chap07 pps Automotive technology at University of Cambridge

Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition accordance with state and federal regulations and follow prope

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Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition

accordance with state and federal regulations

and follow proper safety precautions while

handling hazardous waste materials.

and store automotive chemicals and waste.

After studying Chapter 7, the reader should

be able to:

OBJECTIVES:

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Aboveground Storage Tank (AGST) • asbestosis •

Battery Council International (BCI)

Clean Air Act (CAA) • Code of Federal Regulations

(CFR) • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) •

hazardous waste material • mercury • mesothelioma •

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) • Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • right-to-know

laws

solvent • underground storage tank (UST) • Workplace

Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS)

KEY TERMS:

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By James D Halderman

4

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT

The United States Congress passed the Occupational Safety and

Health Act (OSHA) in 1970.

This legislation was designed to assist and encourage the citizens

of the United States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful

working conditions by providing research, information, education,

and training in the field of occupational safety and health

Approximately 25% of workers are exposed to health and safety

hazards on the job OSHA standards are necessary to monitor,

control, and educate workers regarding health and safety in the

workplace

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HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste materials are chemicals or components the

shop no longer needs and pose a danger to people and the

environment if disposed of in ordinary garbage cans or sewers

Material is not considered hazardous waste until the shop has

finished using it and is ready to dispose of it

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes a list of

hazardous materials, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

The EPA considers waste hazardous if it is on the EPA list of

hazardous materials or has one or more of these characteristics:

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Reactive Any material which reacts violently with water or other

chemicals is considered hazardous

Corrosive If a material burns the skin, or dissolves metals and

other materials, consider it hazardous

A pH scale is used, with number 7 indicating neutral Pure water

has a pH of 7 Lower numbers indicate an acidic solution, higher

numbers a caustic solution

If a material releases cyanide gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, or

similar gases when exposed to low pH acid solutions, it is

considered hazardous

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Toxic Materials are hazardous if they leak one or more of eight

different heavy metals in concentrations greater than 100 times

the primary drinking water standard

Ignitable A liquid is hazardous if it has a flash point below

140°F (60°C), and a solid is hazardous if it ignites spontaneously

Radioactive A substance emitting measurable levels of radiation

is radioactive

When individuals bring containers of a radioactive substance into

the shop environment, qualified personnel with the appropriate

equipment must test them

Continued

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know laws This includes respirator equipment All recommended

procedures must be followed accurately Personal injury may result from

improper clothing, equipment, and procedures when handling hazardous

materials.

Hazardous waste disposal laws include serious penalties for anyone

responsible for breaking these laws.

CAUTION: When handling hazardous waste material, one must always

wear the proper protective clothing and equipment detailed in the right-to

know laws This includes respirator equipment All recommended

procedures must be followed accurately Personal injury may result from

improper clothing, equipment, and procedures when handling hazardous

materials.

Hazardous waste disposal laws include serious penalties for anyone

responsible for breaking these laws.

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Federal and state laws control disposal of hazardous waste Every

shop employee must be familiar with these laws

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) states

hazardous material users are responsible for such materials from

the time they become waste until proper disposal is completed

Many shops hire independent haulers to dispose of hazardous

waste material A shop may also choose to recycle the material

Therefore, the user must store hazardous waste material properly

and safely and be responsible for it until it can be processed

according to the law

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY

ACT (RCRA)

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The RCRA controls these types of automotive waste:

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY

Paint and body repair products waste

Solvents for parts and equipment cleaning

Batteries and battery acid

Mild acids used for metal cleaning and preparation

Waste oil, and engine coolants or antifreeze

Air-conditioning refrigerants and oils

Engine oil filters

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RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAWS

The right-to-know laws state employees have a right to know

when the materials they use at work are hazardous

The right-to know laws started with the Hazard Communication

Standard published by the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) in 1983, originally intended for chemical

companies and manufacturers

Federal courts have applied these laws to all companies, including

automotive service shops Under the laws, employees must be

trained about hazardous materials they will encounter

The employees must be informed of their rights under legislation

regarding the handling of hazardous materials

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CLEAN AIR ACT

Air-conditioning (A/C) systems and refrigerant are regulated by the

Clean Air Act (CAA), Title VI, Section 609.

Technician certification and service equipment are also regulated,

and techs working on automotive A/C systems must be certified

A/C refrigerants must not be released or vented into the atmosphere, and used refrigerants must be recovered

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

All hazardous materials must be properly labeled, and information

about each material, available from the manufacturer, posted on

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

In Canada, these documents are called Workplace Hazardous

Materials Information Systems (WHMIS).

The employer has a responsibility to place Material Safety Data

Sheets where they are easily accessible by all employees

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Figure 7–1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be readily available for use by

anyone in the area who may come into contact with hazardous materials

MSDS information

station.

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Chemical name and physical characteristics

Protective handling equipment; explosion and fire hazards

Incompatible materials; health hazards

Medical conditions aggravated by exposure

Emergency and first-aid procedures,

Safe handling and spill/leak procedures

Both the MSDS and the WHMIS provide this information:

The employer must ensure all hazardous materials are properly

labeled The label must include health, fire, and reactivity hazards, and protective equipment necessary to handle the material

This information must be read and understood employees before

handling the material

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THE DANGERS OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS

Friction materials, such as brake and clutch linings, often contain asbestos Eliminated from

most original equipment materials, the tech cannot know if a vehicle being serviced is

equipped with friction materials containing asbestos

It is important all friction materials be handled as if they contain asbestos Exposure can cause

scar tissue in the lungs, a permanent condition called asbestosis.

Continued

CAUTION: Never use compressed air to blow brake dust The fine talc- like brake dust can create a health hazard even if asbestos is not present or

is present in dust rather than fiber form.

CAUTION: Never use compressed air to blow brake dust The fine talc- like brake dust can create a health hazard even if asbestos is not present or

is present in dust rather than fiber form.

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Even low exposures to can cause mesothelioma, a fatal cancer of

the chest or abdominal cavity It can increase risk of cancer of the

lung, voice box, stomach, and large intestine It usually takes 15

to 30 years for scarring to appear, called the latency period.

Government agencies recommend that asbestos exposure should

be eliminated or controlled to the lowest level possible

These agencies developed recommendations and standards that

the service tech and equipment manufacturer should follow

These agencies include the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA), and the US Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA)

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Once asbestos is wetted down, it is considered solid rather than

hazardous waste Old brake shoes and pads should be enclosed

in a plastic bag to help prevent any material becoming airborne

Always follow current federal and local

laws concerning disposal of all waste.

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USED BRAKE FLUID

Most brake fluid is made from polyglycol, is water soluble, and

considered hazardous if it has absorbed metals from the brake

system Safety tips when handling used brake fluid:

Collect brake fluid in containers clearly marked for the purpose

If your waste brake fluid is hazardous, manage it appropriately

If nonhazardous, determine from your local waste collection

provider what should be done for proper disposal

Do not mix brake fluid with used engine oil unless otherwise

notified by the licensed recycler

Do not pour brake fluid down drains or onto the ground

Recycle brake fluid through a registered recycler

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Any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used

During use, impurities, dirt, metal scrapings, water, or chemicals

can mix with oil Eventually, used oil must be replaced with

virgin or re-refined oil

If used oil enters a sewage treatment plant, concentrations as low

as 50 to 100 ppm (parts per million) can foul sewage treatment

processes

Never mix hazardous waste, gasoline, waste water, halogenated

solvent, antifreeze, or an unknown waste material with used oil

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Disposal of Used Oil Once oil has been used, it can be collected,

recycled, and used again

An estimated 380 million gallons of used oil are recycled each

year

Used engine oil can be re-refined and sold as engine oil or

processed for furnace fuel oil

After collecting used oil in an appropriate container , it must be

disposed of in one of two ways:

Shipped off-site for recycling

Burned in an EPA-approved heater for energy recovery

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Used Oil Storage Used oil in an existing underground storage tank

(UST) or an aboveground storage tank (AGST), or kept

in separate containers.

Keep used oil storage drums in good condition Covered, secured from

vandals, properly labeled, and maintained in compliance with local fire

codes.

Frequent inspections for leaks, corrosion, and spills are essential

Used oil may be stored in units designed for regulated hazardous waste.

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Figure 7–2 An aboveground storage tank for used oil.

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Before an oil filter is placed in trash or sent to be recycled, it must

be drained using methods approved by the EPA

Puncture filter antidrainback valve or dome end, hot drain at

least 12 hours

Hot drain and crush

Dismantle and hot drain

Any hot draining method to remove all used oil from the filter

After the oil has been drained, the filter housing can be disposed

of by recycling, pickup by a service company, or in regular trash

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Figure 7–3 Washing hands and

removing jewelry are two important

safety habits all service technicians

should practice

Service technicians should wash their hands with soap and water after

handling engine oil, or differential or transmission fluids, or wear protective rubber gloves.

Service technicians should wash their hands with soap and water after

handling engine oil, or differential or transmission fluids, or wear protective rubber gloves.

Wash Hands

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Most solvents are classified as hazardous wastes.

SOLVENT HAZARDS AND REGULATORY

STATUS

Solvents with flash points below 140°F (60°C) are considered

Department of Transportation (DOT)

Solvents and oils with flash points above 140°F (60°) are

It is the shop’s responsibility to determine if spent solvent is

hazardous waste Solvent-type parts cleaners with filters greatly

extend solvent life and reduce disposal costs Solvent reclaimers

clean and restore solvent

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