The change in crime rates due to changes in locale Answer: A Objective: Theory testing Page number: 6 Level: Difficult 15a. Answer: FALSE Objective: Classical School over time Page numbe
Trang 1Test Bank
Trang 2Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview [page 79]
Chapter 2 – Classical and Neoclassical Criminology [page 89]
Chapter 4 – Psychological Theories of Crime [page 109]
Chapter 6 – Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of Crime [page 128] Chapter 7 – Strain Theories of Crime [page 138]
Chapter 9 – Theories of Social Conflict [page 157] Chapter 10 – Evaluating and Integrating Theory [page 167]
Trang 3CHAPTER 1 Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
1 How is criminology different from criminal justice science as a field of study?
a Criminology, by definition, is focused on the making of and breaking of laws
b Criminologists have less disagreements among themselves
c Criminal justice is less focused on finding “solutions” to the crime problem
d Criminal justice always defines criminal behavior differently
Answer: A
Objective: The role of criminology in the field
Page number: 1
Level: Basic
2 Contemporary criminology began during what time period?
a The time of ancient Babylonia
b The Code of Hammurabi time period
c The late 18th century age of Enlightenment
d The late 20th century Answer: C
Objective: History of criminology
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
3 Which philosophers emphasized free will over blind faith and superstition?
a Rousseau
b Voltaire
c Locke
d All of the above Answer: D
Objective: History of criminology
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
4 What type of justice system existed prior to an emphasis on reasoning in the evolution of criminology?
a Communal warfare
Trang 4b Family-revenge model
c Paid policing model
d International law Answer: B
Objective: Ancient times of crime
Page number: 2
Level: Basic
5 Which group believed that isolation, labor, and Bible reading would result in repentance, or rehabilitation?
a The ancient Babylonians
b Philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke
c Those early Americans who held the Salem Witch Trials
d Philadelphia Quakers Answer: D
Objective: History of criminology
Page number: 3
Level: Intermediate
6 Which historical legacy of the Classical School continues to push for the achievement of deterrence as an objective of the criminal justice system?
a Neoclassicism
b The Enlightenment
c Positivism
d Determinism Answer: A
Objective: Classical school
Page number: 4
Level: Basic
7 Which of the following is an example of a principle underlying the concept of deterrence?
a Certainty
b Severity
c Celerity
d All of the above
Answer: D
Objective: Deterrence theory
Page number: 4
Level: Basic
Trang 58 Determinism takes the position that human behavior may be caused by biological,
psychological, and/or factors
a spiritual
b environmental
c labor market
d decision making Answer: B
Objective: Assumptions of criminology theories
Page number: 4
Level: Intermediate
9 During what time period did the Chicago School begin to influence criminological thought?
a 1880–1889
b 1900–1919
c 1920–1940
d 1950–1960
Answer: C
Objective: Chicago School
Page number: 4
Level: Intermediate
10 Which of the following concerns the process of actually identifying how you are going to measure theoretical concepts?
a Conceptualization
b Operationalization
c Characterization
d All of the above
Answer: B
Objective: Theory testing
Page number: 6-7
Level: Basic
11 Criminality refers to the of offending among and between social groups
a extent and frequency
b individual differences
c constant patterns
d definitions
Trang 6Answer: A
Objective: Criminology
Page number: 5
Level: Intermediate
12 Which of the following is an example of a research question that primarily addresses the dependent variable of criminality, not locale?
a Why are rates of gun ownership and crime more correlated in Southern states?
b Why is there more homicide in Memphis than in Phoenix?
c Why are males more criminal than females?
d Why does crime itself exist?
Answer: C
Objective: Theory testing
Page number: 5
Level: Difficult
13 Correlation speaks to the _ of two variables, or the direction and strength of fluctuation in a dependent variable by an independent variable
a spuriousness
b covariance
c constant influence
d sequence
Answer: B
Objective: Theory testing
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
14 Which of the following statements would represent an example of where a positive
correlation would most typically be found?
a A social group’s level of drug use and level of involvement in crime
b A social group’s level of educational attainment and level of involvement in crime
c The minimal impact of a gang awareness program in preventing gang membership
d The change in crime rates due to changes in locale
Answer: A
Objective: Theory testing
Page number: 6
Level: Difficult
15 Criminology is focused on:
Trang 7a the actual practices of law enforcement, legal processes, and corrections
b extensive forensic lab testing to understand criminals and crime
c overseeing the operations and organization of the criminal justice system
d understanding the various causes of crimes
Answer: D
Objective: Goals of criminology
Page number: 6
Level: Difficult
16 Of the following, which is most likely to make a theory scientific?
a Well-conceptualized variables
b Explainable opinions
c Falsifiable statements
d Consistent premises Answer: C
Objective:
Page number: 7
Level: Difficult
17 Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements required for causation in the context
of scientific theorizing?
a Appropriate locale for locating a sample to study
b Logical basis for believing a causal relationship exists
c A time sequence of cause and effect elements
c Correlation, indicating strength and direction of influence Answer: A
Objective: Assessing theory
Page number: 7
Level: Intermediate
18 Which of the following make up the criteria necessary to be met in order for a program, treatment modality, or practice to be considered evidence based?
a Causality, lack of spurious, logical based
b Previous implementation and delivery, scientific evaluation finding effectiveness, successful replication
c Logical based, fair, successful replication
d Temporal order, logical based, lack of spurious Answer: B
Objective: Evidence-based Practice
Trang 8Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
19 Micro-level is to macro-level as:
a culture is to structure
b culture is to subculture
c individual is to society
d positive is to negative
Answer: C
Objective: Applying theory
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
20 Durkheim and Parsons are attributed to the development of which theoretical perspective?
a Symbolic interactionism
b Functionalism
c Classicism
c Neoconservatism Answer: B
Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
21 Which sociological perspective has conditioned criminology in ways where looking at value conflicts and inequalities are seen as fruitful?
a Functionalism
b Conflict
c Interactionism
d Egalitarianism Answer: B
Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
22 Marxist and feminist criminology have been most conditioned by which sociological
perspective?
a Functionalism
b Conflict
Trang 9c Interactionism
d Egalitarianism
Answer: B
Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
23 Much criminological theorizing generates what kind of research?
a Basic
b Pure
c Advanced
d Applied Answer: D
Objective: Purpose of criminology
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
24 Which of the following perspectives has influenced several theories including learning theory, reintegrative shaming, and routine activities theory?
a Symbolic interactionism
b Functionalism
c Conflict
d Realism Answer: A
Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
25 What does theory provide students investigating crime?
a Provides a scientific orientation for studying crime
b Grounds modes of inquiry into systematic analysis
c Identifies cause and effect relationships
d All of the above Answer: D
Objective: Purpose of theory
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
Trang 10Chapter 1 True-False
1 Trial by battle and trial by ordeal both were vested in the spiritual notion of divine
intervention
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Evolution of criminology
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
2 The first dominant paradigm in American criminology was Neoclassicism
Answer: FALSE
Objective: Classical School over time
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
3 Determinism assumes that the causes of behavior can be identified and that they can enable predictions about behavioral outcomes that will be likely to occur given certain conditions
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Positive School of crime
Page number: 4
Level: Intermediate
4 The Chicago School is most known for its development of the social ecology model of
thought
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Social Ecology
Page number: 4
Level: Basic
5 A dependent variable is the cause while an independent variable is the effect
Answer: FALSE
Trang 11Objective: Components of Theory
Page number: 5
Level: Basic
6 Crime rates, as distinguished from criminality, denote the level of crime in a given locale
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Criminal Justice System and Criminology
Page number: 5
Level: Intermediate
7 A correlation that is near zero indicates a weak relationship between the independent and dependent variable(s)
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Assessing theory
Page number: 9
Level: Difficult
8 Spuriousness is something that scientific theories strive to avoid
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Assessing theory
Page number: 8
Level: Intermediate
9 A micro-level theory usually focuses on demographic compositional differences (e.g., age, gender, and ethnic composition) more so than a macro-level theory
Answer: FALSE
Objective: Application of theory
Page number: 8
Level: Difficult
10 Learning theory is derived from the social conflict perspective
Trang 12Answer: FALSE
Objective: Sociological perspectives of crime theories
Page number: 9
Level: Basic
11 The correlation between two variables can be positive or negative
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Components of Theory
Page number: 6
Level: Intermediate
12 As defined by Cressey (1978) criminology is focused on the processes of making and
breaking laws
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Comparing criminology and criminal justice
Page number: 1
Level: Basic
13 Showing that the independent variable occurred prior to the dependent variable is NOT necessary to prove causality
Answer: FALSE
Objective: Analysis of research
Page number: 8
Level: Difficult
14 Evidence-based practice is a concept that entails scientific research and has emerged in recent years in applied fields such as criminal justice
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Criminology or criminal justice research
Page number: 10
Level: Basic
15 Research-practitioner partnerships are argued to be mutually beneficial and are necessary to demonstrate effectiveness and accountability
Trang 13a TRUE
Answer: TRUE
Objective: Direction of Criminology and Criminal Justice System
Page number: 10
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank
1 Trial by battle and trial by ordeal are examples of solutions to feuds and represent the
_ _ of justice
Answer: family-revenge model
Objective: Evolution of Criminology
Page: 2
Level: Intermediate
2 _ involves the sacrifice of some personal freedom by endorsement
of governmental law enforcement in exchange for protection and benefit of all
Answer: social contract
Objective: Enlightenment Period
Page: 3
Level: Intermediate
3 _ focuses on the process of making and breaking laws
Answer: Criminology
Objective: Goals and purpose
Page number: 1
Level: Basic
4 The _ era focused on free will versus demonic possession when discussing the reasons for crime
Answer: Enlightenment (also acceptable: Classical)
Objective: History of criminology
Page number: 3
Level: Basic
5 The Chicago school perspective and researchers such as Shaw and McKay, Merton and Sutherland established a paradigm that linked causes of crime to the
Answer: environment
Objective: Chicago School
Trang 14Page: 4
Level: Difficult
6 The notions of the classical school were later revised by legal reformers and this came to be known as
Answer: neoclassicism
Objective: Classical School over time
Page number: 4
Level: Difficult
7 Cesare Lombroso illustrated a _ in his work which was associated with
determinism
Answer: criminal type (also acceptable: born criminal)
Objective: Positive School of Crime
Page: 4
Level: Intermediate
8 _ is the foremost dependent variable in criminology
Answer: Crime (acceptable variations include Criminal offending, Delinquency, Crime
involvement)
Objective: Research in criminology and criminal justice
Page number: 5
Level: Basic
9 The functionalist perspective contends social order is realized because people reach an
agreement on what behaviors that they deem are acceptable, otherwise known as _ Answer: general normative consensus
Objective: Leading perspectives of social life
Page number: 9
Level: Difficult
10 takes the position that human behavior is caused by factors specific to the individual, such as biological and psychological issues
Answer: Determinism
Objective: Positive School of Crime
Page number: 4
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 Matching
Match the word listed in Column 1 to its description in Column 2
Trang 15Column 1 Column 2
laws
law defines misbehavior and concerned with various causes of crime
by a societal group, such as the young, minorities, non-citizens, etc.
enforcement, legal process , and corrections
1 *b
2 *c
3 *c
4 *a Objective: Differentiating between criminal justice and criminology
Page number: 1, 5
Level: Basic
Match the perspectives listed in Column 1 to its description in Column 2
specific to the individual
stressing the identification of patterns and consistencies in observable facts
behavior and punishment
1 *c
2 *a
3 *d
4 *b Objective: Learning the evolution of criminology
Page number: 4
Level: Intermediate
Match the terms listed in Column 1 to its description in Column 2
typically termed causes and effects
indicating an outcome’s causal and associated elements
Trang 161 *d
2 *a
3 *c
4 *b Objective: Understanding the nature of theories
Page number: 5, 6
Level: Basic
Chapter 1 Essay
1 Describe how classical and positive schools of criminology perspectives differ from one another
Answer:
• Free will versus scientific determinism:
o The Classical School said that people have free will and the ability to choose behavior through reason
o Positive School said that behavior is caused by biological, psychological, and sociological forces outside of a person’s control
• Punishment (deterrence) versus treatment (rehabilitation): The classical school used swift, certain, and sufficiently harsh punishment to deter people from committing crimes The positive school used treatment to rehabilitate the person
• Study of criminal law versus study of individual offender: The classical school focuses
on preventing crime and promoting justice The positive school focuses on the causes of crime and the medical, psychological, and social characteristics of individual offenders
o The classical school made legal reforms and developed a criminal code
o The positive school produced indeterminate sentencing and parole boards
Objective: Learn and understand the different approaches between the Positive and Classical Schools of Crime
Page number: 2-5
Level: Intermediate
2 Describe the four main components necessary to demonstrate causality?
Answer:
• Correlation—causal factors and the events or things to be explained should accompany one another
• Temporal order—causal factors must be temporarily prior to the event or things they explain
• Non-spurious—Associations between a hypothetical causal factor and the events or things must not be due to other factors
• Logical basis—Sound reasoning for proposed theory or causal relationship