The most common form of criminal activity in the United States is property crime.. The United States has a dual court system, meaning that we have two independent court systems, one at t
Trang 11. The vast majority of face-to-face interactions taking place between police and civilians are routine and fail to generate any public interest
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. The most common form of criminal activity in the United States is property crime
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. The hierarchical structure of organized crime operations often mirrors that of legitimate businesses
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. The consensus model assumes that a diverse group of people cannot have similar morals and values
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. A shooting of four or more people, including the assailant, whether killed or injured, constitutes a mass shooting
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Civil liberties are the basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to American citizens by the U.S. Constitution,
particularly the Bill of Rights
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
7. The United States has a dual court system, meaning that we have two independent court systems, one at the federal level and the other at the state level
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Trang 2a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
9. Larceny is the act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
10. Which amendment to the Constitution states “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed”?
a. The Second Amendment
b. The Eleventh Amendment
c. The Third Amendment
d. The Eighth Amendment
ANSWER: a
11. According to the conflict model, what is deemed criminal activity is determined by
a. the largest segment of the population
b. a mutual consensus among citizens
c. the most politically powerful segment of society
d. the segment of society comprised of criminal justice professionals
ANSWER: c
12. The _ requires background checks to be conducted on individuals before a firearm may be purchased from federally licensed gun dealers
a. NRA Bill
b. National Firearms Act (NFA)
c. Check 21 Act
d. Brady Bill
ANSWER: d
Trang 3a. violent crimes
b. legal crimes
c. victimless crimes
d. felony crimes
ANSWER: c
14. What is the act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation?
a. Assault
b. Burglary
c. Battery
d. Robbery
ANSWER: d
15. The dual court system
a. refers to local and state court systems
b. refers to federal and state court systems
c. refers to criminal and civil court systems
d. refers to adult and juvenile court systems
ANSWER: b
16. Illegal gambling, prostitution, racketeering, and extortion are all examples of
a. victimless crime
b. organized crime
c. white-collar crime
d. public order crime
ANSWER: b
17. Prisons are administered by
a. counties
b. municipalities
c. states and the federal government
d. courts
ANSWER: c
Trang 418. The _ requires federally licensed firearms dealers to perform background checks on prospective firearms purchasers to ensure that the firearm transfer would not violate federal, state, or local law
a. Brady Bill
b. NRA Bill
c. Check 21 Act
d. National Firearms Act (NFA)
ANSWER: a
19. Which term implies that different groups of citizens have widely varying opinions on controversial issues of morality and criminality?
a. Conflict model
b. Consensus model
c. Survey consensus
d. Public forum
ANSWER: a
20. What crime can be described as a threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm?
a. Larceny
b. Deviance
c. Battery
d. Assault
ANSWER: d
21. The concept of public order crimes is linked to the
a. conflict model
b. due process model
c. consensus model
d. deviance model
ANSWER: c
22. Business-related crimes are popularly referred to as
a. high-tech crime
b. white-collar crime
c. breaking and entering
d. organized crime
ANSWER: b
Trang 5a. murder
b. sexual assault
c. burglary
d. robbery
ANSWER: c
24. Persons who may be prohibited from purchasing a firearm as a result of data obtained from the NICS background check include any person who has been involuntarily committed to a _
a. mental institution
b. hospital
c. military
d. None of these choices are correct
ANSWER: a
25. Which of the following is the main purpose of the modern criminal justice system?
a. Retribution for the victims
b. Incapacitating offenders
c. Providing and maintaining justice
d. Enforcing society’s shared moral code
ANSWER: c
26. About how many people per year are denied firearm purchases due to mental health issues?
a. 9,000
b. 6,500
c. 5,500
d. 3,000
ANSWER: b
27. In 2016, which state permitted “open carry,” the term for allowing people to carry firearms in plain sight with a valid permit?
a. New York
b. Texas
c. Washington
d. California
ANSWER: b
Trang 6appear?
a. The incident involves a minority police officer and a minority suspect
b. The incident involves a white police officer and a minority suspect
c. The incident involves a white police officer and a white suspect
d. The incident involves a minority police officer and a white suspect
ANSWER: b
29. Community-based correctional facilities include all of the following, except
a. halfway houses
b. labor camps
c. residential centers
d. work-release centers
ANSWER: b
30. How many independent judicial systems are in the United States?
a. Three
b. Fifty-two
c. Two
d. Four
ANSWER: c
31. The due process model
a. protects victims from the power of the state
b. denies constitutional rights to the accused
c. provides limitless police discretion
d. protects individuals from the power of the state
ANSWER: d
32. Which of these factors causes the most increased pressure on the law enforcement community?
a. Public scrutiny and criticism of viral videos
b. Criminals using drugs to finance themselves
c. Criminals wielding heavy weaponry
d. Fear of life
ANSWER: a
Trang 733. Which of the following scenarios may expose police bias when investigations of a video of police interactions are conducted?
a. The contents of the video contradict the official version of the event
b. The contents of the video support the official version of the event
c. The contents of the video demonstrate police sincerity toward upholding law and order
d. The contents of the video are in no way related to the actual event
ANSWER: a
34. _ consists of methods to identify a person based on his or her unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial configuration
a. DNA
b. Forensic evidence
c. Biometrics
d. All of these are correct
ANSWER: c
35. Opioids are drugs derived from opium, originating from the _ plant
a. caffeine plant
b. poppy plant
c. cola plant
d. coca plant
ANSWER: b
36. compared the ideal criminal justice process to an assembly line “down which moves an endless stream of cases, never stopping.”
a. James Allen Fox
b. Herbert Packer
c. James Q. Wilson
d. Cesare Beccaria
ANSWER: b
37. The text refers to the judge, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in a criminal court as the court’s
a. functional unit
b. work group
c. professional staff
d. justice team
ANSWER: b
Trang 8
ANSWER: criminal laws
39. Crimes against persons such as murder or sexual assault are called crimes
ANSWER: violent
40. A rise in cyber crime is directly related to an increased dependence on in the processes of everyday life
ANSWER: computers
41. The act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm is _
ANSWER: battery
42. _ acts become crimes only when society as a whole, through its legislatures, determines that those acts should be punished
ANSWER: Deviant
43. The taking of cash or other goods from a person by force or fear is
ANSWER: robbery
44. The theft of property not accomplished by force is classified as _
ANSWER: larceny
45. _ is defined as Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations
ANSWER: Organized crime
46. _ can be defined as the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment
ANSWER: Discretion
47. A public order crime is sometimes referred to as a crime
ANSWER: victimless
48. A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between state and federal government is known as _
ANSWER: federalism
Trang 949. The interlocking network designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior is known as the _
ANSWER: criminal justice system
50. The is responsible for policing infractions on public highways and freeways
ANSWER: state highway patrol
51. _ is the most common correctional sanction
ANSWER: Probation
52. Probation and halfway houses are forms of _ corrections
ANSWER: community-based
53. The most frequent type of release from jail or prison is by
ANSWER: parole
54. The model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals
ANSWER: crime control
55. A is a group of people, usually three or more, who share a common identity and engage in illegal activities
ANSWER: street gang
56. To use or threaten staged acts of violence to achieve political objectives is called
ANSWER: terrorism
57. In recent years, the inmate population in the United States has leveled off and even decreased slightly
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
58. _ is the act of committing a new crime after a person has already been punished for a previous crime by being convicted and sent to jail or prison
ANSWER: Recidivism
Trang 10a. releasing all offenders after having served 85 percent of their time
b. granting early release to nonviolent offenders, particularly low-level drug offenders
c. diverting offenders from jail and prison through special courts
d. implementing a number of programs to reduce the recidivism rate of ex-convicts
ANSWER: a
60. Which of the following is NOT an emerging trend in the criminal justice system?
a. Emergence of victims’ rights
b. Increasing use of the death penalty
c. Slightly declining prison population
d. Concerns about balancing personal freedoms and personal safety
ANSWER: b
61. Due to a crackdown on prescription drugs and the subsequent rise in prices, _ has become a low-cost alternative with the consequence of rising death rates
a. heroin
b. cocaine
c. methamphetamine
d. methadone
ANSWER: a
62. Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. Which model do you feel best represents the process of criminalizing behavior in the United States?
ANSWER: The consensus model defines criminal behavior as those acts that conflict with the values and beliefs of
society as a whole
The conflict model views criminal justice law as being determined by the groups that hold economic, political, and social power in a community
Student responses as to which model best represents the process of criminalizing behavior in the United States will vary
63. What is cyber crime? Discuss why cyber crime is a growing problem. Be sure to provide specific examples of this form of criminal offending
ANSWER: Cyber crime is a term used to describe criminal offending that occurs via the Internet
There are approximately 1.5 billion users of the Internet worldwide, and an increasing percentage of daily activities are taking place online
The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left them vulnerable to cyber offending Examples of cyber crime include cyber fraud, hacking, cyberstalking, and online gambling
Trang 11ANSWER: Local law enforcement: On the local level, the duties of law enforcement agencies are split between
counties and municipalities
State law enforcement: Generally there are two types of state law enforcement agencies—state police and highway patrols
Federal law enforcement: Federal law enforcement agencies are charged with enforcing federal law
65. List and discuss the essential elements of the corrections system. Which form of punishment is most common in the United States and why?
ANSWER: Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, he or she is delegated to the corrections
system. Depending on the seriousness of the offense, the offender will be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to a community-based corrections facility
The most common form of punishment in the United States is probation
66. Explain the difference between the formal and informal justice processes. What role does discretion play in each process?
ANSWER: The formal criminal justice process is comprised of each step of the justice system working as an
assembly line
Individual decision making, through the use of discretion, leads to the development of the informal criminal justice process
67. Explain the effect of federalism on the structure of the criminal justice system, and how this structure reflects the unique purposes of each level
ANSWER: Federalism is a form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers
between a central government and several regional governments
Federalism creates separate judicial and law enforcement systems at the state and federal levels, with court and police functions specialized to deal with the unique challenges each level of government faces. Federal and state courts have specific functions, as does law enforcement at each level of government
68. Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model
ANSWER: The crime control model places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime
and violent criminals
The due process model places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government
Trang 12ANSWER: In Germany, gun ownership is a privilege rather than a right. This distinction does not appear to have
had much impact on German acceptance of firearms—the country has the fourth highest number of legal guns per capita in the world. When it comes to gun control, however, Germany imposes constraints on firearm sales and possession that are far more stringent than restrictions in the United States
German applicants must also pass a “specialized knowledge test” that proves he or she knows how to handle a gun and ammunition. Any applicant under the age of twenty-five must undergo a further psychological exam to ensure that she or he is fit for gun ownership. In contrast, no such test or exams are administered to citizens wishing to purchase guns in the United States
70. Explain the relationship between incarceration and race
ANSWER: A black defendant is much more likely to be sentenced to death for killing a white victim than a white
defendant is for killing a black victim
Even though African Americans make up only 13 percent of the general population in the United States, the number of black men in state and federal prisons (526,000) is significantly larger than the number of white men (454,000)
71. Explain how terrorists are able to “crowdsource.”
ANSWER: Instead of directly managing American-based extremists, Middle East–based groups such as the
Islamic State (ISIS) and al Qaeda seek to “crowdsource” their goals with general statements of encouragement. “Determination! Determination!” Abu Mohammed al-Adanani, a senior military leader of ISIS, urged followers before his death in 2016. “The smallest act that you do in [your] lands
is more beloved to us than the biggest act done here.”
Crowdsourcing efforts take place mostly on social media sites such as Twitter and Instagram, as well
as other Internet platforms. ISIS, for example, produces thousands of Internet videos designed to recruit foreign adherents. The terrorist group also maintains a twenty-four-hour online recruiting operation. “By assimilating into the Internet world instead of the real world, I became absorbed in a
‘virtual’ struggle while disconnecting from what was real,” said a Virginia teenager who was arrested several years ago for driving a friend to the airport so the friend could join ISIS in Syria
72. Why do you think white-collar crimes often go unpunished or underpunished?
ANSWER: Students’ answers will vary
73. How can you explain the rapid increase in cyber crime in the past decade?
ANSWER: Students’ answers will vary
74. In your opinion, what should the purpose of the criminal justice system be?
ANSWER: Students’ answers will vary