Solution manual and test bank managerial accotung making decision and ma (2)

It is erroneous in those cases to multiply the unit cost by activity or volume change to predict changes in total costs at different activity or volume levels.. 2-8 Inventoriable costs

CHAPTER 2

AN INTRODUCTION TO COST TERMS AND PURPOSES

2-1 A cost object is anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired

Examples include a product, a service, a project, a customer, a brand category, an activity, and a department

2-2 Managers believe that direct costs that are traced to a particular cost object are more accurately assigned to that cost object than are indirect allocated costs When costs are allocated, managers are less certain whether the cost allocation base accurately measures the resources demanded by a cost object Managers prefer to use more accurate costs in their decisions

2-3 Factors affecting the classification of a cost as direct or indirect include:

 the materiality of the cost in question,

 available information-gathering technology,

 design of operations

2-4 A variable cost changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of total

activity or volume An example is a sales commission that is a percentage of each sales revenue dollar

A fixed cost remains unchanged in total for a given time period, despite wide changes

in the related level of total activity or volume An example is the leasing cost of a machine that is unchanged for a given time period (such as a year) regardless of the number of units of product produced on the machine

2-5 A cost driver is a variable, such as the level of activity or volume, that causally

affects total costs over a given time span A change in the cost driver results in a change in the level of total costs For example, the number of vehicles assembled is a driver of the costs

of steering wheels on a motor-vehicle assembly line

2-6 The relevant range is the band of normal activity level or volume in which there is a

specific relationship between the level of activity or volume and the cost in question Costs are described as variable or fixed with respect to a particular relevant range

2-7 A unit cost is computed by dividing some amount of total costs (the numerator) by the related number of units (the denominator) In many cases, the numerator will include a fixed cost that will not change despite changes in the denominator It is erroneous in those cases to multiply the unit cost by activity or volume change to predict changes in total costs

at different activity or volume levels

2-8 Inventoriable costs are all costs of a product that are considered as assets in the

balance sheet when they are incurred and that become cost of goods sold when the product is sold These costs are included in work-in-process and finished goods inventory (they are

“inventoried”) to accumulate the costs of creating these assets

Period costs are all costs in the income statement other than cost of goods sold These

costs are treated as expenses of the accounting period in which they are incurred because they are expected not to benefit future periods (because there is not sufficient evidence to

conclude that such benefit exists) Expensing these costs immediately best matches expenses

to revenues

2-9 A product cost is the sum of the costs assigned to a product for a specific purpose Purposes for computing a product cost include

 pricing and product mix decisions,

 contracting with government agencies, and

 preparing financial statements for external reporting under generally accepted accounting principles

2-10 The main issue between variable costing and absorption costing is the proper timing

of the release of fixed manufacturing costs as costs of the period:

a at the time of incurrence, or

b at the time the finished units to which the fixed overhead relates are sold

Variable costing uses (a) and absorption costing uses (b)

2-11 (15 min.) Computing and interpreting manufacturing unit costs

Manufacturing overhead costs 41.00 88.00 61.00 190.00

Fixed costs allocated at a rate

of $25M$50M (direct mfg

labor) equal to $0.50 per

dir manuf labor dollar

(0.50  $11; 20; 19) 5.50 10.00 9.50 25.00

Cost per unit (Total manuf

Variable manuf cost per unit

(Variable manuf costs

(in millions)

2 Based on total manuf cost

per unit ($2.80  90;

Correct total manuf costs based

on variable manuf costs plus

fixed costs equal

$1.51  140; $1.68  160)

The total manufacturing cost per unit in requirement 1 includes $25 million of indirect manufacturing costs that are fixed irrespective of changes in the volume of output per month, while the remaining variable indirect manufacturing costs change with the production volume Given the unit volume changes for August 2013, the use of total manufacturing cost per unit from the past month at a different unit volume level (both in aggregate and at the individual product level) will overestimate total costs of $765.40 million in August 2013 relative to the correct total manufacturing costs of $747.30 million calculated using variable manufacturing cost per unit times units produced plus the fixed costs of $25 million

2-12 (15 min.) Direct, indirect, fixed and variable costs

Depreciation on mixing machines—indirect, fixed (unless “units of output” depreciation,

which then would be variable)

Rent on factory building—indirect, fixed

Fire Insurance on factory building—indirect, fixed

Factory utilities—indirect, probably some variable and some fixed (e.g electricity may be

variable but heating costs may be fixed)

Finishing department hourly laborers—direct, variable (or fixed if the laborers are under a

union contract)

Mixing department manager—indirect, fixed

Materials handlers—depends on how they are paid If paid hourly and not under union

contract, then indirect, variable If salaried or under union contract then indirect, fixed

Custodian in factory —indirect, fixed

Night guard in factory—indirect, fixed

Machinist (running the mixing machine)—depends on how they are paid If paid hourly

and not under union contract, then indirect, variable If salaried or under union contract then indirect, fixed

Machine maintenance personnel—indirect, probably fixed, if salaried, but may be variable

if paid only for time worked and maintenance increases with increased production Maintenance supplies—indirect, variable

Cleaning supplies—indirect, most likely fixed since the custodians probably do the same

amount of cleaning every night

2 If the cost object is Mixing Department, then anything directly associated with the Mixing Department will be a direct cost This will include:

 Depreciation on mixing machines

 Mixing Department manager

 Materials handlers (of the Mixing Department)

 Machinist (running the mixing machines)

 Machine Maintenance personnel (of the Mixing Department)

 Maintenance supplies (if separately identified for the Mixing Department)

Of course the yeast and flour will also be a direct cost of the Mixing Department, but it is already a direct cost of each kind of bread produced

2-13 (15–20 min.) Classification of costs, service sector

Cost object: Each individual focus group

Cost variability: With respect to the number of focus groups

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items, especially with regard to cost variability

2-14 (15–20 min.) Classification of costs, merchandising sector

Cost object: DVDs sold in movie section of BBE store

Cost variability: With respect to changes in the number of DVDs sold

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items, especially with regard to cost variability

2-15 (15–20 min.) Classification of costs, manufacturing sector

Cost object: Type of car assembled (Teana or Murano)

Cost variability: With respect to changes in the number of cars assembled

There may be some debate over classifications of individual items, especially with regard to

2 In each region, Jackson chooses the plan that has the lowest cost From the graph (or

from calculations)*, we can see that if Ashton expects to use 0–212.50 minutes of

long-distance each month, she should buy Plan A; for 212.50–386.67 minutes, Plan B; and for

over 386.67 minutes, Plan C If Ashton plans to make 100 minutes of long-distance calls

each month, she should choose Plan A; for 320 minutes, choose Plan B; for 520 minutes,

choose Plan C

*Let x be the number of minutes when Plan A and Plan B have equal cost

$0.08x = $17

x = $17 ÷ $0.08 per minute = 212.50 minutes

Let y be the number of minutes when Plan B and Plan C have equal cost

2-17 (15–20 min.) Variable costs and fixed costs

1 Variable cost per ton of beach sand mined

Subcontractor $ 90 per ton

Government tax 30 per ton

Fixed costs per month

0 to 100 tons of capacity per day = $140,000

101 to 200 tons of capacity per day = $280,000

201 to 300 tons of capacity per day = $420,000

3

Tons Mined

per Day

Tons Mined per Month

Fixed Unit Cost per Ton

Variable Unit Cost per Ton

Total Unit Cost per Ton (1) (2) = (1) × 25 (3) = FC ÷ (2) (4) (5) = (3) + (4)

(a) 180 4,500 $280,000 ÷ 4,500 = $62.22 $120 $182.22

(b) 210 5,250 $420,000 ÷ 5,250 = $80.00 $120 $200.00

The unit cost for 210 tons mined per day is $200.00, while for 180 tons it is only $182.22 This difference is caused by the fixed cost increment from 101 to 200 tons being spread over

an increment of 80 tons, while the fixed cost increment from 201 to 300 tons is spread over

an increment of only 10 tons

2-18 (20 min.) Variable costs, fixed costs, relevant range

1 The production capacity is 4,500 jaw-breakers per month Therefore, the current annual relevant range of output is 0 to 4,500 jaw-breakers × 12 months = 0 to 54,000 jaw-breakers

2 Current annual fixed manufacturing costs within the relevant range are $700 × 12 =

$8,400 for rent and other overhead costs, plus $8,000 ÷ 10 = $800 for depreciation, totaling

Assume the second machine costs $8,000 and is depreciated using straight-line

depreciation over 10 years and zero residual value, just like the first machine This will add

$800 of depreciation per year

Fixed costs for next year will increase to $10,000 from $9,200 for the current year Note that rent and other fixed overhead costs will remain the same at $8,400 So, total fixed costs for next year equal $800 (depreciation on first machine) + $800 (depreciation on second machine) + $8,400 (rent and other fixed overhead costs)

The variable cost per jaw-breaker next year will be 90% × $0.40 = $0.36 Total

variable costs equal $0.36 per jaw-breaker × 74,400 jaw-breakers = $26,784

If Gumball decides to not increase capacity and meet only that amount of demand for which it has available capacity (4,500 jaw-breakers per month or 4,500 × 12 = 54,000 jaw-breakers per year), the variable cost per unit will be the same at $0.40 per jaw-breaker

Annual total variable manufacturing costs will increase to $0.40 × 4,500 jaw-breakers per month × 12 months = $21,600 Annual total fixed manufacturing costs will remain the same,

$9,200

2-19 (20 min.) Cost drivers and value chain

1 Identify customer needs (what do smartphone users want?) — Design of products and

processes

Perform market research on competing brands — Design of products and processes Design a prototype of the RMC smartphone — Design of products and processes

Market the new design to cell phone companies — Marketing

Manufacture the RMC smartphone — Production

Process orders from cell phone companies — Distribution

Package the RMC smartphones — Production

Deliver the RMC smartphones to the cell phone companies — Distribution

Provide online assistance to cell phone users for use of the RMC smartphone —

Customer Service

Make design changes to the RMC smartphone based on customer feedback — Design of products and processes

Identify customer needs Number of surveys returned and processed

from competing smartphone users

Number of design changes

Production Manufacture the RMC

smartphones

Machine hours required to run the production equipment

Package the RMC smartphones Number of smartphones shipped by RMC

Marketing Market the new design to cell

Deliver the RMC smartphones

to cell phone companies

Number of deliveries made to cell phone companies

Customer

Service

Provide on-line assistance to cell phone users for use of the RMC smartphone

Number of smartphones shipped by RMC Customer Service hours

2-20 (10–15 min.) Cost drivers and functions

1

Function Representative Cost Driver

1 Accounting Number of transactions processed

2 Human Resources Number of employees

3 Data processing Hours of computer processing unit (CPU)

4 Research and development Number of research scientists

5 Purchasing Number of purchase orders

6 Distribution Number of deliveries made

7 Billing Number of invoices sent

2

1 Accounting Number of journal entries made

2 Human Resources Salaries and wages of employees

3 Data Processing Number of computer transactions

4 Research and Development Number of new products being developed

5 Purchasing Number of different types of materials purchased

6 Distribution Distance traveled to make deliveries

7 Billing Number of credit sales transactions

2-21 (20 min.) Total costs and unit costs

attendees × variable cost per

person) 0 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 Total costs (fixed + variable) $3,200 $4,000 $4,800 $5,600 $6,400 $7,200 $8,000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

2.

Total costs

Costs per attendee (total

costsnumber of attendees) $40.00 $24.00 $18.67 $ 16.00 $ 14.40 $ 13.33

As shown in the table above, for 100 attendees the total cost will be $4,000 and the cost per attendee will be $40

3 As shown in the table in requirement 2, for 500 attendees the total cost will be $7,200 and the cost per attendee will be $14.40

4 Using the calculations shown in the table in requirement 2, we can construct the per-attendee graph shown below:

cost-0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2-22 (25 min.) Total and unit cost, decision making

Note that the production costs include the $23,000 of fixed manufacturing costs but not the

$17,000 of period costs The variable cost is $3 per flange for materials, and $2.50 per

flange ($25 per hour divided by 10 flanges per hour) for direct manufacturing labor for a total

of $5.50 per flange

2 The inventoriable (manufacturing) cost per unit for 4,000 flanges is

$5.50 × 4,000 + $23,000 = $45,000

Average manufacturing (unit) cost = $45,000 ÷ 4,000 units = $11.25 per unit

In order to make a profit, Geoffrey’s Glassworks also needs to cover the period

(non-manufacturing) costs of $17,000, or $17,000 ÷ 4,000 = $4.25 per unit

Thus total costs, both inventoriable (manufacturing) and period (non-manufacturing), for the

flanges is $11.25 + $4.25 = $15.50 Geoffrey’s Glassworks cannot sell below Flora’s price

of $10.50 and still make a profit on the flanges

Geoffrey’s Glassworks cannot sell below $10.50 per flange and make a profit At Flora’s

price of $10.50 per flange, the company has an operating loss of $20,000

3 If Geoffrey’s Glassworks produces 10,000 units, then total inventoriable cost will be:

Variable cost ($5.50 × 10,000) + fixed manufacturing costs, $23,000 = total manufacturing

costs, $78,000

Average (unit) inventoriable (manufacturing) cost will be $78,000 ÷ 10,000 units = $7.80 per flange

Unit total cost including both inventoriable and period costs will be

($78,000 +$17,000) ÷ 10,000 = $9.50 per flange, and Geoffrey’s Glassworks will be able to

sell the flanges for less than Flora and still make a profit

will earn operating income as long as the price exceeds $9.50 per flange

The reason the unit cost decreases significantly is that inventoriable (manufacturing) fixed

costs and fixed period (nonmanufacturing) costs remain the same regardless of the number of units produced So, as Geoffrey’s Glassworks produces more units, fixed costs are spread

over more units, and cost per unit decreases This means that if you use unit costs to make

decisions about pricing, and which product to produce, you must be aware that the unit cost

only applies to a particular level of output

2-23 (20–30 min.) Inventoriable costs versus period costs

1 Manufacturing-sector companies purchase materials and components and convert them into different finished goods

Merchandising-sector companies purchase and then sell tangible products without changing their basic form

Service-sector companies provide services or intangible products to their customers—for example, legal advice or audits

Only manufacturing and merchandising companies have inventories of goods for sale

2 Inventoriable costs are all costs of a product that are regarded as an asset when they are incurred and then become cost of goods sold when the product is sold These costs for a manufacturing company are included in work-in-process and finished goods inventory (they are “inventoried”) to build up the costs of creating these assets

Period costs are all costs in the income statement other than cost of goods sold These costs are treated as expenses of the period in which they are incurred because they are presumed not to benefit future periods (or because there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that such benefit exists) Expensing these costs immediately best matches expenses

to revenues

3 (a) Evian mineral water purchased for resale by Whole Foods—inventoriable cost of

a merchandising company It becomes part of cost of goods sold when the mineral water is sold

(b) Electricity used for lighting at Whirlpool refrigerator assembly plant—inventoriable cost of a manufacturing company It is part of the manufacturing overhead that

is included in the manufacturing cost of a refrigerator finished good

(c) Depreciation on Google’s computer equipment used to update directories of web sites—period cost of a service company Google has no inventory of goods for sale and, hence, no inventoriable cost

(d) Electricity used to provide lighting for Whole Foods’ store aisles—period cost of

a merchandising company It is a cost that benefits the current period and it is not traceable to goods purchased for resale

(e) Depreciation on Whirlpool’s assembly testing equipment—inventoriable cost of a manufacturing company It is part of the manufacturing overhead that is included in the manufacturing cost of a refrigerator finished good

(f) Salaries of Whole Foods’ marketing personnel—period cost of a merchandising company It is a cost that is not traceable to goods purchased for resale It is presumed not to benefit future periods (or at least not to have sufficiently reliable evidence to estimate such future benefits)

(g) Perrier mineral water consumed by Google’s software engineers—period cost of a service company Google has no inventory of goods for sale and, hence, no inventoriable cost

(h) Salaries of Google’s marketing personnel—period cost of a service company Google has no inventory of goods for sale and, hence, no inventoriable cost

2-24 (20 min.) Computing cost of goods purchased and cost of goods sold

Schedule of Cost of Goods Purchased For the Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in thousands)

164,000 Deduct:

Purchase returns and allowances $5,000

Purchase discounts 9,000 14,000

Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold For the Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in thousands)

Beginning merchandise inventory 1/1/2013 $ 25,000

Cost of goods purchased (see above) 150,000

Cost of goods available for sale 175,000

38,000 Ending merchandise inventory 12/31/2013

$137,000 Cost of goods sold

Income Statement Year Ended December 31, 2013

Marketing, distribution, and

customer service costs $30,000

2-25 (20 min.) Cost of goods purchased, cost of goods sold, and income statement

1a Carolina Retail Outlet Stores

Schedule of Cost of Goods Purchased For the Year Ended December 31, 2013

Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold For the Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in thousands)

Beginning merchandise inventory 1/1/2013 $ 33,750

Cost of goods purchased (see above) 187,500

Cost of goods available for sale 221,250

39,000 Ending merchandise inventory 12/31/2013

$182,250 Cost of goods sold

Income Statement Year Ended December 31, 2013

General and administrative costs 24,000

Total operating costs 42,650

2-26 (20 min.) Flow of Inventoriable Costs

(All numbers below are in millions)

1

Direct materials inventory 10/1/2013 $ 75

Direct materials available for production 410

Direct materials inventory 10/31/2013 $ 30

2

Total manufacturing overhead costs $ 495 Subtract: Variable manufacturing overhead costs (260) Fixed manufacturing overhead costs for October 2013 $ 235

3

Subtract: Direct materials used (from requirement 1) (380) Total manufacturing overhead costs (495) Direct manufacturing labor costs for October 2013 $ 705

4

Work-in-process inventory 10/1/2013 $ 215

Work-in-process available for production 1,795 Subtract: Cost of goods manufactured (moved into FG) (1,650) Work-in-process inventory 10/31/2013 $ 145

5

Finished goods inventory 10/1/2013 $ 165 Cost of goods manufactured (moved from WIP) 1,650 Cost of finished goods available for sale in October 2013 $ 1,815

6

Finished goods available for sale in October 2013

Finished goods inventory 10/31/2013 $ 55

2-27 (30–40 min.) Cost of goods manufactured, income statement, manufacturing

Depreciation—plant building & equipment 17,000

Add beginning work-in-process inventory, January 1, 2013 29,000

Deduct ending work-in-process inventory, December 31, 2013 22,000

Beginning finished goods, January 1, 2013 $ 16,000

Ending finished goods, December 31, 2013 25,000

Marketing, distribution, and customer-service costs 111,000

2-28 (25–30 min.) Income statement and schedule of cost of goods manufactured

Alderman Corporation Income Statement for the Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in millions)

Cost of goods sold

Beginning finished goods, Jan 1, 2013 $ 70

Cost of goods manufactured (below) 627

Cost of goods available for sale 697

Ending finished goods, Dec 31, 2013 54 643

Marketing, distribution, and customer-service costs 235

Alderman Corporation Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured for the Year Ended December 31, 2013

(in millions)

Direct materials costs

Beginning inventory, Jan 1, 2013 $ 19

Purchases of direct materials 305

Cost of direct materials available for use 324

Ending inventory, Dec 31, 2013 24

Indirect manufacturing costs

Depreciation––plant and equipment 60

Miscellaneous plant overhead 30 208 Manufacturing costs incurred during 2013 623 Add beginning work-in-process inventory, Jan 1, 2013 10 Total manufacturing costs to account for 633 Deduct ending work-in-process, Dec 31, 2013 6

2-29 (15–20 min.) Interpretation of statements (continuation of 2-28)

1 The schedule in 2-28 can become a Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold simply by including the beginning and ending finished goods inventory figures in the supporting schedule, rather than directly in the body of the income statement Note that the

term cost of goods manufactured refers to the cost of goods brought to completion (finished)

during the accounting period, whether they were started before or during the current accounting period Some of the manufacturing costs incurred are held back as costs of the ending work in process; similarly, the costs of the beginning work in process inventory become a part of the cost of goods manufactured for 2013

2 The sales manager’s salary would be charged as a marketing cost as incurred by both manufacturing and merchandising companies It is basically an operating cost that appears below the gross margin line on an income statement In contrast, an assembler’s wages would

be assigned to the products worked on Thus, the wages cost would be charged to Process and would not be expensed until the product is transferred through Finished Goods Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold as the product is sold

Work-in-3 The direct-indirect distinction can be resolved only with respect to a particular cost object For example, in defense contracting, the cost object may be defined as a contract Then, a plant supervisor working only on that contract will have his or her salary charged directly and wholly to that single contract

4 Direct materials used = $300,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $300 per unit

Depreciation on plant equipment = $60,000,000 ÷ 1,000,000 units = $60 per unit

5 Direct materials unit cost would be unchanged at $300 per unit Depreciation cost per unit would be $60,000,000 ÷ 1,200,000 = $50 per unit Total direct materials costs would rise

by 20% to $360,000,000 ($300 per unit × 1,200,000 units), whereas total depreciation would

be unchanged at $60,000,000

6 Unit costs are averages, and they must be interpreted with caution The $300 direct materials unit cost is valid for predicting total costs because direct materials is a variable cost; total direct materials costs indeed change as output levels change However, fixed costs like depreciation must be interpreted quite differently from variable costs A common error in cost analysis is to regard all unit costs as one—as if all the total costs to which they are

related are variable costs Changes in output levels (the denominator) will affect total

variable costs , but not total fixed costs Graphs of the two costs may clarify this point; it is

safer to think in terms of total costs rather than in terms of unit costs