These are also the main tasks that need to be addressed in this thesis, in order to help Vietnam's forestry enterprises in general and Vinapaco in particular step by step approach and gr
Trang 1MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND
ESTABLISMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT BY GROUP MEETING TO STANDARDS OF FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) AT COMPANIES UNDER VIETNAM PAPER CORPORATIONNGỌC
Trang 2The thesis is completed at: Vietnam National University of Forestry
Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr Vu Nham
Assoc.Prof Dr Pham Minh Toai
Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3:
The thesis will be defended at the dissertation council at: Vietnam National University of Forestry
At hour date month year
The dissertation can be found at:
- Library of Vietnam National University of Forestry
- Vietnam National Library
Trang 3PREFACE
1 The need of the thesis
Currently, sustainable forest management and forest certification are a global trend and an important orientation for Vietnam's forestry sector Timber and forest materials according to the sustainable forest certification in Vietnam are currently limited, so businesses have to invest huge costs to have raw materials for export in the future Therefore, developing certified forests in sustainable forest management is one of the highly feasible plans In order to create a stable supply of raw material for processing companies to produce wood products and paper materials The involvement of forestry companies in forest certification groups makes it easier and more efficient to share information, needs, experiences and the transmission of good and sustainable production techniques In addition, the process of preparing documents and evidences for auditing forest certification of the third-party is very time-consuming, so the implementation by the group will help members share time and burden of this preparation In particular, when appropriate models and group structures are available, team leaders of the group can actively and effectively support members
In order to maintain a stable source of legal timber, forest certification by a group among Forestry companies in Paper Corporation have been established and are on the rise On this basis the resources of the participants in the forest certification group will be maximized Specifically, the Paper Corporation has potentials in investment capital, techniques, technologies, and management levels and output underwriter for products; Forestry companies have forest land source and labor This way of working of forest certification group is built on the principle that forestry companies voluntarily participate and are under the common management of Vinapaco, and agree on the organizational plan and implementation method Group forest certification is implemented under the principle of openness, and the admission of new members every year To be granted forest certification, companies' forest management activities must meet FSC's principles However, so far no comprehensive research has been answering the question: In order to meet the FSC's forest certification requirements, the forest management activities of the forest companies in the corporation forest certification group need to be based on what scientific and practical basis? With all the above implications, one of the urgent tasks is to research and develop scientific and theoretical solutions for the management and maintenance of forest certification group Develop comprehensive solutions for sustainable management of plantation forests according to FSC in accordance with Vietnamese conditions These are also the main tasks that need to be addressed in this thesis, in order to help Vietnam's forestry enterprises in general and Vinapaco in particular step by step approach and gradually meet the standards of FSC to achieve the goals of sustainable forest management and forest
certification, we conduct research projects:
“Establishment of scientific and practical basis for sustainable forest management by group meeting to standards of forest stewardship council (FSC) at companies under Vietnam paper corporation”
2 Objectives
2.1 Overall objectives
- Identify the scientific basis and practices of sustainable forest management and forest certification according to the Corporation group that applies the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Contribute to speeding up the implementation of Sustainable Forest Management Program at Vietnam Paper Corporation
2.2 Specific objectives
- Adjust sustainable harvesting forest yield for forestry companies in sustainable plantation management by group
Trang 4- Evaluate some environmental and social impacts in organizing the implementation of sustainable forest management plans by group towards forest certification and maintenance of forest certification
- Propose several solutions to implement sustainable forest management in groups that meet the standards of forest stewardship council (FSC)
3 Scope and limits of the research
- In terms of space: Assessment the sustainable forest management activities and forest certification carried out on forestry companies participating in the forest certification group of Vietnam Paper Corporation, including 03 forestry companies in preparing in joining in Vinapaco forest certification group: Ham Yen, Vinh Hao and Tan Phong and all forest areas managed by 3 companies (In which acacia plantation area aged 4 to 7 years of forestry companies was identified as the subject of forest yield adjustment)
- In terms of time: The assessment was carried out from 2016-2019
4 New contributions of the thesis
(1) (1) Supplement and complete theoretical and practical basis for the forest yield adjustment for sustainable harvesting
(2) (2) Evaluate some environmental and social impacts and propose solutions to implement sustainable forest management
Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Based on the overview of published researches in the world and in Vietnam according to the following topics (1) Overview of sustainable forest management and forest certification (2) Overview
of economic - technical studies in plantation management, (3) Overview of environmental and social impact assessment in sustainable forest management, (4) General characteristics of Vietnam Paper Corporation in the process of implementing sustainable forest management and forest certification From the conclusions drawn during the review, this thesis allows the following issues to be identified:
- Currently, the trend of sustainable forest management and forest certification is considered
an important solution that is paid special attention by the world and Vietnam to ensure the sustainable management, use, construction and development of forests for economic, environmental and social goals Currently, in Asia, the volume of timber certified compared to the volume of timber circulating
in the market is quite modest At present, forest certification is not too strange for developing countries, from temperate to tropical, from large-scale industrial afforestation to household and community level
- The area of plantation forests increases rapidly every year, but the productivity and quality of forests are still low, the income generated by forests is not high The market price is not stable, depending on the market of woodchip in northern wood chip export centers such as Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Hanoi The purchasing is unstable, mainly consumed through the traders system, causing the price squeeze and competition to damage the economy of the people doing forest Although the scale
is still small, there are still many issues that need to be further adjusted, but showing that the development of planting of material forests associated with sustainable forest management, forest certification is the right direction with the current process of forestry economic development Achieving an international FSC certification for production forests is a difficult and complex process, but it is much more difficult to hold and maintain certification through subsequent audits and is a long way with many challenges to meet the rigorous set of 10 principles Each principle includes multiple criteria along with monitoring indicators
Trang 5- Although Vietnam has nearly 20 years involved in the implementation of sustainable forest management and forest certification, the fact shows that the forest area certified is limited, most of the
area certified is plantation forest and spontaneously deployed from some potential businesses
- Integrated research works on all 3 socio-economic-environmental fields in the sustainable forest management plan towards forest certification and maintenance of forest certification group for forest companies has not yet to carry out research in Vietnam Because the issue of certification by group in Vietnam is still quite new so it has not exploited the potential and advantages of this certification
- Up to now, Vinapaco is the pioneer in implementing the forest certification process according
to the group Because the group certification model was first put into operation, the implementation process is still new, unprecedented and unrealistic, so there is no experience Implementing sustainable forest group management, the most common goal and focus is Forest Management, while group management mainly deals with the problem of organizational management and group regulations As well as operate to maintain group certification in the form of a group Therefore, when researching the main scientific and practical basis for group management are still the factors that need in-depth study, which are present in the forest management activities of member companies, such as: forest yield; environmental and social impact assessment; biodiversity ., to implement forest management according to FSC standards
Vietnam integrates and is in the general trend of the world and the region: having the same motivations, but with specific characteristics, internal strengths and obstacles In order to understand more about Vietnam's forestry sector's approach to sustainable forest management and forest certification as well as the effect of forest certification in sustainable forest management, the
“Establishment of scientific and practical basis for sustainable forest management by group meeting to standards of forest stewardship council (FSC) at companies under Vietnam paper corporation” is really necessary at both the state and macro levels and at the micro level in forestry
production units in the context of a dynamic and ever-growing market economy with multidimensional impacts of domestic and world economy to improve the efficiency of this tool and method
Chapter 2 CONTENTS AND METHODS OF THE STUDY 2.1 Contents
2.1.1 Investigate productivity of plantation forests in Vinapaco: (1) Assess the current situation of
plantation forests in forestry companies; (2) Research plantation forest reserves at Vinapaco; (3) Adjust the forest reserve to a stable equilibrium; (4) Display the studied attribute data on the harvesting status map; (5) Analyze the economic efficiency of the afforestation plan according to FSC; (6) The level of meeting the economic - technical standards, criteria and indicators according to FSC
2.1.2 Assess the environmental impacts of forest management according to FSC: (1) Assess the
impact of the management of forest resources on the environment; (2) Assess the status plant diversity and high conservation value forest according to FSC; (3) Analyze environmental effectiveness of sustainable forest management plans and forest certification; (4) Level of compliance with environmental standards, criteria and indicators
2.1.3 Assess the social impacts of forest management according to FSC: (1) Study the impacts of
forest production and business activities on society; (2) Assess the social effectiveness of sustainable forest management plans and forest certification; (3) Level of meeting social criteria and indicators
2.1.4 Develop a management plan for plantation forests by the group: (1) SWOT analysis of the
sustainable forest management plan for the group; (2) Bases for developing a sustainable forest management plan according to FSC; (3) Establish a management plan for plantation forests according
to FSC standards
Trang 62.1.5 Develop a process to issue and maintain forest certification by the group: (1) Develop a
process to issue forest certification by the group; (2) Plan to maintain forest certification in the following years
2.1.6 Lessons learned and recommendations: (1) Summary of the causes of unsustainable forest
management according to FSC in Vinapaco; (2) Some lessons learned under the group certification; (3) Propose solutions to improve sustainable forest management and forest certification at Vinapaco
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Viewpoints and research methodologies
Sustainable management satisfies three major principles, including economic, social and environmental principles, so when assessing and developing solutions, it is necessary to comply with a combination of all three principles That is, putting them in a dialectical relationship with each other and having an interaction with each other rather than being considered and evaluated in a certain direction From there, it can be seen the overall picture of the research problem as a basis for proposing and building reasonable and effective solutions
2.2.2 Specific research methods
The general research methods were used in this thesis, including: (1) Methods of inheriting documents; (2) Interview method; (3) Method of experts; (4) Methods of investigation, survey, field data collection; (5) Method of assessing the level of conformity with the standards in sustainable forest management combined with the following specific research methods::
a Methods of assessing productivity of plantation forests
+ Determine sample plots: The area of each sample plot was 1000 m2 (20m x 50m) All sample plots on acacia plantation was measured from the age of 4 to 7 With a total of 2875 sample plots used for research (in which Ham Yen 621: plots, Tan Phong: 768 plots, Vinh Hao 1486: plots) and fully implemented all measurement methods on sample plots to collect data
+ Examination of homogeneity of sample plots in the same soil class: The Smirnov test was used to test this homogeneity
Kolmogorov-+ Calculation of measured values on sample plots such as: mean diameter (D), mean height (H), reserve (M/plot) of trunk with bark, reserve (M/ha), the number of trees (N/plot) and density (N/ha), and the percentage of live trees (N%)
+ Calculation of forest reserve according to the soil table: Calculate H0 and apply the soil
table of Acacia mangium species according to H0 will have the corresponding soil class From the age and soil class, apply the growth process table of Acacia mangium plantation will be recorded values of
G, M, ZM, and ∆M Actual forest reserve is determined on the basis of using the adjustment method of basal area to give results consistent with the actual survey situation To evaluate the accuracy of the calibration method, the Wilcoxon test was used
+ Adjust forest reserves to a stable equilibrium
* Adjust the harvest area/year to a state of balance and stability:
- Calculate the average acacia harvest area per year = Total remaining acacia plantation forest (after subtracting the area of the natural restoration plan)/7-year rotation
* Adjust the volume of harvesting/year to a state of balance and stability
- Determine the annual harvest volume of the current 7 year-old Acacia mangrove plantation; Expected volume of harvesting/year of the under-age (6, 5, 4 ) when reaching 7 years old and adjusted
so that the harvesting volume/year is always balanced and stable
* Method of displaying attribute data of plots on the harvesting map
Collect attribute data of plots such as: Name of plot, soil class, year of planting (age), plot area and total volume The attribute data will then be updated in the database and processed via Mapinfor software 10.5
* Methods of analyzing the economic efficiency of afforestation plans according to FSC
Based on the interviews with the contracted households; Inheriting previous research documents
on the rate of material wood utilization of Acacia mangium plantation The selling price of wood is the
Trang 7selling price provided by the paper corporation's customer room as of March 2019 Take the average economic value of the research sites to synthesize data and analyze Economic efficiency: applying the
"dynamic" calculation method with 3 defined criteria: Net present value (NPV), The ratio of income to expenses (B/C), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and calculated for unit area of 1 ha
b Research methods and assessment of environmental impacts
* Method of assessing CO2 absorption capacity of Acacia mangium plantation
Based on the results of calculation of forest reserves by soil class The study inherited the results of the project "The ability to absorb CO2 of some major plantation forests in Vietnam" of the Center for Forest Ecology and Environment Research under the Vietnam Forest Science Institute with the conversion coefficient calculating CO2 absorbed based on forest reserves of Acacia mangium
* Method of assessing soil erosion ability of Acacia mangium plantation forests
The results of soil erosion assessment are made through data collected on the erosion monitoring plots The plot has an area of 200 m2 (10 m x 20 m); are arranged with a length of 20 m running from the top to the bottom of the hill, a width of 10 m running across the contour line; plots are controlled by 4 concrete columns positioned at 4 corners and trough shaped; An annual analysis will be carried out to measure this amount of soil to assess the extent of erosion
* Methods of assessing water quality
At each site (nursery and stream), each company collected 3 water samples (the value obtained
is the average of the three collected samples) Water samples were collected for evaluation and analysis by preventive medicine centers in Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang provinces
* Method of determining the impacts of production and business activities on the environment
Use PRA tools to conduct interview surveys Each stage conducted interviews with 02 company leaders, 03 technical staffs and 20 workers directly involved in production activities in that stage Investigating and surveying forest harvesting, afforestation sites, etc to verify the collected information and supplementing missing data on the impact of production and business activities such as: forest harvesting, afforestation to the environment
* Methods to assess the diversity of plants and high conservation value forests
The document inherited: "Report on the results of biodiversity survey of Bai Bang paper material area" - Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (2015) to synthesize and select information related to research content and analysis compared to reality
* Methods of analyzing environmental efficiency
On the basis of summarizing research results related to environmental issues, the study identifies the impacts of environmental sustainable forest management on the environment through the relevant criteria From there, assess the effectiveness of the forest environment on the lives of the
communities around the area where the forestry companies manage it
c Research methodology and social impact assessment
* Research method of social impact: Investigate through interviews with stakeholders such
as CPC leaders and related departments; Forest Protection Department and rangers in charge of the area; In particular, interviews with production teams and group leaders who directly manage the forests on relevant issues Field survey to check, comment on and evaluate the implementation of forest management activities of companies related to social impact
d Methods of developing and planning plantation management forests
* SWOT analysis method of sustainable forest management plan by the group
Based on the interview results combined with expert consultation and general analysis to develop factors such as strengths - weaknesses - opportunities - threats in forest management according to the group in Vinapaco
* Method of determining the basis for developing a sustainable forest management plan
Based on the consideration of the types of documents prescribed by Vietnamese law; documents of the Paper Corporation and the FSC Standard set of GFA applied in Vietnam to identify legal bases related to sustainable forest management activities and forest certification of research
Trang 8institutions Results of surveys and synthesis of current status of production and business activities in the fields of labor, capital, consumption markets, etc.…
* Methods of developing a forest management plan
Based on the results of research on the current status of sustainable forest management activities and the forecast of the future demand for paper wood, combined with the allocation of targets for forest production and business activities of the Corporation in order to develop the sustainable forest management plan according to the FSC for each forestry company, based on the application of interviews and evaluation methods with the participation of experts and forecasting to
make general analysis data of the forest management plans of the company
e Method of developing plans for admission and maintenance of forest certification
* Methods of assessment of forest management: Applying an in-office audit method in
combination with on-site audit and consultation with relevant agencies The indicators for each criterion should be classified into 4 categories according to the evaluation method In addition, the audit team should select criteria or indicators that do not apply (or are not relevant) to the company These criteria or indicators will not be considered during the audit
* Audit in office
The task of the audit in the office is to survey documents, and books related to forest management such as business plans, guidelines, processes, periodic reports and annually, reports on the results of monitoring and evaluation, harvesting contracts, etc., comparing the contents of those documents with the requirements of FSC standards, checking the job in the field are the same to plans, processes, instructions and reports published or not
* Audit on-site
Typically, the audit team will randomly select some locations to audit so that the most fully knowledgeable about the field management activities in the field and having professional staffs in charge of the work being followed to explain or answer the questions An important part of the on-site audit is interviewing people involved in forest management, such as workers working in the field, local authorities, organizations with activities in the area, and local people
* Consult the relevant partners
Each audit team shall appoint one person to record the audit form The audit forms are only recorded after reaching agreement within the whole group Each audit team member gives an independent score, then takes an average to record it into the audit form The performance of the indicator is assessed on a scale: Completed: 8.6-10 points; Fair: 7.1 - 8.5 points; Average: 5.6 - 7.0 points; Poor: 4.1 - 5.5; Very poor: below 4.1
* Close meeting
The audit team issues noncompliant CARs and sets out corrective actions Warnings of CARs not complying with major CARs, minor CARs
* Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of forest management plans
The monitoring process is based on the requirements of principle 10 (standards, specific criteria of construction units) for plantation forests in Vietnam
g Methods to identify lessons learned and propose solutions
Applying problem tree analysis - causes of 3 economic - technical, social and environmental issues: Based on the evaluation of points according to the above-mentioned indicators, synthesize the unqualified indicators (score < 6) and integrated analysis results to identify the cause system through problem tree analysis for each field Rely on expert consultation to guide solutions for unqualified indicators and propose solutions to fix non-compliance CARs
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Investigation of plantation productivity in Vinapaco
3.1.1Forest status of forestry companies in Vinapaco
Trang 9Preliminary survey results of the paper material plantation in the region showed that most of the forestry companies in the Paper Corporation have been afforestation of paper materials for more than 20 years, having experienced more than 3 tree rotations Species that have been planted in forestry companies include: Pine, Eucalyptus, Manglietia conifera, Acacia, etc Through the fact and interview results, it showed that Acacia mangium is most suitable to site conditions in the region, with rapid growth and technological maturity from 7 to 8 years
From the results of the re-examination, the Acacia plantation area accounts for the largest proportion of the plantation area of companies, the percentage of Acacia mangrove plantation area of Vinh Hao forestry company accounts for 97,0% (1693.7ha), followed by Tan Phong with 95.1% (926.5ha) and Ham Yen with 53% (768.1ha) The results of the current status of plantation forests in the research companies showed that the area of afforestation by years is uneven, including planting on new areas and planting on the harvested area of previous years Based on that, the thesis identified Acacia mangium as an appropriate tree species and has been researched and adjusted in terms of area and reserves to stabilize and improve yields, serving as a basis for planning sustainable forest management towards forest certification for forestry companies in the Paper Corporation
3.1.2 Studying the reserve of Acacia mangium plantation
Table 3.1 Result of forest reserves calculation by soil class of forestry companies (Unit: m 3 )
Company Years
Total area
M actual/ha
M actual /year
Total area
M actual /ha
M actual /year
Total area
M actual /ha
M actual /year
3.1.3 Adjust the forest reserve to a stable equilibrium
3.1.3.1 Adjust the annual harvesting forest reserve by area
Based on the current status of plantation forest area allocated by planting years, each company plans to leave 10-15% of the good forest area to the age of annual harvesting in order to implement the natural rehabilitation plan according to the FSC's forest business project The thesis determined the percentage of area left for the natural rehabilitation of forestry companies is 10% of the total forest area
Balanced area
Current Status
Real area adjusted
Balanced area
Current Status
Real area adjusted
Balanced area
Trang 10The thesis developed a plan to adjust the balanced area uniformly for all ages is as follows: For Ham Yen forestry company, the total area of Acacia mangium plantation is 1536.6 (ha) The area
of leaving at the age of 7 is 10% * 1536.6 = 153.6 (ha) The actual plantation area is 212.7 ha and the real remaining area for adjusting is 212.7-153.6 = 59.04 (ha), with the current business rotation being
7 years, the forest area planting evenly each year is 1382.94/7 = 197.56 ha/year Similarly for Tan Phong company, each year the planting area is 164.24 ha/year and Vinh Hao company is 296.63 ha/year
a Adjust the area of Ham Yen Forestry Company
From the results of Table 3.2, the summary of the forest area adjustment plan (Unit: ha) of Ham Yen Forestry Company by each soil class is shown in Table 3.3
Table 3.3 Area adjustment of plantation forest of Ham Yen forestry company (Unit: ha)
Year of
planting
Actual area balnced
Classification by soil class
Actual area Balanced
area Actual area
Balanced area Actual area
Balanced area
3.4 as follows:
Table 3.4 Plan explanation for adjusting forest reserve based on the area of Ham Yen forestry
company, for soil class I
replanting 59,27 ha after harvesting
Trang 11Harvest 31,46 ha age 8 và 27,81 ha age 7; keep 12,61 ha; then replanting 28,80 ha after harvesting
Harvest 28,80 ha age 8 và 30,47 ha age 7; keep 34,66 ha; then replanting 59,27 ha after harvesting
Harvest 34,66 ha age 8 và 24,61 ha age 7; keep 35,48 ha; then replanting 59,27 ha after harvesting
Harvest 35,48 ha age 8 và 23,78 ha age 7; keep 41,55 ha; then replanting 59,27 ha after harvesting
replanting 59,27 ha after harvesting
With the above adjustment method, after 7 years, the harvesting area of each year is balanced, ensuring to meet the sustainable forest business plan according to FSC For the next rotation, the annual harvesting yield will balance on the area so harvesting in the current rotation should be late one year This has a fluctuation in yield, but in return, the rotation after all three forestry companies will have a stable and balanced yield, contributing to a favorable and sustainable forest management plan With the above plan, from the next business rotation (2023 - 2029) and the following business rotations, the area of Acacia plantations is the same in each year according to age and the annual harvesting yield by area also always the same at forestry companies at each soil class The same way is applied to the remaining soil classes of Ham Yen, Tan Phong and Vinh Hao forestry companies
3.1.3.2 Adjust the annual harvesting reserve according to the reserves
a Adjust annual harvesting reserve of Ham Yen forestry company
Estimated reserves on the entire real area adjusted of the company by each soil class are as follows
Table 3.5 Statistics of area and estimation of plantation forest reserves
of Ham Yen Forestry Company Year of
Classified by soil class
Real area M/ha Total M Real
area M/ha Total M
Real area M/ha Total M
Note: The symbol M is the forest reserve, the unit of area is ha, the volume is m 3
The results of Table 3.5 showed that the total plantation forest area of Ham Yen forestry company is 1382.9 ha In which, the ratio of soil class II is the largest with 691.47 ha, soil class I is 414.88 ha and soil class III is 276,588 ha Area of plantation forests over years has also changed significantly.Based on the actual reserves adjusted to the basal area, the thesis based on the reserves at the age of 7 as a basis for estimating stable harvesting yield for the next business rotation In order to
Trang 12balance and stabilize the Company's annual harvesting forest area and yield, contributing to sustainable forest management, adjustments need to be made From the results in Table 4.10, the plan to estimate the yield by age classes in the company is formulated as follows:
Table 3.6 Forest yield estimated at the age of the main harvest of Ham Yen forestry company
(Unit:m 3 )
Year of
harvesting
Classified by soil class
Real
area
M7 estimated/ha M CB
Real area
M7 estimated /ha
area
M7 estimated /ha
* Adjust the balanced yield harvested annually by soil class I
Table 3.7 Forest yield according to the harvested reserve of each year of Ham Yen forestry
company (soil class I) Unit:m 3
to year 7 is exactly equal to the standard forest area Specific explanation of the plan of adjustment method is as follows
Table 3.8 Explanation of the plan for adjusting the harvest reserve for the stable equilibrium of
Ham Yen forestry company (soil class I) Year of
2023
Harvesting is enough balanced reserves of 7900.5 m 3 , the remaining reserves are 4388.4 m 3 , the reserves reaching this age of harvesting transferred to the next year of harvesting, then replant this harvesting area After 7 years, the stable harvesting reserve will be 7900.5 m 3
2024
Conduct harvesting 4388.4 m 3 at the age of harvesting in 2023 remaining and harvesting an additional 3512.1 m 3 of the reserve of the current harvesting age, the remaining reserve of 2024 is 4193.9 m 3 , then replanting the area that harvested After 7 years, this harvesting area will give a stable reserve of 7900.5 m 3
2025
4193.9 m 3 are harvested at the previous harvesting age left and harvesting an additional 3706.6 m 3 of the reserve of the current harvesting age, the remaining reserve in 2025 is 3839.5 m 3 , then replanting the area that harvested After 7 years, the stable harvesting reserve is 7900.5 m 3
Trang 132027
4620.8 m 3 is harvested at the age of harvesting in 2026 left and harvesting an additional 3279.7 m 3 of the reserve of the current harvesting age, the remaining reserve of 2027 is 4730.2 m 3 , then replanting the area that harvested After 7 years, the stable harvesting reserve is 7900.5 m 3
2028
4730.2 m 3 are harvested at the previous harvesting age left and harvesting an additional 3170.3 m 3 of the reserve of the current harvesting age, the remaining reserve in 2026 is 5539.5 m 3 , then replanting the area that harvested After 7 years, the stable harvesting reserve is 7900.5 m 3
2029
5539.5 m 3 is harvested at the previous harvesting age left and harvesting an additional 2361.0 m 3 of the current harvesting age, then replanting this harvested area After 7 years, the stable harvesting reserve is 7900.5 m 3
Some illustrations of the adjustment plan are shown in Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1 Forest yield adjusted according to the reserve
of Ham Yen forestry company (soil class I)
Thus, after a harvesting rotation (7 years), the annual amount of harvesting has changed from unbalanced, stable to equilibrium and stable state Similar to the implementation of adjusting soil class
I to apply the adjustments to the remaining soil classes II and III of the company The same method used in Ham Yen forestry company is applied to the remaining forestry companies
3.1.4 Display of researched attribute data on harvesting status map
In order to help forestry companies more conveniently in the process of implementing sustainable forest harvesting plans, the thesis used the results of researching forest reserves according
to the soil class of each plot in all compartments of forestry companies On that basis, using Mapinfor 10.5 software to display attribute data such as: soil class, area and current reserves Specific details of the data layers shown on the map are in the image annexes of the thesis For example, a data field in a plot is shown as the following figure
SL khai thác SL CB
Trang 14Figure 3.2 The attribute data is displayed on the map
3.1.5 Analysis of economic efficiency of afforestation plans according to FSC
31.5.1 Estimate and compare the economic efficiency of the afforestation model with and without FSC certification
Compare the effectiveness of afforestation models with and without FSC certification Summary
of results and estimation of economic value obtained through forest business activities of contracted households, in which - The rate of timber is inherited from the results of the project "Survey to determine the rate of paper raw wood of Acacia mangium species" by Research Institute for Paper material - Vietnam Paper Corporation- The selling price of wood is provided by the information of
Vietnam Paper Corporation's customer room and updated on June 2018.:
In the model of afforestation that provides paper materials of contracted households and forestry companies, the corporation pledges to buy all appropriate timber materials with FSC certification of forestry companies at prices 15-20% higher than the average price of the same type of un-certified wood on the market at the time of the transaction However, as the price gap between certified and non-certified timber getting narrower, and forestry companies incur all costs of forest certification, the profits of forestry companies will be greatly reduced and there is a tendency to lose capital unless this cost is shared among a group of corporations The results in Table 3.9 showed that the average profit of forestry companies/1 ha of Acacia mangium 7 years old (with FSC certification) ranges from 129.5-137.2 million/01ha The average profit/1m3 or 1 ton of wood material is about 0.9-1 million/01ha
4.1.5.2 Economic efficiency of the plan planting forests to produce paper materials
The calculation of investment efficiency (according to international practice) has the following results:
Table 3.9 Estimation of economic efficiency for one hectare of Acacia mangium plantation
forest (Average for all three soil classes)
3.1.6 The level of meeting economic - technical standards, criteria and indicators
Use the scoring interview question to assess the level of responsiveness of the 60 FSC
Trang 15indicators of GFA related to economic - technical factors, including standards 5, 7 and 8 Then combine the indicators of companies are classified into 2 categories: qualified type includes good index and fair index Unqualified category includes average and poor indicators The group of elements related to the economic-technical field includes 60 indicators In which, 48 indicators have met the requirements and 12 ones have not met the requirements Qualified technical - economic indicators include the following main areas: There is a plan for forest management according to regulations, a business plan, a planning map, and the current forest status Having financial statements, archiving investment records, minutes of harvesting There are transport routes, relatively reasonable transportation and so on
Indicators related to economic and technical requirements are not qualified, including areas such as: No monitoring of afforestation, harvesting, labor safety, health, etc., in accordance with Vinapaco's form and frequency Knowledge of harvesting techniques has not been re-disseminated The area of buffer zone on the digitized map still includes the area of the stream bed There are still branches and treetops when harvesting, which fall into the buffer zone, etc
3.2 Study and assess the environmental impacts of forest management according to FSC
3.2.1 Assess CO2 absorption capacity of Acacia mangium plantation
Based on the results of forest reserve calculated, the thesis calculates CO2 absorption capacity for forest area according to age classes and soil classes The results are shown as follows:
Table 3.10 Correlation between CO2 reserve and CO2 uptake capacity
of Acacia mangium forest
Unit: Area (ha); Reserve (m 3 ); CO2 content (ton/ha)
Total area (ha)
M real/ha (m 3 /ha)
CO 2
absorption (ton/ha)
Total amount
of CO 2
Total area (ha)
M real/ha (m 3 /ha)
CO 2
absorption (ton/ha)
Total amount
of CO 2
Total area (ha)
M real/ha (m 3 /ha)
CO 2
absorption (ton/ha)
Total amount
3.2.2 Evaluate the possibility of soil erosion of Acacia mangium plantation
The study of possibility of soil erosion of Acacia forests at forestry companies through collecting soil samples in the trough in accordance with the research sequence and drying the amount