The representativeness heuristic is a strategy for: A judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances.. The better-than-average effect occurs wh
Trang 1Name: Date: _
Use the following to answer questions 1-6:
Scenario I
Scenario I is presents fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Witte, V., Kerti, L., Marguelies, D S & Floel, A (2014) Effects of resveratrol on memory performance, hippocampal function
connectivity, and glucose metabolism in healthy older adults The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(23), 7862–7870
Red Wine and Chocolate Improve Memory
Studies from animal models suggest resveratrol, a compound found in things like chocolate and red wine, improves cognitive
function In 2014, Witte and colleagues examined whether this was also true for humans To that end, they conducted a study to assess memory in 46 older adults before and after a 13-week treatment that involved taking a pill daily that contained either 200 mg of
resveratrol (experimental group) or an inactive ingredient (control group) Before performing a t-test to determine whether memory
differed between the two groups, descriptive statistics were conducted The researchers examined each participant's score relative to the mean score of their group They identified one participant in the experimental group whose memory performance was four
standard deviations above the mean and decided to remove his score from the inferential analysis The t-test revealed that memory
recall and recognition was statistically greater in those who had received resveratrol than in those who received the placebo These results suggest that red wine and chocolate may improve memory
1 (Scenario I) Dawn was recently arrested for public intoxication and was ordered by the judge to research alcohol abuse During her research she stumbled upon an article in her local newspaper based on the study described in Scenario I She presents the information to her lawyer who uses it as evidence for the importance of alcohol on physical and mental health and argues that Dawn's public intoxication charges should be dropped Which flaw in thinking is apparent in this situation?A) overconfidence
A) problem solving
B) critical thinking
C) analytical skills
D) interpretive skills
6 (Scenario I) USA Today is going to run a story based on the study described in Scenario I The following four headlines have
been proposed Which do you hope they use?
A) Wine and Chocolate Improve Brain Health
B) Researchers Advocate Alcohol Consumption
C) Compound Found in Food Associated with Brain Health
D) Researchers Uncover Mechanisms Associated with Memory Formation
Trang 2Use the following to answer questions 7-11:
Scenario II
Scenario II presents fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Gunturken, O., et al (2012) Oxytocin modulates social distance between males and females The Journal
of Neuroscience, 32(46), 16074–16079.
Oxytocin and Attraction Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether oxytocin (OXT) affects the way in which single men and committed men respond
to an unfamiliar woman To that end, men received either OXT or a placebo via intranasal administration after which they were introduced to a woman The researchers measured the distance men kept from the woman and hypothesized that shorter distances indicated interest in her The results showed that the distance between the men and women differed based on the treatment men received Specifically, committed men who received OXT kept a significantly greater distance from the woman compared with not only committed men who received the placebo, but also single men who received either the placebo or OXT This study suggests that OXT may contribute to monogamy in males
7 (Scenario II) This study is best described as:
A) belief perseverance
B) what you see is all there is
C) focusing effect
D) hindsight bias
Trang 3Use the following to answer questions 12-14:
Scenario III
Scenario III is presents fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Sikorski, A.M., Hebert, N & Swain, R.A (2008) Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian
brain Brain Research, 1213, 35-40
Exercise and Angiogenesis
Sikorski, Hebert, and Swain (2008) examined whether physical activity led to vascular changes in the cerebellum of rats To that end, animals were randomly assigned to an exercise condition or to an inactive control condition Animals that exercised had free access to
a running wheel attached to their home cage Animals in the inactive condition were housed in a cage of a similar size, but they had no access to physical activity beyond the confines of the cage To examine vascular changes the researchers removed the brains of
animals after 30 days in their respective condition The cerebellums were then sliced and stained to visualize the lumen of the blood vessels Stereology was used to quantify vasculature The results showed that animals permitted to voluntarily exercise had a
significantly greater blood vessel density than their inactive counterparts This suggests that exercise has a direct effect on the
structure of the brain These morphological changes may underlie a variety of exercise-mediated cognitive enhancements
12 (Scenario III) Even after reading the paper described in Scenario III, Jeffrey still has serious questions about whether exercise does, in fact, alter brain vasculature He therefore decides to conduct the study himself to see if he obtains similar results Jeffrey is conducting a:
14 (Scenario III) Jenny cites four reasons why she believes exercise promotes cognitive function Which of the following
reasons is NOT anecdotal?
A) Since she began exercising, Jenny's GPA has improved significantly
B) An article in Psychology Today described that actress Mayim Bialik, who earned her Ph.D in Neuroscience from
UCLA, runs five miles each day
C) A recent paper in Cognitive Psychology reported that the mean IQ of 10th graders from schools that include daily
physical activity in its curriculum is greater than the IQ of 10th graders whose curriculum does not include PE
D) A local elementary school board refused to eliminate physical education from its curriculum on grounds it would affect the academic performance of their students
15 Raquel is interested in determining whether astrological signs are predictive of personality To investigate this, she examines her own behaviors, find that they match the predictions in her astrology book, and concludes that everyone's sign does indeed predict how they will behave Believing that everyone thinks and behaves like her is an error that stems from Raquel's use of the:
A) “what you see is what there is” phenomenon
B) pleasure paradox
C) better-than-average effect
D) hindsight bias
16 The representativeness heuristic is a strategy for:
A) judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances
B) deciding the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event
C) overestimating one's skills and abilities as compared with others
D) searching for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs
17 The better-than-average effect occurs when an individual:
A) judges the likelihood of an event based on how easily he/she can think of similar instances
B) evaluates an event by comparing it to a “typical” example
C) overestimates his/her own skills and abilities as compared to others
D) searches for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs
18 _ is the tendency to be exceedingly assured of the correctness of one's own judgments
A) Hindsight bias
B) Confirmation bias
C) The outlier effect
D) The overconfidence phenomenon
Trang 419 When Jonathan ran for class president, it never occurred to him that he could lose This tendency is known as:
A) hindsight bias
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the availability heuristic
D) the overconfidence phenomenon
20 Which of the following is known as the “I knew it all along” phenomenon?
A) the availability heuristic
B) hindsight bias
C) the overconfidence effect
D) the representativeness heuristic
21 Confirmation bias is the tendency to:
A) judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances
B) only look for evidence that confirms what they already believe to be true
C) overestimate one's skills and abilities as compared with others
D) see the event as having been predictable
22 The focusing effect is:
A) when some information is emphasized while other information is undervalued
B) a failure to see the limitations of one's own immediate experience
C) the tendency to prioritize information that is most readily available in our memory
D) the tendency to overestimate one's skills and abilities
23 _ is the process of reflecting on one's own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence that can be used to
evaluate claims about ourselves and the world
A) The focusing effect
A) list a few reasons why they dislike something
B) list a lot of reasons why they dislike something
C) list a few reasons why they like something
D) list a lot of reasons why they like something
25 Belief perseverance is the tendency to:
A) judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances
B) maintain a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information
C) overestimate one's skills and abilities as compared to others
D) search for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs
26 Which of the following states that extreme outcomes are more likely when considering fewer cases?
A) the law of large numbers
B) Weber's law
C) the law of small numbers
D) the law of effect
27 Jeremiah is a door-to-door salesman He has been keeping a record of his sales for the past few months He is not surprised when his data revealed an outlier during the month of _, given the inclement weather around that time
A) November (total sales = 22)
B) December (total sales = 23)
C) January (total sales = 7)
D) February (total sales = 19)
28 The scientific method is a(n):
A) systematic approach for addressing questions of interest
B) heuristic-based approach for studying human phenomena
C) mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of an event occurring based on how easy it comes to mind
D) outdated approach to studying nature that is rarely used in the twenty-first century
29 Data are to science as:
A) anecdotes are to pseudoscience
B) opinions are to empirical research
C) systematic observations are to pseudoscience
D) nonsystematic observations are to basic research
Trang 530 Craig is looking at an online dating website and discovers the profile of someone who seems perfect for him In fact, she appears almost too good to be true Which of the following qualities of a good scientist may help him to avoid potential disappointment upon meeting her?
A) problem solving skills
B) project management skills
C) communication skills
D) critical thinking skills
35 Which of the following classes relies the heaviest on using the scientific method to answer questions?
37 Using appropriate research methods to examine how people think, feel, and behave is important because:
A) it decrease the likelihood that we draw empirically sound conclusions
B) it decreases the likelihood that we make poor decisions
C) biases in how we think make the study of psychology more like real life
D) it makes us more likely to use the availability heuristic
38 Each of the following is a processing error that leads to natural flaws in the way people think, EXCEPT:
A) the representativeness heuristic
B) the confirmation bias
C) the better-than-average effect
Trang 640 The availability heuristic is responsible for people's tendency to overestimate memorable occurrences like each of the
B) a physically fit man in his early 20s
C) an elderly woman who wears her hair in a bun
D) a middle-aged man who is overweight
42 Which of the following is an example of the better-than-average effect?
A) Most people think they drive better than other people
B) People often seek to confirm their current opinions
C) Individuals maintain beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence
D) People often prioritize some information while undervaluing other information in a given situation
43 Penny is a smoker Although she has heard of the data linking smoking to lung cancer and emphysema, she does not feel concerned Penny's belief that she will not get sick is an example of:
A) the availability heuristic
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the overconfidence phenomenon
D) hindsight bias
44 Jerico attended the Kentucky Derby but decided not to bet on any of the horses When American Pharoah won, he said to his friends, “I should have put money on that horse, because I knew he was going to win!” Jerico's behavior is an example of:A) the availability heuristic
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) hindsight bias
D) the overconfidence phenomenon
45 In psychology, how do researchers avoid making mistakes?
A) They trust their gut instinct, but only when it is strong
B) They use deliberate and conscientious approaches
C) They base findings off the anecdotal evidence of respected others
D) They use their personal experience as evidence
46 _ is a strategy for judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances
D) the scientific method
48 All of the following are characteristics of a good scientist, EXCEPT:
Trang 751 Applied research:
A) is dedicated to solving a problem and helping people improve their quality of life
B) uses minimal design to explore a phenomenon
C) is dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic
D) incorporates sophisticated research methodology and design to investigate a topic
52 The _ you believe pseudoscience claims, the _ likely you are to make well-informed decisions
D) critical thinking skills
54 Psychology majors gain _, which is the highly sought-after ability to plan, manage, organize, and follow-through on a task by paying attention to the nuances and details
A) critical thinking skills
B) analytical ability
C) communication skills
D) project management skills
55 Compare and contrast the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic
56 List and describe three characteristics of a good scientist
57 Tavris and Aronson (2007) believe that “science is a form of arrogance control.” Use what you learned in this chapter to provide support for their claim
58 In talking with her friends, Fabiana realizes that many college-aged students still believe in the existence of Santa Claus Although few think he is a rosy-cheeked, bearded character who goes down chimneys, many do believe that he exists in spirit, instilling a sense of “Christmas cheer” and goodwill during the holiday season Use you understanding of belief
perseverance to explain why adults may still believe in Santa Claus
59 Mark wonders whether he should pursue a degree in psychology Help him see the merit in this major by describing three career skills that he will acquire by studying research methods and the discipline of psychology
60 Joaquin refuses to go into the ocean during his family's summer vacation because he has seen a number of recent news stories about shark attacks along the eastern seaboard Use your understanding of the availability heuristic to explain Joaquin's fear
of sharks
61 Dr Turpin is a social psychologist who teaches classes on the psychology of relationships As part of a class discussion, he states that nearly half of all marriages end in divorce He then asks his students whether they think that they will someday get divorced Knowing what you do about the better-than-average effect, roughly what percentage of students do you expect will say that they will get divorced?
62 What is the hindsight bias and when has it occurred in your own life?
63 Ashlyn was asked by her research advisor to conduct a literature review of personality psychology articles that speak to their hypothesis that having siblings is associated with higher levels of conscientiousness Knowing what you do about the
confirmation bias, what types of articles is Ashlyn likely to bring to her advisor?
64 Use your knowledge of the focusing effect to explain why people are often surprised to hear that winning the lottery can ruin people's lives
65 How is hindsight bias different from confirmation bias?
66 Carl refuses to believe that he is a bad driver even after experiencing a number of accidents and receiving several speeding tickets Explain how his perception of his own driving abilities is the result of belief perseverance
67 Define an outlier and give an example from your own experience
Trang 868 Explain why good researchers should be open-minded.
69 How is introspection different from empirical research?
70 Give an example of basic research and discuss how it is different from applied research
71 Margot recently saw an infomercial for a cleaning product that promises to remove all set-in stains from garments Discuss
how an understanding of psychological research provides Margot with the skills necessary to defend against potentially
overzealous claims and make her a more critical consumer
72 Individuals who study research methods gain a number of important career skills Please use your understanding of these
skills to argue for which one you think is the most valuable
73 What is the law of small numbers?
74 Why is replication a useful tool within the field of psychology?
75 In what way does a research methods course differ from other psychology courses, like developmental psychology and
biopsychology?
A) Research methods courses focus on concepts and content
B) Research methods courses emphasize the use of the scientific method to answer questions
C) Memorizing is more important in research methods courses than in other courses
D) Only biopsychology courses emphasize the use of the scientific method to answer questions
76 How is this research methods book a lot like the Apple Corporation?
A) they share the goal of thinking differently
B) both ask individuals to prioritize similarity
C) neither value unique insight
D) both caution against creativity
77 Research methods courses focus on:
79 A friend tells you that shaving more frequently causes hair to grow back darker and coarser than before You think this
sounds correct, so you vow to only shave once a week In this case, you have fallen victim to a phenomenon known as:
82 The availability heuristic is a strategy for:
A) judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily one can think of similar instances
B) deciding the likelihood of an event by how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event
C) estimating one's skills and abilities as compared with others
D) searching for evidence that supports preexisting beliefs
Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lewandowski Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/
Trang 983 Josh lives in Wilmington, NC, and has recently learned that there was a hurricane warning issued for his location In
deciding whether to evacuate or remain at his house he remembered pictures from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy of
individuals clinging to their rooftops waiting for air lifts to safety He quickly decides to evacuate His choice was the result
84 People often overestimate the likelihood of death by shark attack, plane crash, and violence, because news programs
emphasize these extreme occurrences to drive up ratings Your tendency to readily recall such instances even though they are
objectively rare is the result of the:
A) representativeness heuristic
B) better-than-average effect
C) confirmation bias
D) availability heuristic
85 Imagine that you are a fundraiser for the Susan G Koman cancer foundation When planning for an upcoming speech you
remember the availability heuristic and decide to devote the majority of time to a _ rather than _
A) moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; charts and statistics about cancer risks factors
B) moving testimonial from a cancer survivor; pictures of cancer survivors
C) charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; pictures of cancer survivors
D) charts and statistics about cancer risks factors; moving testimonial from a cancer survivor
86 You know that people are often more generous when donating to a cause after seeing a moving photograph than hearing
impersonal statistics In this case, research on the _ confirms that a picture is worth a thousand words
88 According to the representativeness heuristic, which of the following are you most likely to think of as a librarian?
A) a beautiful woman in her early twenties
B) an athletically toned man in his teens
C) an elderly woman who wears her hair in a bun
D) a middle-aged man who is poorly shaven with tattered clothes
89 Juries may be more lenient when determining the innocence or guilt of individuals who appear attractive, sharply dressed,
and well-mannered, because of the:
Trang 1093 Which of the following is NOT an example of the better-than-average effect?
A) Most people think they drive better than others
B) Most people think they are smarter than others
C) Most people think they are funnier than others
D) Most people think they are angrier than others
94 First-born children may think they are braver than their siblings, whereas middle children may think they are more patient
than their siblings, and youngest children may think they are more creative than their siblings Each of these beliefs
demonstrates a natural tendency for individuals to endorse the:
A) confirmation bias
B) better-than-average effect
C) hindsight bias
D) overconfidence effect
95 Going into the first exam, a professor asks his students how well they think they will do In line with the better-than-average
effect, what percentage of the class likely anticipates performing better than the class average?
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
96 Dr Pelham cautions her students against merely reviewing their notes when studying for an exam She has found that when
students only look over their written notes they experience _, which can lead them to underprepare and underperform
A) a sense that one “knew it all along.”
B) a tendency to be overly assured of the correctness of one's own judgments
C) the tendency to seek out information that supports your current beliefs
D) a strategy for deciding the likelihood of an event based on how much it resembles a “typical” example of that event
98 _ is most likely responsible for endorsement of the better-than-average effect
A) The availability heuristic
B) The representativeness heuristic
C) The overconfidence phenomenon
D) Hindsight bias
99 After returning home from a blind date, Kelly's friend asks her how it went She says that the date was a bust Kelly's
continued belief that she is a successful dater, despite the evidence of this unsuccessful date is an example of:
A) the overconfidence phenomenon
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the availability heuristic
D) hindsight bias
100 Professor Grey found that nearly 15% of her students turned in their project after its due date Although this could be the
result of procrastination, Professor Grey knows that the tardiness may also be the result of her students underestimating how
long it will take them to complete the project By thinking they can do more in the time allotted than they actually can, her
students are demonstrating the:
A) overconfidence phenomenon
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) hindsight bias
101 The false-consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others agree with your beliefs and opinions
Based on your understanding of processing biases, you know that this is most likely the result of:
A) hindsight bias
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) confirmation bias
D) the overconfidence phenomenon
102 Which of the following is correct regarding people's confidence and accuracy?
A) People are often more confident than they are accurate
B) People are often less confident than they are accurate
C) People tend to be equally confident and accurate
D) People tend to be neither confident nor accurate
Test Bank for Discovering the Scientist Within Research Methods in Psychology 1st Edition by Lewandowski Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/