CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 IELTS fighter giải chi tiết

Cambridge IELTS là bộ tài liệu do đại học Cambridge tổng hợp dựa trên đề thi thực tế các năm. Thông thường mỗi năm NXB sẽ phát hành 1 cuốn Xuyên suốt bộ sách học viên có thể thấy quá trình thay đổi của đề thi IELTS về độ khó cũng như một số cấu trúc trong đề thi. Theo phân tích của các chuyên gia luyện thi IELTS, đề thi IELTS đang khó dần lên theo thời gian, đề thì thường xuất hiện những chủ đề mới và khó, hướng đến đánh giá khả năng tư duy học thuật của người thi. Mình chia sẻ free trọn bộ IELTS Cambridge, tuy nhiên, tôi khuyên các học viên chỉ nên luyện đề từ Cam 6 trở đi. Các cuốn từ 15 chỉ để tham khảo vì không còn phù hợp với đề thi thực tế

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IELTS FIGHTER – TRUNG TÂM LUYỆN THI IELTS HÀNG ĐẦU VIỆT NAM 1

GIẢI CHI TIẾT CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8

Biên soạn: Đội ngũ giáo viên 8.5 IELTS Trung tâm luyện thi IELTS Fighter

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Hướng dẫn sử dụng tài liệu hiệu quả:

Cambridge IELTS là bộ tài liệu đề thi gần sát với đề thi thật do chính tổ chức Cambridge (tổ chức sáng lập kỳ thi IELTS phát hành) Chính vì vậy mà đây là nguồn tham khảo và luyện tập

vô cùng hiệu quả

Tuy nhiên, do thiếu phần hướng dẫn và giải chi tiết nên các học viên khi sử dụng bộ tài liệu này cảm thấy kho khẳn hơn Thấu hiểu điều đó mà tập thể giáo viên tại IELTS Fighter cả Hà Nội và

TP HCM đã chung tay nhau lại biên soạn bộ Giải đề Cambridge IELTS từ 7-11 Đây là món

quà trung tâm gửi tặng các chiến binh IELTS trên cả nước làm vũ khí chinh phục điểm cao trong kì thi IELTS nhé!

Để sử dụng bộ tài liệu hiệu quả các em cần:

Làm đề để xem mức độ bản thân hiện tại và cải thiện hướng học tập

Nếu các em chưa đến ngày thi (còn lớn hơn 1 tháng) thì không nên sử dụng đề thi để luyện mà các em nên sử dụng đề để xem mình yếu phần nào, hổng ở đâu và học tập nhé!

Các em có thể làm 1 đề và kiểm tra trình độ bản thân, sau một thời gian làm lại xem thử sự tiến

bộ của bản thân như thế nào

Làm đề trước khi xem đáp án – giải chi tiết!

Để học tập tốt, các em nên làm đề và tự chấm – kiểm tra bài làm của mình rồi mới xem đáp án, giải chi tiết Khi đó các em mới rút ra được những bài học cho bản thân mình tốt nhất Đừng quên rút ra các điểm hay của hướng dẫn, bài mẫu cho bản thân nhé!

Hãy làm lại thêm lần nữa!

Tất nhiên rồi, sau khi rút ra các điều trên thì các em nên làm lại và áp dụng để ghi nhớ nhé Nếu

có thể, các em làm lại nhiều lần là tốt nhất ^^

Gần thi, hãy bấm thời gian!

Tạo áp lực, căn thời gian và điều chỉnh lại cách làm bài của bản thân là điều cần thiết trong mọi

kì thi IELTS cũng vậy các em nhé!

Đội ngũ giáo viên IELTS Fighter!

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Lưu ý:

1 Bộ tài liệu có sử dụng các nguồn tham khảo khác nhau để giúp tài liệu tốt hơn nhé các em!

2 Tài liệu không có phần giải Listening vì nó thực sự không cần thiết

Tổng hợp 1 số chia sẻ hay của IELTS Fighter

 IELTS là gì? Tất tần tật về kỳ thi IELTS: XEM NGAY

 Đề thi thử IELTS, tổng hợp đề thi IELTS hay: XEM NGAY

 Top 7 địa chỉ học IELTS tốt ở Hà Nội: XEM NGAY

 15 cuốn sách học IELTS cho người mất gốc: XEM NGAY

 Lộ trình tự học IELTS online từ 0-5.0: XEM NGAY

 Lộ trình tự học IELTS online từ 5.0-6.5: XEM NGAY

 Lộ trình tự học IELTS tại nhà từ 0-7.0 IELTS: XEM NGAY

 Tổng hợp tài liệu IELTS cho người mới bắt đầu: XEM NGAY

Kênh Youtube của IELTS Fighter: https://www.youtube.com/IELTSFighter

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Table of Contents

PRACTICE TEST 1 9

READING 9

PASSAGE 1 9

GỢI Ý CHỮA ĐỀ 14

PASSAGE 2 16

PASSAGE 3 22

WRITING 28

WRITING TASK 1 28

WRITING TASK 2 30

SPEAKING 33

PART 1 33

PART 2 36

PART 3 37

PRACTICE TEST 2 42

READING 43

PASSAGE 1 43

PASSAGE 2 47

PASSAGE 3 54

WRITING 61

WRITING TASK 1 61

WRITING TASK 2 63

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SPEAKING 66

PART 1 66

PART 2 69

GỢI Ý CHỮA ĐỀ 69

PART 3 71

PRACTICE TEST 3 76

READING 76

PASSAGE 1 76

PASSAGE 2 81

PASSAGE 3 86

WRITING 93

WRITING TASK 1 93

WRITING TASK 2 95

SPEAKING 98

PART 1 98

PART 2 101

PART 3 102

PRACTICE TEST 4 107

READING 107

PASSAGE 1 107

PASSAGE 2 114

PASSAGE 3 119

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WRITING 125

WRITING TASK 1 125

WRITING TASK 2 127

SPEAKING 130

PART 1 130

PART 2 132

PART 3 134

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B

Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year

C

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Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years

D

In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe

E

The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number

of systems evolved The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight

F

The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; It was the part called the escapement In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing

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tension of its mainspring By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient

G

To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floorstanding case design, which became known as the grandfather clock

H

Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H , in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet

1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures

2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in

farming communities

3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock

4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time

using uniform hours

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Questions 5-8

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below

Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F

Write the correct letter, A-F , in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet

5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length

6 They divided the day into two equal halves

7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper

8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules

Questions 9-13

Label the diagram below

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet

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How the 1670 lever-based device worked

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GỢI Ý CHỮA ĐỀ

Câu Đáp án Giải thích

1 D …they could not always be depended on in the cloudy

and often freezing weather of northern Europe

 Cold temperatures= freezing weather

2 B In more northern climes, however, where seasonal

agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial

 The importance = crucial

 Agriculture = farming

3 F By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised,

but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient

 Keyword: pendulum clock

4 E …arose the question of when to begin counting, and so,

in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved

 Uniform hours: arose the question of when to begin counting

5 B Thông tin được tìm thấy ở đoạn C: Centuries before the

Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year

 Equal in length: having 12 months of 30 days

6 F Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn E: French, hours, which split

the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight

 Two equal halves: two 12-hour periods

7 D Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn G: To address this, a variation

on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor

8 A Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn A: the Babylonians began to

measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate

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communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and,

in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting

 To organize= To plan

 Public events and work schedule: the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting

9 (ship’s) anchor/

(an/the) anchor

Dựa vào thông tin được tìm thấy ở đoạn G:

To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel , in turn allowing

it to turn a precise amount Unlike the original form used

in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floorstanding case design, which became known as the grandfather clock

10 (escape) wheel

11 Tooth

12 (long) pendulum

13 Second

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C

In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin

of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air

D

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do This is a very incomplete part of the picture The FAA realised that the airspace over the United

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States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed

to accommodate all of them

E

To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to

go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded

by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace

F

The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely

On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be held

G

Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes The difference between Class E and

A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass

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an increasingly rigorous set of regulations For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

Example Answer

Paragraph B X

List of Headings

i Disobeying FAA regulations

ii Aviation disaster prompts action

iii Two coincidental developments

iv Setting altitude zones

v An oversimplified view

vi Controlling pilots’ licences

vii Defining airspace categories

viii Setting rules to weather conditions

ix Taking off safely

x First steps towards ATC

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Questions 20-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine

21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956

22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today

23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR

26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city

14 Ii Aviation disaster prompts action (Thảm họa hàng không đã tạo

ra/ gây nên những giải pháp phản hồi)

 Keyword: aviation disaster Một tai nạn tại Grand Canyon năm 1956 đã cho thấy nhu cầu thành lập một tổ chức nhằm quản lý việc vận hành máy bay tại Mỹ Dẫn đến sự ra đời của Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

15 Iii Two coincidental developments (Hai sự phát triển trùng hợp)

 Keyword: two coincidental

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It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation

of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous , for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air

16 V An oversimplified view (Một cái nhìn quá đơn giản hóa, chưa

toàn diện)

 Oversimplified Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting

in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do This is a very incomplete part of the picture

17 Iv Setting altitude zones (Đặt ra altitude zones) (altitude: Độ cao so

với mặt nước biển)

 Keyword: altitude ATC extends over virtually the entire United States In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface

18 viii Setting rules to weather conditions (Đặt ra các quy định đối với

điều kiện thời tiết)

 Keyword: weather conditions The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments

In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety

On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR

or IFR flight plan…

19 Vii Defining airspace categories (Định hình/ xác định các phân loại

không gian bay)

 Keyword: airspace, categories

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Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet

20 FALSE Thông tin được tìm thấy ở đoạn C:

It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted

in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air

21 FALSE Thông tin đoạn B:

Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the

Grand Canyon disaster

22 NOT GIVEN Không tìm thấy thông tin khẳng định/ phủ định

23 TRUE Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn C:

…and improved radio communication brought about by the

Second World War

24 TRUE In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire

country is blanketed by controlled airspace In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface

25 FALSE Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn G:

The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in

Class A, all operations are IFR,

26 TRUE Thông tin tìm thấy ở đoạn G

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Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them

Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried

to produce definitive scientific proof and failed Sceptics and advocates alike do concur

on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the called 'ganzfeld' experiments, a German term that means 'whole field' Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth

so-The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from

a large image bank The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room

Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent - a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance

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The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy But there was a crucial flaw in this argument - one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results These ranged from 'sensory leakage' - where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver - to outright fraud In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research

After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests - an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by

a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent And that is what researchers do seem to be finding

What they are certainly not finding, however, is any change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy The problem stems at least

in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy

Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds Answering such questions would transform parapsychology This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University

of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy

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Questions 27-30

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G , below

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet

A the discovery of a mechanism for telepathy

B the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy

C their claims of a high success rate

D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing

E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments

F a more careful selection of subjects

G a need to keep altering conditions

27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on

28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated

29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with

30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve with

Questions 31-40

Complete the table below

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet

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random selection of four,

and a 33…………, who

then tried to identify it

Hit-rates were higher than with random guessing

Positive results could be produced by factors such

38…………

The 39………… between

different test results was put down to the fact that

sample groups were

not 40………… (as with

most ganzfeld studies)

27 E Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue,

however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld' experiments

28 B Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during

meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between

people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity

…such signals might be more easily detected by those

experiencing meditation-like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth

29 A …most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy The

problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy

30 F Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to

identify people who are particularly successful in

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autoganzfeld trials Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average

31 Sender The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would

attempt to beam the image over to the ' receiver ' relaxing in the sealed room

32 picture/

image

In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved

identification of a picture chosen from a random

selection of four taken from a large image bank

 Pick out on e picture = a picture chosen from …

33 Receiver The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would

attempt to beam the image over to the ' receiver ' relaxing in

the sealed room

 Try to identify = Attempt to beam

36 Computers After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests -

an automated variant of the technique which used computers

to perform many of the key tasks such as the

random selection of images

 Keyword: key tasks

37 human

involvement

By minimising human involvement, the idea was to

minimise the risk of flawed results

 To limit the amount of = To minimize

38

meta-analysis

In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a ' meta-analysis ', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies

 Keyword: the results

39 lack of

consistency

Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of

consistency between individual ganzfeld studies

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 Different test = individual ganzfeld studies

40 big/large

enough

…it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study

involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough

 Keyword: sample groups

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WRITING

WRITING TASK 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant

Write at least 150 words

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Gợi ý - Mở đầu bằng việc dùng từ ngữ của chính mình giới thiệu lại

hai biểu đồ

- Phần thân bài, cấu trúc bài theo dạng block, block đầu nói về pie chart, block sau nói về table

- Liệt kê chi tiết các số liệu bằng phép so sánh

- Kết bài chốt lại những nguyên nhân được liệt kê trong bài

Bài mẫu The pie chart and table show how land around the world was degraded

during the 1990s –the former on a worldwide scale and the latter in

Worldwide, over-grazing was the biggest cause of land degradation (35%), with deforestation causing 30% and over-cultivation causing slightly less (28%) Other factors caused 7% of land degradation

The table shows that, during the 1990s, 23% of the land in Europe was degraded, more than in Oceania (13%) and far more than in North America (5%) In Oceania, over-grazing was primarily responsible for land degradation, with deforestation accounting for far less and none caused through over-cultivation In North America, over-cultivation was the main reason, with about a third of land degradation being caused by over-grazing and very little being caused by deforestation

In Europe, deforestation was responsible for about 40% of the land degradation, over-cultivation about 30% and over-grazing about 20%

To summarise, land degradation was due to three main factors and these factors differed in proportion in different regions

Phân tích - Người viết áp dụng biện pháp paraphrase để tránh lặp lại từ

trong bài Ví dụ: cause, responsible for, account for

- Việc sử dụng các trạng từ, tính từ có tác dụng lớn trong việc thể hiện mức số liệu và tính chất: primarily, far less and none, main, very little, far more than, slightly less, …

- Cấu trúc bài rõ ràng, có đề cập đến các số liệu được cung cấp

- Câu ghép, câu phức nhiều

Từ vựng - To be responsible for = To account for= To be accountable for

- To differ in sth

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Cấu trúc hay In North America, over-cultivation was the main reason, with about a

third of land degradation being caused by over-grazing and very little being caused by deforestation

WRITING TASK 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task Write about the following topic:

Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members

of society Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own

knowledge or experience

Write at least 250 words

Gợi ý - Đề bài yêu cầu tập trung vào cả 2 phía

- Định nghĩa như thế nào là good member of society

- Mở bài nên giới thiệu cả hai luồng ý kiến, sau đó nêu rõ ý kiến

cá nhân của mình

- Thân bài khooảng 2-3 blocks, sẽ phân chia để liệt kê ra các supporting ideas cho suy nghĩa của mình, và đề cập đến hai phía nhà trường và gia đình

- Kết bài chốt lại suy nghĩa của mình một lần nữa

Bài mẫu #1

Some people believe parents should teach their children to be good members of society, but I and others think school is the main place for this to be taught

The main reason why I think schools should primarily be responsible for teaching children to be good members of society is that children spend more time at school with teachers than with their parents The children are also in a formal learning environment This combination

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provides more opportunities for teachers to show children how to behave as good members of society The teachers can also ensure that all the children have the same chance to learn the same things about being good members of society

If parents are made more responsible for teaching their children to be good members of society, then many parents might find they do not have the time for this Parents have many responsibilities such as work and taking care of the home Of course, many parents will naturally prefer to do other things with their children, such as having fun and visiting places of interest In addition, some parents might not

be as experienced as teachers at teaching children, so the children might not learn as well as at school

There will always be plenty of parents who have the time, willingness and ability to teach their children to be good members of society However, many more will find it difficult and need extra help Some will ask other parents or consult books or websites I do not think there

is anything wrong with this, but we should not assume that all parents will do it

In summary, I think parents will often teach their children to be good members of society, but this should mainly be done at schools

#2

I think that the main responsibility for teaching children to be good members of society lies with parents rather than schools and shall outline my reasons in this essay

I think that most parents know their children well enough to be able to teach them to be good members of society At school, children are often in large classes and therefore do not receive so much individual attention When teaching children to be good members of society, I think that this individual attention is important, because some will have learnt about membership of society and others not The parents will generally know this and be able to fill any missing gaps in their child’s knowledge

Secondly, parents and their children will probably spend more time together in a variety of social situations, whereas teachers and their students spend most of their time together in the classroom The variety of social situations gives the parents more teaching opportunities, for example while shopping, at public events and at family gatherings Of course, these opportunities give children the

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chance to learn to be good members of society from other adults, not only from their parents

Thirdly, I believe that schools and teachers should focus on academic subjects There is often little enough time for these at schools, so making parents responsible for non- academic things, such as teaching children to become good members of society is a good idea However, there will be opportunities for teachers to point out in class how children can be good members of society, for example when teaching children about the environment

To conclude, I think there are clear advantages in having both parents and schools teach children how to be good members of society, but parents should take most of the responsibility

Phân tích bài

mẫu - Hai bài mẫu trên đứng về hai bên đối lập nhau Tuy nhiên, cách triển khai ý tưởng lại giống nhau Phần thân bài đều liệt kê ra

các lý do để chứng minh cho ý tưởng của mình

- Các bài viết dùng từ “main responsibility” đã làm bài viết nhẹ nhàng hơn, chứ không cứng nhắc khi dùng “only”

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1 How well do you know the people who live next door to you?

2 How often do you see them? [Why/Why not?]

3 What kinds of problem do people sometimes have with their neighbours?

4 How do you think neighbours can help each other?

Câu hỏi 1 How well do you know the people who live next door to you?

Gợi ý Tập trung trả lời vào việc mức độ thân quen với hàng xóm của mình:

rất thân, xã giao, hay chưa bao giờ trò chuyện Nếu sống ở nông thôn,quan hệ với hàng xóm là khá quan trọng Nhưng mối quan hệ này

to know who they really are or even to socialize with them? It’ll be all good to me as long as they’re not terrorists or some homicide fugitives

#2

Well, I can’t say I know my neighbors very well, but I guess I do know something about them, like where they’re from and what they do for a living

Từ vựng gợi

ý well, rarely, meet, encounter, come across with, be acquainted with, stranger, amicable, hospitable

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Câu hỏi 2 How often do you see them? [Why/Why not?]

Gợi ý Tập trung vào tần số "thường xuyên", có thể là "rất thường xuyên",

có thể là "hiếm" hoặc "không bao giờ" Thí sinh cũng có thể nói thêm hàng xóm của họ phải làm gì, hoặc những loại phản ứng của bản thân mình khi gặp hàng xóm

Bài trả lời

mẫu #1

Though I can’t help bumping into them from time to time, we never really talked You know, it’s like you just don’t feel like talking to a stranger unless he/she first speaks to you And I guess he thinks the same about me

#2

I guess it’s quite often I keep running into them either before work or after work That’s when we all stand in the hallway waiting for the elevator to come Then we would talk about just this and that, some small talks

ý everyday, in the morning, at night, once in a while, from time to time, frequently, bump into, run into

Câu hỏi 3 What kinds of problem do people sometimes have with their

neighbours?

Gợi ý Sống gần nhau thì không tránh khỏi phát sinh những xung đột, vì tất

cả mọi người có tính tình và những vấn đề riêng khác nhau Thông thường phàn nàn nhiều nhất mà chúng ta có về hàng xóm của mình là

ồn ào, vứt rác bừa bãi…

mẫu #1

Well, I’ve never had any problems with my neighbors or maybe just not yet But I’ve heard people talk about it from time to time And it seems

to me that people complain about the noise their neighbors make quite

a lot Apart from that, I just can’t think of anything else right now

#2

The biggest problem a lot of people have with their neighbors is the public space in the hallway Look, I have a neighbor who puts his

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motorbike in there Not only does his motorbike make the whole place look bad, but also it’s unsafe in case of emergency, say fire or earthquake I really hate it

ý trouble, quarrel, fight, dispute, conflict, interest, selfish, public space, communal space

Câu hỏi 4 How do you think neighbours can help each other?

Gợi ý Hàng xóm có thể giúp đỡ lẫn nhau về các việc lặt vặt như di chuyển

bàn ghế, trông nhà khi đi vắng đến các trường hợp khẩn cấp khác

mẫu

#1 It’s not really easy for neighbors to help each other if they’re not acquainted well That I mean small help, but I guess neighbors can really come in handy in case of emergency That’s all I have now in mind at the moment

#2

There are quite a lot of things neighbors can do to help each other from moving some furniture to looking after child, from car sharing to property watching Anyway, nothing comes handy like communal help when you really need it So everyone should start socializing with their neighbors if not more often

ý While the grass grows, the horse starves; Slow remedy cannot meet an emergency; urgency, lend a hand, come handy, aid, assist, watch

over, look after

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PART 2

Describe a time when you were asked to give your opinion in a questionnaire or survey

You should say:

what the questionnaire/survey was about

why you were asked to give your opinions

what opinions you gave

and explain how you felt about giving your opinions in this questionnaire

/survey

You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes

You have one minute to think about what you are going to say

You can make some notes to help you if you wish

Câu hỏi Describe a time when you were asked to give your opinion in a

questionnaire or survey

Gợi ý Nội dung của các cuộc khảo sát có thể rất đa dạng, chẳng hạn như

cuộc khảo sát xu hướng tiêu dùng, khảo sát sự hài lòng của khách hàng đối với dịch vụ Các hình thức điều tra cũng có thể được thay đổi, điều tra đường phố, các cuộc điều tra trực tuyến và vv

Có thể đơn giản chúng ta được chọn ngẫu nhiên để trả lời khảo sát hoặc phải đáp ứng một số yêu cầu đặc biệt Trong khảo sát đấy, chúng

ta đã trả lời như thế nào với những câu hỏi, và cảm xúc khi làm khảo sát thế nào Có cảm thấy khảo sát này hiệu quả không

mẫu One time there was a student of mine who asked me to give opinions on consumers’ choice of healthy food In the beginning, I tried to politely

decline his request, but he was quite persistent and kept bugging until

I finally gave up and agreed to fill out his questionnaire I asked him,

“Why me?” He smiled and said nothing It’s not until recently did he tell

me that it was actually not a survey on any food preference, but actually

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a psychological test on how people would react to persistent request Hell, I felt like I’ve been tricked But, anyway, when he pushed me the questionnaire, I at least patiently answered all the questions, what is

my definition of healthy food, how often I eat healthy food and stuff I just wish I would never come across with anything like this anymore It makes me feel like I’ve been used and hoodwinked

#2

This is a customer satisfaction survey I’m going to talk about Once I had dinner in a restaurant with my friends After we paid our bill, a manager-looking guy came to us, smiled and said, “Would you mind kindly giving us a feedback on our food and service that we may improve in the future?” “Why, I wouldn’t mind, but what perks would you give us?” I thought to myself Before I could spell out my mind, the manager spoke and said, “As gratitude, we would give you this 100-dollar coupon “Well, what could I say now? So I said his food was good and service was superb that he didn’t need to worry about improving

or anything Blah, blah, blah Having said this, I felt very good, because

I felt I was really treated like god I hope every other restaurants or business firms could learn from this restaurant and pay due attention

to their customers’ opinions

ý

consumers’ preference, customers’ satisfaction, paper-based, based, interview, face- to-face, duration, length, participate, operate, representative sample, random selection, present opinion, biased view, prejudice against, summarize

internet-PART 3

Discussion topics:

Asking questions

Example questions:

1 What kinds of organisation want to find out about people’s opinions?

2 Do you think that questionnaires or surveys are good ways of finding out people’s opinions?

3 What reasons might people have for not wanting to give their opinions?

Questionnaires in school

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Example questions:

4 Do you think it would be a good idea for schools to ask students their opinions about lessons?

5 What would the advantages for schools be if they asked students their opinions?

6 Would there be any disadvantages in asking students’ opinions?

Câu hỏi 1 What kinds of organisation want to find out about people’s

opinions?

Gợi ý Thông thường các công ty rất quan tâm về ý kiến của ngơời khác, đặc

biệt là khách hàng Vì họ muốn biết khách hàng có những cảm nhận, đóng góp như thế nào cho công ty hoặc sản phẩm, dịch vụ Tuy nhiên, các công ty nhà nước thông thường lại không quan tâm lắm đến ý kiến khách hàng

mẫu

#1 Well, I guess a lot of organizations would do, especially those governmental enterprises I believe they would pay more attention to what their customers and staffs think, because their choices and decisions directly affect the survival and demise of the company

non-#2 It’s hard to say what kinds of organization care to find out about people’s opinions, but I do know what kinds of organization don’t care: the governmental organizations at various levels of an authoritarian regime, because they don’t care about what you think, they only demand blind submission

ý

customer, client, staff, enterprise, care about, be concerned about, be interested in, feedback, improve, renovate

Câu hỏi 2 Do you think that questionnaires or surveys are good ways of

finding out people’s opinions?

Gợi ý Cũng có thể coi là tốt, chi phí thấp Tuy nhiên, có một vài hạn chế như

đôi khi không mô tả được hết phản hồi của người trả lời khảo sát

mẫu

#1 Yes, I do think so, because the cost of doing questionnaires or surveys is very low and they are easy to operate The surveyors are easy to train Samples can be easily collected What else could you ask when you have cheap source of data and easy-to-operate scheme? So I’m totally for questionnaires or surveys

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#2 No, I don’t think data collected through questionnaires or surveys can truly reflect people’s thinking Look, would you happily give out what you think when people solicit information by bugging you So I never trust questionnaires or surveys

Gợi ý Thông thường lý do làm người ta không muốn đưa ra ý kiến là vì câu

hỏi hoặc vấn đề có liên quan đến những thông tin cá nhân Những khi không muốn đưa ra ý kiến, người ta hay dùng các lý do như bận, hoặc đang suy nghĩ

mẫu #1 Well, I don’t know about others But I always use“busy”or“I’m occupied at the moment”as excuses to slip off I guess there must be

a lot of others like me

#2 I guess some people would feel reluctant if asked to give their personal information or asked to give opinions on sensitive issues Of course nobody wants any trouble

ý

busy, occupies, none of someone’s business, sensitive topic, too personal, too private, having no idea, being clueless

Câu hỏi 4 Do you think it would be a good idea for schools to ask

students their opinions about lessons?

Gợi ý Có hai hướng suy nghĩ Điểm tốt là học sinh có thể tham dự vào bài

giảng, và có thể có những ý kiến hay Điểm xấu là đôi khi những ý kiến của học sinh do chưa được trang bị kiến thức tốt về lĩnh vực nên ý kiến

có thể sai lệch, dẫn đến nội bộ không thống nhất

mẫu

#1 I’m sorry I just have no idea about this, because this topic itself has been disputed by a lot of experts and educationists So far no consensus has been made Some of their ideas even contradict each other So I don’t really know

#2

Well, yes and no Asking students their opinions is a great leap forward toward education reformation But it has both advantages and disadvantages, all of which have to be thought through and carefully measured before any major steps are taken

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ý school administrator, board, management team, solicit opinions, construct questionnaire/ interview/survey, developmental

psychologists, educationists, contradictory views

Câu hỏi 5 What would the advantages for schools be if they asked

students their opinions?

Gợi ý Lợi ích đầu tiên là nhà trường có thể thiết kế chương trình theo nhu

cầu của học viên, thông qua đó cải thiện chất lượng dạy và học

mẫu #1 One of the major advantages is that schools can customize their courses according to students’ needs that students can freely select

teachers and textbooks By doing so, it is believed that students will be more active or motivated to engage themselves in learning

#2

The most obvious advantage is that schools can get not only first-hand but also timely feedback from students about the education service they provide and therefore will be able to make adjustment to better meet students’ needs Apart from this, there must be many other advantages, but this is the most obvious one I can think of now at this moment

ý construct course according to needs, promote active learning, address students’ needs, meet students’ demands

Câu hỏi 6 Would there be any disadvantages in asking students’

opinions?

Gợi ý Điểm trừ là những ý kiến tiêu cực, và không suy nghĩ kỹ của học sinh

có thể khiến mọi thứ trở nên lộn xộn và rắc rối

mẫu

#1 Well, once schools start asking students’ opinions, all kinds of ideas will start to pour in, realistic and unrealistic, constructive and unconstructive, even destructive It’ll only make schools look bad if schools don’t make any response to students’ suggestions But what can you do if all that students ask is less work, more play I mean, children are just not old, mature enough to get involved in this If schools want to reform, they should rely on their own experiences and wisdom

#2 What disadvantages could there possibly be? I don’t believe there are any disadvantages We should regularly consult students’ opinions on how we should do better about education After all, we

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