The score such as TIMI and GRACE for prognostic of events are based on age, heart rate, blood pressure, etc, but not including characteristics of coronary lesions. Additionally, leman, Gensini, were not the clinical factors. While numerous previous studies have demonstrated the value of coronary artery lesion in prognostic (Syntax score), the lack of clinical factors in scores remains limited. Therefore, a combination of both clinical factors and coronary artery is necessary (clinical Syntax score) .In Vietnam, there is no research on prognostic of Syntax and clinical Syntax score in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Therefore, this study was conducted to contribute to the explanation of these above mentioned problems .
Trang 1RESEARCH ON CORONARY ARTERY LESION AND PROGNOSTIC BY SYNTAX SCORE, CLINICAL SYNTAX SCORE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS
CORONARY INTERVENTION
Major: Internal Medicine Code: 9720107
Trang 31. Background
Myocardial infarction has been known as the leading cause of death worldwide Data derived from approximately 30 European countries showed that the rate of acute myocardial infarction with
ST elevation was 44142 / 100 thousand General In hospital mortality rate was anged from 4.2% 13.5% and the mortaliry rate of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ranged from 2.7% and 8%. Studies show that the rapid restoration of flow for a narrowed or occlusion coronary artery branch is a prerequisite for determining immediate and longterm. However, the rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) undergoing cardiac interventions has been still high. But the prognosis of MACE for patients undergoing PCI has remained unclear. There are many characteristics and scales
to help predict such as ECG, age, Leamen, Zwolle, MAYO, Gensini. However, these scales have several significant limitations so they have not been applied in clinical practices.The SYNTAX score established in 2005 inherits and develops the previous score. But SYNTAX score is independent with clinical indicators Clinical SYNTAX score is a simulation of SYNTAX score when integrating clinical features (age, ejection fraction, serum creatinine clearance)
by single point. Clinical SYNTAX score can be improved to predict
in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the short and long term. Therefore, we conducted this study with the aim of "Research
on coronary artery lesion and prognostic by SYNTAX score, clinical SYNTAX score in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention ”
Trang 41. Assess the level of coronary artery lesion in patients with acute myocardial infarction by SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score.
2 Value of SYNTAX score, clinical SYNTAX score in prognostic of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
2. The necessary and urgency of the research
The score such as TIMI and GRACE for prognostic of events are based on age, heart rate, blood pressure, etc, but not including characteristics of coronary lesions Additionally, leman, Gensini, were not the clinical factors. While numerous previous studies have demonstrated the value of coronary artery lesion in prognostic (Syntax score), the lack of clinical factors in scores remains limited. Therefore, a combination of both clinical factors and coronary artery
is necessary (clinical Syntax score) .In Vietnam, there is no research
on prognostic of Syntax and clinical Syntax score in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Therefore, this study was conducted to contribute to the explanation of these above mentioned problems
3. New contributions of the thesis
The value in prognosis of major adverse cardiac events, especially mortality of SYNTAX and clinical SYNTAX scores in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in hospital and 1 month, 6 month, 12 month.The value of clinical SYNTAX score in prognostic for mortality
is better than SYNTAX score
Trang 5This thesis has 127 pages, including the following sections: Background (02 pages); General Overview (32 pages); Subjects and methods (23 pages); Results (36 pages); Discussion (31 pages); Conclusion (02 pages); Recommendation (01 page). This thesis has
51 tables, 22 charts, 10 figures This thesis has 150 references, including 14 Vietnamese references and 136 English references
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL OVERVIEW
1.1. Coronary artery disease in the world and in Vietnam
1.1.1. In the world
Myocardial infarction is attributed for nearly 1.8 million deaths annually in Europe., which accounts for a total of 20% of deaths. 1.1.2. In Vietnam
According to Vietnam National Heart Institute (2003), the rate
of acute myocardial infarction increased from 4.5% in 2003 to 9.1%
in 20074.5% to 2007 was 9.1%. Particularly, in Cho Ray hospital for example, there were 7,421 hospitalizations for angina, 1,538 hospitalizations and treatments for acute coronary syndrome, and 267 deaths in 2010
1.2. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
* By WHO / ESC / AHA / ACC 2012
Myocardial infarction is defined as having an increase and / or decrease in myocardial biomarkers at least in excess of 99% and at least one of the following characteristics:
Chest pain
Change the electrocardiogram
Trang 6 There is evidence of coronary thrombosis on coronary angiography or autopsy
1.3. The scales to track prognosis after coronary intervention1.3.1. SYNTAX score scale
Trang 7* SYNTAX clinical score formula.
CSS = SS x (AGE / EF) + 1 (For each reduction of 10ml / min creatinine clearance <60ml / min / 1.73m2)
1.4. Research overview of SYNTAX and clinical SYNTAX score1.4.2. In Vietnam
There are very few researches studying this topic. For instance, its, Nguyen Hong Son, Nguyen Van Tuan have the prognostic value
of Syntax scores in patients after shortterm coronary intervention.1.4.1. In the world
There are many studies showing independent values in mortality prognosis and cardiovascular events of clinical SYNTAX (CSS) and SYNTAX score for patients with coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. percutaneous coronary artery interventions in long term . Many studies also compare Syntax score, clinical Syntax score with other score such as Euroscore, PAMI, ACEF, the results
is Syntax score is more valuable in prognosis of major cardiovascular for patients after intervention
CHAPTER 2: SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Subjects
579 patients with acute myocardial infarction at Vietnam National Heart Institute and Hospital 103, from May 2015 to February 2018
There were 296 patients followup undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from 30 days to 12 months
Trang 8The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction of ESC 2012:
* Clinical:
Chest pain > 20 minutes, spreads to the neck, lower jaw or left arm, does not decrease with Nitroglycerin
* Subclinical:
The 12lead ECG must be recorded as soon as possible, within
10 minutes
+ Electrocardiogram: ST elevation compared to J point, appears in at least two consecutive leads and ≥ 0.25 mV in men under 40, ≥ 0.2 mV in men over 40, or ≥ 0.15 mV in women on V2V3 and / or ≥ 0.1 mV on other leads. In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, an ST segment elevation should be found in the right precordial leads (V3R and V4R) to determine right ventricular infarction
+ Nonshaped ECG: with left bundle branch block, right ventricular pacing or patient without ST elevation but persistent ischemic chest pain or ST elevation in aVR
Myocardial biomarkers is routinely recommended during the acute phase but no waiting for results to be for reperfusion
2.1.2. Exclusion criteria
Patient had previous coronary revascularization by surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention
Patients with acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, heart rupture, ventricular septal perforation,
Contraindications to using antiplatelet drugs such as aspirine, clopidogrel or contrast medicine
There are serious comorbidities such as severe renal impairment, severe liver failure, terminal cancer, diabetic coma
Trang 92.2. Methods
2.2.1. Research design: cross sectional description, vertical tracking. 2.2.2. Content and methods
The participants were selected from a unified patient sample including risk factors for coronary artery disease, clinical symptoms
of acute myocardial infarction, subclinical , intervention.
* Calculate SYNTAX scores, clinical SYNTAX scores
Based on the recorded coronary angiography image, we identify coronary artery lesions according to coronary anatomy classification. We through the Calculator syntax sore 2.11 calculatorClinical SYNTAX score calculator
The formula: CSS = SS x (AGE / EF) + 1 (For each reduction of 10ml / ph Creatinine clearance <60ml / min / 1.73m2)
* The time of monitoring and how to collect patient data after intervention:
In hospital and 1 month, 6 months, 12 months: Death with all causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, target vessel reintervention.2.3. Analyze data: Data were entered into EPI DATA (version? ) and transferred to SPSS, version 21.0 software for Windows, for analysis
For comparison control, we used algorithms "Ttest", test 2, odds ratio (Odds ratio), Logistic Regestion algorithm, test logrank, linear regression (HR)
The research results were considered to be statistically significant when p <0.05
Trang 10CHAPTER 3: RESULTSStudy of 579 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, following results:3.1. General characteristics
Chest pain accounted for 89.5%. Killip ≥2 accounting for 14.9%.3.2. Clinical SYNTAX score and SYNTAX scores
SYNTAX SCORE
Figure 3.3. Distribution of SYNTAX score
Trang 11Figure 3.4. Distribution of clinical SYNTAX score
The clinical SYNTAX score around 25 points is high rate. The lowest is 2.5 points, the high is 123.7 points Mean±SD clinical SYNTAX score was 30.28 ± 18.84
Table 3.26. Characterristics of lesion coronary artery by SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score
Characterristics Amount (N=579) Percentage (%)
Trang 12The total occlusion was high 67.0% and 406 patients has been thrombus with 70.1%.
3.3. Investigate the value prognosis of clinical SYNTAX score and SYNTAX score of some major events in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Followup 579 and 296 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention up to 12 months. We obtained the following results:
Trang 13Figure 3.8. KaplanMeier survival curves three group of SYNTAX score
Survival after 1 month, 6 months of SS3 score is the lowest. After 12 months, the group with SS3 score had the lowest survival rate of 77.9%, then of SS2 and SS1 with statistically significant differences.
Table 3.38 Linear regression analysis between SYNTAX score groups and mortality
3,06(1,049,05)
0,043
2,86(1,306,25)
0,008
(0,494,61)
0,462
3,28(1,129,65)
0,031 2,17(1,094,35)
0,028
12 month 1,85
(0,694,9)
0,217 2,99(1,117,84)
0,029
1,59(0,872,94)
0,128
At 1 month , the mortality rate in SS3 group was 3.06 times higher than in SS1 group (HR = 3.06 and 95% CI from 1.04 to 9.05 with p = 0.043). 6 months, mortality in SS3 group was 3.28 times higher than in SS1 group (HR = 3.28 and 95% CI from 1.12 to 9.65 with p = 0.031). After 12 months , the mortality rate in SS3 group was 2.99 times higher than in SS1 group (HR = 2.99 and 95% CI from 1.11 to 7.84 with p = 0.029)
Trang 14Figure 3.12 KaplanMeier survival curves three group of clinical SYNTAX score
Survival of CSS 3 group after 1 month, 6 months is lower than the mid and low groups. After 12 months, survival rate of CSS3 group was the lowest at 73.8%, then CSS2 and low CSS1 with p (logrank) <0.001.
Table 3.43 Linear regression analysis between clinical SYNTAX score and mortality
0,001 3,23(1,238,33)
0,017
6 month 2,51
(0,827,69)
0,106 5,69(2,1714,94)
4,23(1,949,36)
<0,001 1,96
(0,973,85)
0,061
The mortality rate in CSS3 group was 5.12 times higher than in CSS1 group (HR = 5.12 and 95% CI from 1.94 to 13.53 with p = 0.001). Similarly, after 6 months the mortality rate in CSS3 group
Trang 15was higher than in CSS2 and CSS1 group, the difference was statistically significant. 12 months , mortality in CSS3 group was 4.23 times higher than in CSS1 group with p <0.001).
Time (day)
Figure 3.15. KaplanMeier relation cardiac event –free survival
curves three group of SYNTAX scoreThe rate of no events in SS3 was the lowest at 83.2% compared two SYNTAX score groups, the rate of no event in SS1 group was the highest at 91.8%. But this difference is not significant with p (logrank) = 0.065
Trang 16The rate of no event –free survival in the CSS1 and CSS2 groups was 88.70% and 91.9% higher than the CSS3 group (86.0% ). But the difference is not significant with p (logrank) = 0.445
1specificity
Figure 3.20. ROC curve related mortality of clinical SYNTAX and
SYNTAX scoreArea under the ROC curve of SYNTAX score is 0.614 clinical SYNTAX score are 0.690, so the ability to predict mortality of CSS
is better than SS
Trang 17Figure 3.22. ROC curve related MACE of clinical SYNTAX score
and SYNTAX score Area under the ROC curve of clinical SYNTAX and SYNTAX score is not different, so the ability to predict nonfatal events of CSS
is no more than SS
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1. Clinical SYNTAX and SYNTAX scores
Mean±SD of SS score is 19.49 ± 9.39, around the 20 point level with the highest rate. Mean±SD of CSS score is 30,28 ± 18,84, around the 25 point level with the highest rate. (chart 3.3 and 3.4). Garg S et al. Studied 6,508 patients with coronary artery disease
in general who found that their SS scores ranged from 0 to 83 points,
an average of 15 points and mean ±SD is 16.7 ± 11.1. Terlite group to clinical SYNTAX and SYNTAX scores:
SYNTAX score: Low group (SS1): 0 11.75; medium group (SS2): 11.75 23.25; High group (SS3): ≥ 23.25. Clinical SYNTAX score: Low group (CSS1): 0 – 22.95; medium group (CSS2): 22.95 – 35.95; High group (CSS3): ≥ 35.95
Frank Scherff et al, studying 114 patients with acute coronary syndrome, the author divided patients into three groups of SYNTAX,
Trang 18Karabag Y, study divided the CSS scores into three low groups
≤ 24.6, medium 24.634.4 and high ≥ 34.4. Rencuzogullari I, study was divided into two groups of lowmedium ≤34.1 and high ≥34.1.Burlacu A, the study of 181 patients with acute myocardial infarction took data from the REN_ACS trial dividing clinical SYNTAX (CSS) scores into three lower groups ≤19.2 and high groups ≥38.9 and middle groups. This category has the same results
as our CSS score groups
4.2. The degree of coronary artery lesions with SYNTAX score and clinical SYNTAX score
Resolute trial, study 2.292 patients, including 2.033 patients with SS, CSS. Divided into 3 group: low group <9, mid (917) and high group >17. When analyzing the common lesion characteristics of the high group >17 for the highest rate compared with low group and mid group. The difference is statistically significant (with p<0.0001). Safarian H et al., study 381 patients. Divided into 3 group: low group <16, mid (1622) and high group >22. When analyzing the common lesion characteristics of the high group >22 for the highest rate compared with low group and mid group The difference is statistically significant (with p<0.0001)
4.3.The relationship between mortality and major cardiovascular events with clinical SYNTAX and SYNTAX scores
4.3.1 Relate the SYNTAX score with mortality and major cardiovascular events
* Mortality
In the KaplanMeier chart, the survival rate in SS3 high score group was the lowest compared to SS2 and SS1 low score group, the difference was statistically significant with p (logrank). <0.05 (chart 3.8)