investigate how events and texts are generated and ideologically shaped by relations of power.” Fairclough (1995, p.132) suggests that CDA is to systematically discover hidden “relationships of causality, and determination between (a) discursive practices, events and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations, and processes”

To recapitulate, CDA‟s aim is to discover the interrelation of discourse structure and ideology structures or how ideology constructs the discourse, and how discourse build up one‟s ideology to set of mental belief shared by certain group or institution about given phenomenon or any social concept Therefore, CDA becomes important way to reveal the use of power relation used by elite speaker in social discourse and practices

2.2 Some key concepts in CDA

2.2.1 Ideology

Thompson (1990) points out that the term of ideology first appeared in late 18th-century France and has thus been in use for about two centuries The term has been given a range of functions and meanings at different times

For Thompson (1990: 449), “ideology refers to social forms and processes”, and means “symbolic forms circulate in the social world” Ideology, for CDA is regarded as an important means of “establishing and maintaining unequal power relations” Thompson, J 1984; van Dijk 1995; van Dijk 2006 definite that ideologies consist of values, these values are essentially evaluative and provide the

basic guidelines for social perception and interaction, and ideologies are socially shared Thompson (1990:6 -7) suggests the study of ideology as a study of “the ways in which meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic form of various kinds”, and as investigating the social contexts within which “symbolic forms are both employed and deployed” The investigator has determined whether such forms

“establish or sustain relations of domination” All the theories assume that „there are specific historical reasons why people come to feel, reason, desire, and imagine as they do‟

The ideology is also „beliefs system‟ which are social actors Ideologies are basic frameworks for organizing the social cognitions shared by members of social groups, organizations or institutions Ideological political discourse is generally

“organized by positive self-representation and negative other-representation” (van Dijk 2006: 126) So, ideologies are both cognitive and social Fairclough (1995:34) shows that ideologies are localized between societal structures and the structures of the minds of social members They allow social actors identity, goal, and position, into the knowledge and beliefs that make up the concrete models of their everyday life experiences, that is, the mental representations of their actions and discourse

Fairclough (2001)‟s view, “ideology is closed linked to power because the nature of ideological assumptions embedded in particular conventions and conventions themselves, depends on the power relations which underlie the conventions” Moreover, ideology is closed linked to language because used language is the commonest form of social behavior where we rely most on

“common sense” assumptions

Since then, the beliefs and attitudes that stem from ideology may not always

be held consciously by individuals They can be deeply ingrained in their thought patterns and language They can be questioned or even stood out against by individuals; an ideology position can be hidden by the use of words One of the main ways in which “CDA achieves its aims is by making explicit those aspects of ideology that underpin social interaction” (Bloor and Bloor, 2013:11)

One of the crucial social practices influenced by ideologies is language use and discourse; especially when we speak as members of groups, expresses ideologically based opinions Therefore, values, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, which deeply lie in our thought and behavior From that, we will make up in “our mind how act and control” These are hidden deep inside the words used to express our purpose and decision that we want to gain through personals/individuals experiences from at all levels of text and talk

The function of ideology

Ideology is known as a kind of belief and there are many functions of ideology Firstly, they organize and ground the social representations shared by the members of (ideological) groups Secondly, they are the ultimate basis of the discourses and other social practices of the members of social group as group members Thirdly, they allow members to organize and coordinate their (joint) actions and interactions in view of the goals and interests of the group as a whole Finally, they function as the part of the socio-cognitive interface between social structures (conditions, etc.) of groups, and their discourses and other social practice (van Dijk, 2006)

In another ways, (Bennie Lewis cited I Petrovic, personal communication, September 15, 2015), “ideology functions through legitimate when unequal power relationships are created and maintained by being represented as legitimate and in

everybody‟s interest” Other ideologies function is unification This function allows

the dominant class to become a collective entity, usually in opposite to a real or imagined enemy This function of ideology is best seen in politics Fragmentation is another way ideology functions, and the opposite of unification This ideological function can be seen in politics, also

In summary, the ideology is the meaning in service of power, behind ideology is power to persuade others to follow, not to follow others Moreover, the ideology was born to reproduce, persuade, control behavior and control power in an imposed manner

2.2.2 Power

Power is an important concept in CDA studies “Power exists in various modalities, including the concrete and unmistakable modality of physical force”

(Fairclough, 2001)

Van Dijk (2008: 65, see e.g., Clegg, 1989, Lukes, 1986), “power is a

property of relations between social groups, institutions or organizations” Power is

based on privileged access to value social resources, such as wealth, jobs, status, or indeed, a preferential access to public discourse and communication

Van Dijk, 1993, cited in Fairclough, 1985, power involves control, namely

by (members of) one group over (those of) other groups Such control may pertain

to action and cognition: that is, a powerful group may limit the freedom of action of others, but also influence their minds Besides the elementary resource to force to directly control action (as in police violence against demonstrators, or male violence against women), modern and often more effective power is mostly cognitive, and enacted by persuasion, dissimulation or manipulation, among other strategic ways

to change the mind of others in one‟s own interests It is at this crucial point where discourse and critical discourse analysis come in: managing the mind of others is essentially a function of text and talk such mind management is not always bluntly manipulative On the contrary, dominance may be enacted and reproduced by subtle, routine, everyday forms of text and talk that appear natural and quite acceptable Hence, CDA also needs to focus on the discursive strategies that legitimate control, or otherwise naturalize the social order, and especially relations

be the form of social conversation which can be spoken or written the language

Discourse refers to anything the sentence involves the meaning and the context of utterance Discourse is anything beyond sentence; is about language use;

is a broader range of language use in social practice that includes non-linguistic and non-particular units of language Discourse emerges as the studies on the analysis of language used by people in communication with others Discourse studies on the language use and its circumstances involves participants, situations, purpose, outcomes in which those are associated

Foucault (1972, p 80), identifies discourse as “(1) sometimes as the general domain of all statements (means the broadest and most generally applicable at a theoretical level), (2) sometimes as an individualizable group of statements (describes discourse as an individualizable group of statements, internally structured and regulated, having coherence and a force in common), and (3) sometimes as a regulated practice that accounts for a number of statements.( “a regulated practice that accounts for a number of statements.)”

Fairclough and Wodak (1997, p 258) state, discourse is socially constitutive

as well as socially conditioned-it constitutes situations, objects of knowledge, and the social identities of and relationships between people and groups of people Both

of them are constituted in the sense that it helps to sustain and reproduce the social status quo, contributes to transforming and gives rise to important issues of power Discourse also emphasizes the importance of context and history, explaining that discourse is not simply a linguistic practice; it is about the representation of reality, the practice of it, again illustrating the fundamental view that CDA has of discourse

as social practice

Fairclough (2003) presents an interpretation of discourse that varies slightly from Foucault, considering it “as ways of representing aspects of the world-the processes, relations and structures of the material world, the „mental world‟ of thoughts, feelings, beliefs and so forth, and the social world” (p 124) Discourses are different conceptions of the world, connected to the different relations people have with the world, depending on their social positions Fairclough further emphasizes that discourses are “projective, imaginaries, representing possible worlds, which are different from the actual world, and tied in to projects to change

the world in particular directions” (p 124) “Discourse” thus in CDA refers not to a single piece of text, which may very well be no more than a unit of discourse, but rather to the social process of creating meaning Discourse, then, is the end product

of the creation and interpretation of semiotic variables

2.3 CDA approaches

There are several profound scholars who have made significant contributions

in the development process of CDA Among different approaches in CDA, there are mainly three broad approaches Van Dijk (the socio – cognitive), Wodak (the historical approach) and Fairclough (the dialectical – relational approach) are regarded as the most insightful practitioners in this field

2.3.1 The socio – cognitive approach by Teun van Dijk

Van Dijk is referred as practitioner of CDA, who earlier focuses on linguistics and discourse analysis During the 1980s, van Dijk‟s focuses to present the various minorities and ethnic groups existing in Europe He developed and attempted to carry out his analysis by studying the media discourse-related studies and also implying into researches that essentially portray the perspective politic through CDA Then he relates the use of language in discourse with the social practices

Van Dijk (1993: 96) argues that one of the vital fundamentals in the analysis using Socio Cognitive Approach is the affiliation between power and discourses in the prototype of the access to community discourses for different social groups Thus, Socio cognitive approach aimed to show the relationship between power and discourses The approaches to understand analysis based on van Dijk‟s theory (1995) that concludes of social analysis, cognitive analysis, and discourse analysis The difference between his approach and other CDA‟s approaches is on the model which applies the cognitive analysis as the system of mental representations and processes of group members that are ideologically represented through social power relation and control the act of others in actions and interactions Van Dijk (2001) confirms that language use, discourse, verbal interaction, and communication

belong to the micro-level of the social order Power, dominance, and inequality between social groups are typical terms that belong to a macro-level of analysis The analysis of this study should be applied macro to broad analysis in the relationship between language use and the power relation in political discourse

Van Dijk (2004) states socio-cognitive model of discourse structures as the approach in structural aspects of linguistic includes the text and its meaning which aims at analyzing the discourse connected to social practices through communication and interaction among people Macrostructure and microstructure are contained in it Macrostructure focuses on general meaning of the text that is examined on theme, microstructure examines the structure and elements which is constructed in the text The micro level of the social context includes language use, verbal interaction and communication Whereas power, dominance, inequality among different social groups belong to the macro level of analysis

Another findings, socio-cognition comparing the social and personal context for bringing society and discourse together, and social cognition (“the system behavior and mental representations of group members”, personal cognition (indirectly influenced by ideological processes as comprehend the discourse among

other actions and interactions)

2.3.2 The discourse – historical approach by Ruth Wodak

The question of delimiting borders of the distinguish in this approach from other CDA ones is that it focuses on the historical contexts of discourse in the process of explanation and interpretation from various analytical perspectives Wodak and her friend (2009) regard (1) macro-topic-relatedness, (2) pluri-perspectivity, and (3) argumentativity as constitutive elements of a discourse The discourse historical analysis (DHA) considers intertextual and interdiscursive relationship between utterances, texts, genres and discourse

The DHA considers intertextual and interdiscursive relationships between utterances, texts, genres and discourses, as well as the history of an organization or institution, and situational frames While focusing on all these relationships, the

exploring how discourses, genres and texts change inrelation to sociopolitical change Intertextuality means that the texts , on the one hand, are linked to other texts and signifies that discourses are linked to each other in various ways, and the other hand, „field of action‟ (Girth, 1996) indicates a segment of social reality which constitutes the „frame‟ of a discourse Therefore, different fields of action are defined by different functions of discursive practices

Wodak (2001) suggests a dialectical relationship between discursive practices and fields of action (situations, institutional and social structures) are situated It means the situational, institutional and social settings shape and affects discourses, and on the other, discourses influence discursive as well as non-discursive social and political processes and actions Reisigl and Wodak (2009) consider discourse to be:

- a cluster of context-dependent semiotic practices that are situated within

specific fields of social action

- socially constituted and socially constitutive

- related to a macro-topic

- linked to the argumentation about validity claims such as truth and

normative valid-ity involving several social actors who have different points

of view

To resume, these approaches are the distinguish features in historical context

of discourse in Wodak‟s tool to analysis in CDA The whole of her work is aimed at explaining of the discourse linguistics

2.3.3 The dialectical – relational approach by Norman Fairclough

Fairclough is known as a practitioner with significant contribution to CDA His approach is suggested as “a contribution to the general raising of consciousness

of exploitative, social relations, through focusing upon language” (1998, p.4)

In this strategy, the purpose is as participating in “properties”, and as

“extensive frameworks” of CDA, which presented by Fairclough (1992, 1993,

1995) and Chouliaraki & Fairclough (1999)

According to Wodak (2001, p.1)‟s view, the approach to CDA “may be as fundamentally concerned with analyzing opaque as well as transparent structural language”

This approach is the sort of research into social and cultural change as the work that foregrounds links between social practice and language, and social practices and properties of language text Moreover, to criticize, connections between properties of text and social processes and relations (ideologies, power relations) are not obvious for people to produce and interpret those texts As the

results, Fairclough (1992), uses the term “naturalization” to “text” as the main

aspects of analysis in the socio-political and socio-historic contexts are

“production”, and “interpretation” Discourse, and any specific instance of

discursive practice, as seen as simultaneously, “a language text, spoken or

written”, “discourse practice (text production and text interpretation)”,

“sociocultural practice”

Therefore, the method of discourse analysis includes linguistic

“description” of the language text, “interpretation” of the relationships between

the (productive and interpretive) discursive processes and the text, and

“explanation” of the relationship of the discursive processes and the social

processes From three Fairclough‟s dimensions can be done to apply analysis as shown in the diagram below:

Description TEXT

Discursive production, production, distribute, consumption

Practice-Interpretationoon

Figure 1 Socio-political and socio-historic context (Fairclough, 1992)

From the diagram above-mentioned, description, interpretation and explanation are three stages to analysis in discourse For the first stage, text (Description), linguistic features are chosen in vocabulary (words), grammar (transitivity, passive voice), and textual structure (thematic choice) are analyzed

For Fairclough (1989: 26), "Description is the stage which is concerned with formal

properties of text” In other words, linguistic features of the text are explored in the descriptive stage, with key questions together, and more other sub-questions are posted by him The section of vocabulary mainly deals with the choice of different words; grammar is about the grammatical features, which has a close relation with Halliday's systemic-functional grammar when the textual structures part concerns the whole structures of the discourse

Discursive Practice (Interpretation) Fairclough (1989) says "interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as recourse in the process of interpretation" (p.26) The relationship between the discourse and its production should be interpreted Besides, discourse is not only regarded as text but also a discursive practice in this stage That meant apart from analyzing linguistic features and text structure, attention should be drawn to other factors in speech act and intertextuality These factors link the text to its context So, intertextually is institutional process (editorial procedure) and discursive process, therefore to explain for the discourse process

According to Fairclough (1989: 26), "Explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context with the social determination of the process of production and interpretation, and their social effects" On the other hand, the analysis in explanative part is in reference to the historical, social, and cultural contexts In other words, the explanation stage corresponds to the

dimension "discourse as social practice," more precisely "socialcultural practice."

Therefore, in this stage, factors like ideology or power are taken into account so as

to fully explain the interaction between social-cultural context and the production and consumption of texts

As mentioned above, the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a tool analysis in Critical Discourse Analysis and other theories in pragmatics as well The SFG says that we perform functions through language, and three terms

“experiential meaning”, - the System of Process Types (or Transitivity system It answers the question “What‟s is going on?” The system meant participants and circumstances; Processes are known as verbal groups, participants by nominal groups, and circumstances by adverbial groups or prepositional phrases In English, SFG linguists divide process types into six types: material process, behavior process, mental process, verbal process, relational process, and existential process:

Process types Category

meanings Participants Example Material:

Actor, Goal, Recipient

The major dissolved the committee

The major resigned

Behavioral: „behaving‟ Behaver,(Phenomenon) She cried softly

You can imagine his reaction

Verbal: „saying‟ Sayer, Target, Verbiage,

Token

This bread is stale

Pat is her brother

Existential: „existing‟ Existent Maybe there‟s some other

darker pattern

Table 1 Overview of process types (adapted from Halliday, 1994)

Interpersonal meaning, we answer the question “How do we use language to

exchange?” This meaning is encoded under the headings of the roles of addressers

and audience, modality and evaluation For Thompson (1996), to explore in the analysis of Interpersonal meaning in text and textual analysis

Figure 2: Aspects of interpersonal management (Thompson, 1996:69)

In terms of Textual meaning to the question “How the content of the text

organized?” The textual meaning creates relevance between parts of what is being

said and between the text and the context

Therefore, in this study, the researcher used mainly Norman Fairclough‟s three models as the new approach for this thesis

2.4 Review of previous studies

CDA is a field related to many other disciplines, especially with the variety

of perspectives and studies in political speeches and also presidential inaugural speech These are the main interest topics for researcher in doing researches

Tran Thi Quynh Le (2006) offered an attempt to demystify the role of language in society The theoretical framework of CDA Norman Fairclough with the combination the Systemic Functional Grammar by Mark Halliday is applied to analyze “the Inaugural speeches by George W Bush in the United States Presidential Elections 2000 and 2004” The result found out that the analyzed on over-lexicalization, lexical choice, modality and pronoun, transitivity and themes have provided proof that language and power are closed related That means the study recommended that socio-political context could be the factor deciding what and how ideology is embedded in language

Modality Personal

Interpersonal Evaluation

Interactive Enacted role (speech roles) Projected roles

Using Norman Fairclough‟s three dimentions, Nguyen Dieu Hang (2014) demonstrated the way that Obama expressed his power and ideology to gain support from people through the world through “an analysis of President Barack Obama‟s speech at President Nelson Madela‟s memorial, from critical discourse analysis perspectives” The findings show that the author employed linguistics features as the strategies to present Obama‟s power and ideology The ideology of freedom, democracy and tolerance does not only belong to nelson Mandela, but to barrack Obama as well

Another aims at investigating the power relation reflected by “Power relation

on Donald Trump‟s political campaign 2015” byArif Angga Putra (2016) This study describes the discursive strategy of power relation, and it also categorized as qualitative research because the data are in forms of words and utterances Van Dijk CDA‟s theory (1993) is applied to analyze The researcher found the result of this study which shows the Trump reflects his power relation toward people as strategy

to influence people‟s mind through the discourse structure of the text Generally aims to discursively delegitimize other people, races, and also politicians through victimizing, underestimating even discriminating others in making him more powerful

Van Dijk „s theory is applied to find out the utterances that illustrated political discourse through “Critical Discourse Analysis in Donald Trump Presidential Campaign to Win American‟s Heart” by Andhita Rachman , Sofi Yunianti (2017) In this study, the research found out that the way the speaker delivered the aim of the utterance, and effected of the utterance to people The descriptive qualitative was applied as the method and the data of the research in Donald Trump‟s political discourse

Robert Mcclay (2017) examined the discourse created in three of Trump‟s political speeches and involves discovering how Trump constructs discourse to present a reality for his audience that frames his ideology This analysis “a descriptive analysis of Donald Trump‟s Campaign Speech” is to reveal the ways that Trump constructs a reality for his audience through representations of social

actors The research shows that Trump‟s speech reveal an ideology consistent with strategic patterns of using pronoun „Us vs Them‟ This study highlights the importance of understanding the underlying ideology of Trump‟s messages in the interpretation of the discourse that he uses to frame it

Using Halliday‟s systematic-functional framework, Wen Chen‟s study (2018) investigated mainly from the perspectives of transitivity, modality, personal pronoun and coherence to reveal the relation of language, power and ideology in “Donald Trump‟s Inaugural Speech” which can be applied to analyze language features under certain social and cultural background The author analyzed political discourse as a kind of typical discourse which involves the speaker‟s ideology and intention, can also

be analyzed by critical discourse analysis Therefore, this paper analyzes in order to reveal the speaker‟s political intention, and help readers understand the meaning of discourse, cultivate their critical consciousness and analytical ability

Most of the previous studies are focused on analyzing the meaning of the text without combining it with another approach to support the main theory Therefore,

in this study, the researcher presented study aims by analyzing the Critical Discourse Analysis and support this theory when the author used mainly Norman Fairclough‟s three models as the new approach, so that why the researcher choose this speech and as well as Fairclough‟s theory for analysis

In general, the scope of CDA (Fairclough) has been mentioned in various researches since the social practice is closely related to the transfer of ideology, ideological value embedded in the discourse, which cannot be easily identified because it is not explicated expressed Moreover, critical linguistics can make it possible to reveal the hidden ideology and explore the language of representation to the use of lexical items

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the data, the context of the speech, the dialectical – relational approach by Norman Fairclough and the data analysis procedure of Donald Trump‟s inaugural speech, on January 20th, 2017 are presented

3.1 Data

The data analysis is the inaguaral speech by Donald Trump, delivered at presidential inauguration ceremony of the 45th President of the United States, on January 20th , 2017 The data is on available on CNN channel – on You Tube The speech was launched about twenty minutes and marked the beginning and continuing during Trump next four-year term as well as a major turning point in his critical career

The speech directed at the American people, national interest “American First” – “Make American Great Again” Hopefully, the most important values for the American people will be most clearly shown instead of statements designed to highlight the values of other importance Moreover, determining Trump‟s consistency and different perspectives to make Americans believe that future strategies and orientations for the United States are consistent with the most fixed values in Trump‟s ideology This speech is an expression of Trump‟s vision of the United States‟ future

Although many previous researches have chosen “Donald Trump‟s Inaugural Speech” to analyze with its special meaning such as “ A Critical Discourse Analysis

of Donald Trump‟s Inaugural Speech From the Perspective of System Functional Grammar by Wen Chen”, or Lect Habeeb M Areef Al-Saeedi analyzed “ The Function of Repetition in Trump's Inaugural Address A discourse analysis study” Basing on CDA, both of the authors have different view, angle and aspects analysis, but no one is based on the CDA model, namely the Fairclough‟s theory as we see above

3.2 Social context of the speech

Donald Trump’s background

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946 and in the New York City borough of Queens and received economics degree from the Wharton School (1966

– 1968) Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality

He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, Democratic Party in 2001, back to the Republic Party in 2009 He until donated for both Democracy and the Republican Party in 2010 In 1999, Trump sought the domination of the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election and eventually dropped out of the race

Trump made his speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)in February 2011 about running for president in the 2012 That helped kick-start his political career within the Republican In 2012, through a sparsely attended speech about illegal immigration, he spent his money that year to research a possible 2016 candidacy

From 2014 to 2015, Trump had lost in a hypothetical election, and he mulled his political future At Trump Tower in Manhattan on June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for president of the United States with his campaign slogan “Make American Great Again” In March, 2016 Trump was poised to win the Republican nomination And after that, Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democrative nominee on June 6, 2016.At his inauguration ceremony, Trump has the two colossal ideologies as the themes of the Speech are: „Make American Great Again‟, „American First‟, which are emphasized and repeated many times during the ceremony as a slogan, as a message to convey to the American people that means „as a guardian America First' After winning the 2016 US Presidential election, Donald Trump‟s presidency began on 20, 2017 as the 45th President of United States until now

3.3 Analytical framework

The analysis is applied and followed by one of the most prominent CDA practitioners, and based on the basic Halliday‟s SFG Norman Fairclough developed

a three - dimension framework in CDA: description, interpretation and explanation

(description of the relationship between text, interpretation of the relationship between text and interaction, and explanation of the relationship between

interaction and social context)

(Fairclough, 2001)

Text (Description)

Description the set of formal features of the text is analyzed to express

(experiential, relational and expressive values) through vocabulary that illustrate political views.These features are expressed in diagrammatically bellow:

Dimensions of meaning Values of features Structural effects

Contents Relations Subjects

Experiential Relational Expressive

Structural effects Social relations Social identities

Figure 3: Formal features: experiential, relational and expressive values

(Fairclough, 2001: 94)

Firstly, a formal feature with experiential value is a trace and cue to the text producer‟s experience of the natural or social world It is also to do with “contents” and knowledge and beliefs Secondly, a formal feature with relational value is a

trace and cue to the social relationships, enacted the text in the discourse It is

(transparently) to do with relations and social relationships And, finally, expressive

value is a trace and cue to the producer‟s evaluation (in the widest sense) It is to do

with subjects and social identities Therefore, experiential value in the context is

how ideological differences between texts in their representations of the world are coded in their vocabulary

To unveil the ideology hidden in the discourse, embedded messages and expression of the speaker's purpose Thus, it can be understood more clearly, Fairclough (1989) also posts ten key questions together with more other sub-questions, which are mainly involved with vocabulary, grammar, and textual structures following section:

A Vocabulary

1 What experiential values do words have?

What classification schemes are drawn upon?

Are there words which are ideologically contested?

Is there rewording or overwording?

What ideologically significant meaning relations are there between words?

2 What relational values do words have?

Are there euphemistic expressions?

Are there markedly formal or informal words?

3 What expressive values do words have?

What metaphors are used?

B Grammar

4 What experiential values do grammatical features have?

What types of process and participants predominate?

Is agency unclear?

Are processes what they seem?

Are normalizations used?

Are sentences active or passive?

Are sentences positive or negative?

5 What relational values do grammatical features have?

What modes are used?

Are there important features of relational modality?

Are the pronouns we and you used and if so, how?

7 What expressive values do grammatical features have?

Are there important features of expressive modality?

8 How are (simple) sentences linked together?

What logical connectors are used?

Are complex sentences characterized by coordination or/ subordination?

What means are used for referring inside and outside the text?

C Textual structures

9 What interactional conventions are used?

Are there ways in which one participant controls the turns of others?

10 What larger scale structures does the text have?

(Fairclough, 2001: 92 -93) The section of vocabulary mainly deals with the choice of different words; grammar is about the grammatical features, which has a close relation with Halliday's systemic-functional grammar whereas the textual structures part concerns the whole structures of the discourse

Discursive Practice (Interpretation)

The term interpretation is reffered to the name of a stage in the procedure,

and for the interpretation of the texts by discourse participants

Fairclough (1989) suggests “interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as recourse in the process of interpretation" (p.26) In this stage, the relationship between the discourse and its production and consumption should be interpreted Besides, discourse is not only considered as text but also a discursive practice in this stage, which means nearby analyzing linguistic features and text structure, consideration should be drawn to other factors such as speech act and intertextuality These factors link the text to its context

Interpretation mediates between the dimensions of discourse as text and social context A combination of what is in the text and what is „in‟ the interpreter, in the sense of the members‟ resources (MR) which brings to interpretation Formal feature of the text are „cues‟ which activate elements of interpreter‟s members resources (MR) MR are referred to the background knowledge, values, beliefs, assumptions, or the interpretative procedures of the text in Fairclough (2001)‟s view

There are six major domains of interpretation are shown in figure 4:

Interpretative procedures (MR) Resources Interpreting

Social orders Situational context

Interactive history Intertextual context

Phonology, grammar,vocabulary Source of utterance

Semantics, Pragmatics Meaning of utterance

Cohesion, Pragmatics Local coherence

Schemata Textual structure and

Point

Figure 4: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001, p 119)

Four of the six domains are listed in detail by Faiclough as follows: Surface

of utterance relates to process by which convert strings of sounds or marks on

paper into recognizable words, phrases and sentences Meaning of utterance is a

matter of assigning meanings to the constituent parts of a text Local coherence

establishes meaning connections utterances, producing coherent interpretations of

pairs and sequences of them And text structure and „point‟ is a matter of working

out how a whole text hangs together Fairclough (2001)

This dimension (text as discursive practice) includes two processes One is

institutional process (editorial procedure), and the other is discourse process (the

alteration that the text goes through in production and consumption) Here, the key

concept "intertextuality" is highly conducive to explain the discourse process In

other way, this step deals with the exploration of inter-textual relations among

discourse, texts and setting It means, the discourse should not only be considered as

the linguistic version, but also a kind of discursive practice

Social Practice (Explanation)

This is an important stage to seek the social determination of the processes of

production and interpretation and their social effects "Explanation is concerned

with the relationship between interaction and social context with the social

determination of the process of production and interpretation, and their social

effects" Fairclough (1989: 26) This aim of this stage is to „portray a discourse as

part of a social process, as a social practice, showing how it is determined by social

structures, sustaining them on changing them‟ Fairclough (2001) These social

determinations and effects are „mediated‟ by MR: social structure shapes MR,

which in turn shape discourse; and discourse sustain or change MR, which in turn

sustain or change the structure (Fairclough) The explanation stage corresponds to

the dimension "discourse as social practice," more precisely "socialcultural

practice." On the other hand, the emphasis on the social determination of discourse:

on the past – the results of the past struggles Therefore, both social effects and

social determinants of discourse can be examined at three levels of social

organization: the societal, institutional, and situational level, which can be showed

through figure bellow

Societal Societal

Institutional MR Discourse MR Institutional

Situational Situational

Determinants Effects

Figure 5: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001, p 36)

In short, exploration of the determinants and effects of discourse, and also with

two dimensions of social organization at three levels are to be examined : societal,

institutional and situational From the points on what has been said about the

explanation that Fairclough summarized in the form of three questions, which can

be asked of a specific discourse under investigation

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter 4 presents the finding of the analysis of the speech The aim of this research is to analyze and find out the ways used by Trump in delivering his political speech, based on Fairclough‟s three dimension framework A discursive practice or interpretation which involves the production of the text A social practice

or explanation of the discourse based on theory to find some results that Trump has achieved from his political speech, and demonstration for what ideologies Trump conveys and how they are expressed linguistically in his speech

4.1 Textual description and analysis

Experiential and expressive values of text to analyze is a necessary process in critical discourse analysis Fairclough (2001) presents three stages, namely description the data, interpretation of relationship between the text and explanation the relationship between interaction and social context So, the aspects of lexical such as negative or positive words choice would be discovered and explored the relationship between ideology and power and also the speaker‟s ideology to explain the interaction between Discourse Process and Social Practice

4.1.1 Vocabulary analysis

According to Van Dijk (2001), the ideology semantic underlying lexical selection, in general, through vocabulary to express experiential values It is obvious that discourse of giving a speech, which tends to be described in both positive and negative words In this text, the speaker is Donald Trump whose

inaugural speech lasted only about twenty minutes, he promises to “Make America

Great Again”- “America First”, to clarify demonstration in the using of

vocabulary, vocabulary plays an important role and relates values

In his speech, a strong belief, impulsive, comes from the point of view, from Trump‟s thought as conveyed to the American people, and used to inform audiences

of message that the United States would be a stronger power in the future

With chosen vocabulary, that can be revealed the ideology hidden in the discourse as well Trump believes that American will trust the government and

accept the new policy through vocabulary bellow: transferring power,

administration, party, Washington D.C, giving it back, American People

It means that, from Trump‟s ideology, the government takes the side of Americans and power belongs to the people By using his language, Trump hopes to encourage and stir audiences‟ enthusiasm and motivate a sense of pride So Trump can enlist the support of the audience

“For too long, a small group in our nation's Capital has reaped the rewards of government”(line 17)

As a wealthy businessman and unlike previous American presidents, Donald Trump expresses the facts under the perspective of his cognition, without considering political inclination He emphasizes on that society exists a large number of people who suffer hardship while „a small group in our nation‟s Capital has reaped the rewards of government‟

“ have borne the cost” (line 18)

He used “borne” to show the difficult circumstances When the word is used in the text, it not only demonstrates seriousness and importance of the currently society but reveals the speaker‟s awareness to both himself and his audiences This intentionally reflects Donald Trump‟s ideology Through this, it makes audiences know that the new president devotes himself to changing social inequality and justice

To shorten the distance and add closeness to the audiences, he uses “we” pronoun to imply that Trump is one member of the public through sentences below:

“we've enriched foreign industry at the expense of American industry;

subsidized the armies of other countries while allowing for the very sad

depletion of our military”(line 56-58)

He indicated some proof of economic industry, military power, border trade and so forth From above – criticized, domestic guidelines and diplomatic policies enacted in the past few years, that lead to cause failure Therefore, through the evidence that he points out, he intends to revive economy and construct

infrastructure, to make people believe in his will and his new government From creating for American people that is through his utterance in here:

“looking only to the future; assembled here today; issuing a new decree to

be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power;

From this day forward, is going to be only America first, America

first”(line 68-72)

From the promise about the beautiful future, to indicate the importance of solidarity, to show that the ruling party will issue all commercial developments It

is in favor of him to acquire advocation

Trump‟s determination was to focus on Americans, all priorities for Americans This is also one of his goals, hidden in thought through language with the desire to gain the support of the American people He puts people‟s interests first He builds himself as an image who can restore American values

“Protection will lead to great prosperity and strength; America will start

winning again, winning like never before; We will bring back our jobs We

will bring back our borders We will bring back our wealth And we will

bring back our dreams; We will build new roads, and highways, and

bridges, and; We will get our people off of welfare and back to work”(line

76 – 77, 80 – 83, 85)

Donald Trump encourages everyone to struggle for the better life He claims that all Americans are masters of their nation and play a very important role in the world American needs people‟s contribution and responsibility to protect and construct his country The nation will become powerful and prosperous, only if all people work together

In order to reach his purpose, Trump uses many ways to show his ideology Moreover, his promise above as power to control and is also the first kind that used

as an underlying hidden power in vocabulary

“Buy American and hire American”(line 87)

This is one of the strong reason for Trump to deliver his speech, to direct people towards his intention and ideology By having presence of power he shows, American people must control their own country

To sum up, the speech is not too long, the outstanding value through language brings the evidence out the previous status of the United States What

he implies that America is weakening before which expresses through the sentence below:

“American First” - “Make America Great Again” (line 71 &138)

From the breakouts in his ideology and intention, these are two of the themes throughout the speech that Trump emphasized as a message to reassure the American people, also implying that this is a condition to protect America Trump believes that will build American‟s confidence and encourages them to „Make America Great Again‟ The emphasizing that the United States will become the most powerful, powerful, prosperous, wealthy and safe country in the world as it originally was

Lexical choice

The use of formal language, found in academic writing, and in political documents, as well as showing proper politeness of an important event will reveal the perceptions of the speaker The formality is emphasized on social relations The formal language is affected to Trump‟s intention and ideology, indicated by closing the vocabulary in the speech The importance of how the text revealed the speaker‟s point of view in the world, about an issue expressed through his positive or negative attitudes in the speech

Fairclough (2002)‟s view, the analyzing relationship values suggest classification schemes, and how vocabulary is organized in the text

Negative/positive words

Therefore, in the text by President Trump, the classification schemes show his negative attitudes towards currently American circumstances through vocabulary as: face challenges, confront hardship; borne the cost; Washington flourished,