Describe the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics of unstable traumatic C1 - C2 fracture. Describe the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics of unstable traumatic C1 - C2 fracture.
Trang 1AND TRAINING
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCEMILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
KIEU VIET TRUNG
RESEARCH THE CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS AND EVALUATE THE SURGICAL OUTCOMES
Trang 2Hanoi 2020
Trang 3The thesis will be defended before the university grade thesis examination board in military medical university:
The thesis can be found at:
National library of Viet Nam
Trang 4 Library of military medical university
INTRODUCTIONUpper cervical spine injury is a very serious injury in general, particularly in spinal injury. The mortality or severe sequelae rate caused by cervical spine injury are very high. The upper cervical spine including the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) is the transition area between the skull and the spine, which is one of the most complicated joints in the body. At the Neurosurgery Department of the Da Nang Hospital, we have applied this technique for 10 recent years for unstable C1 – C2 injury treatment. Through clinical practice,
we realize that the unsolved problem in C1 – C2 fracture is a full understanding of the injury characteristics, classification, indications for surgery and the selection of techniques and tools for surgery as well as bone graft. In order to make new contributions to the process
of diagnosis, selection of treatment method and plan for unstable C1 – C2 injury, we conducted the thesis "Research the clinical, diagnostic imaging characteristics and evaluate the surgical outcomes of traumatic C1 – C2 fracture ” with 2 objectives:
1. Describe the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics of unstable traumatic C1 C2 fracture.
Provided the effectiveness of a surgical method and the use
of bonegraft materials which helped patients have no pain at the
Trang 5bone donor site, shorter operation duration and 100% bone healing rate.
Showed further postoperative outcomes (long time tracking, 18 months); the VAS score, NDI and ASIA were better than before surgery with statistical significance (11.24% compared with 52.8%)
The thesis structure: The thesis consists of 137 pages including
45 tables, 68 pictures and 4 charts The layout includes the introduction (3 pages); chapter 1: Overview (35 pages); chapter 2: patients and methods (26 pages); chapter 3: results (28 pages); chapter 4: discussions (41 pages); conclusions (2 pages); the list of research publishes (1 page); references (128 documents including 7 Vietnamese and 121 English documents) and appendices
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW1.1. The cervical spine anatomy
1.1.1. The bone structure
1.1.1.1. The atlas C1
The C1 vertebral has no vertebral body. It is ringlike, rugged and consists of two large lateral masses which contain two superior concave facets for articulation with occipital condyles and two inferior concave facets for articulation with the axis C2. The structure of the atlas includes anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, transverse process, transverse foramen, articular facet with occipital condyles and articular facet with the axis. The anterior and posterior arches are thinner to the two sides and where contact
Trang 61.1.1.2. The axis C2
The axis is the thickest and strongest vertebra in the cervical spine with a gooselike shape. The axis is easily identifiable due to its dens (odontoid process) which extends superiorly from the anterior portion of the vertebra. The dens is upward cylindrical, about 16.6
mm high and 9.3mm wide The anterior facet of the dens apex contains the facet for articulation with the concave at the posterior facet of the atlas anterior arch and the posterior facet of dens apex contains the facet for articulation with the transverse ligament, which form the medial atlantoaxial joint
1.1.2. The system of articulations and ligaments between C1 and C2
The transverse ligament of the atlas is stronger than the dens,
therefore the odontoid process is often broken before the ligament in trauma However, the transverse ligament is not strong enough in some people and it is one of the pathological causes of atlantoaxial joint instability.
1.1.2.2. The lateral atlantoaxial joints
Trang 7of C1 The movements occur on the three articular facets simultaneously and mostly are rotation.
1.1.3. Nerves:
The cervical spinal cord originates in the medulla oblongata and passes through the foramen magnum. It is wider at C3 and widest at C6 with the circumference of 38mm. The spinal cord consists of the white and grey matter that can be distinguished on magnetic resonance imaging At the upper cervical spine, the spinal cord occupies only 2/3 of the spinal canal circumference, so the nervous clinical symptoms are very poor in trauma in spite of the spine dislocation
The shape of cervical spinal cord: It is divided into 2 balanced
parts by the anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus. The fissure is deeper and wider than the sulcus The posterior sulcus contains blood vessels and a fold of the pia mater
1.1.4. The blood vessels: The vertebral artery, which originates from the subclavian artery is the main blood supply for cervical cord. In most cases, the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen of C6, goes through the transverse foramen of vertebrae along the sides of cervical spine, bypasses the lateral mass and posterior arch of C1 and enters the foramen magnum
1.2. THE BIOMECHANICS OF C1 C2 STRUCTURE
The C1, C2 and occipital cranium form a complex that contains the most complicated joints in the body because they support the head and its movement, protect the spinal cord and other important structures.
Trang 8Most of rotation and a part of nodding and turning of the head movements occur at the superior cervical spine (C0C1C2) The loosening of joints allow the cervical spine to rotate nearly 50%. The tension is enough strong to protect the delicate spinal cord structures, blood vessels and withstand the weight of head and the force of antagonistic muscles.
1.3. THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF C1 – C2 INJURY
The clinical symptoms of C1 – C2 injury are often poor, mainly are neck pain, stiff neck, radiating pain and numbness in the occipital region and limited head rotation and flexion movements. Patients with C1 – C2 trauma combined with severe spinal cord injury often die before hospitalization because upper spinal cord trauma causes damage to respiratory and circulatory centers in the medulla oblongata
The Spence index is calculated by the lateral overlap of the C1
lateral masses on both sides against the lateral borders of C2, normally less than 6.9mm. If the Spence index is > 6.9 mm, it is a definitive diagnosis of a transverse ligament rupture and the damage
is unstable and requires surgical treatment
The C1 – C2 dislocation was diagnosed based on the ADI index, which was calculated by the distance between the dens and anterior arch of C1. In general, the ADI is < 3 mm in adult and < 5 mm in
Trang 91.4.1.1. Motion X ray
It is applied in chronic C1 – C2 dislocation, suspicion about pseudarthrosis of the dens or transverse ligament rupture to evaluate the ADI index
1.4.2. Computed Tomography (CT scanning)
Until now, CT scanning image has been considered as the gold standard in definitive diagnosis and classification of upper cervical spine injuries
* Fractures of C1: It is classified according to Levine and Edwards, including 3 types:
Type I: Single C1 posterior arch fracture, the most common, stable fracture, without transverse ligament damage.
Type II: Fracture of one anterior and one posterior arch caused by a straight compressed force in tilthead position, rare
Type III: Burst fracture of C1 (Jefferson fracture), commonly after type I fracture, caused by a straight compressed force in intermediaryhead position, fractures of 2 points on anterior arch and
Type 1
Obliquely oriented fractures through the tip of the odontoid
Type 2
Occur through the base of the dens, where is contiguous to
Trang 10the C 2 body
Type 3
Fracture runs through the metaphyseal bone of the C2 body and fracture through the body of the axis
1.4.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
It is applied in C1 fractures to evaluate the transverse ligament damage A high signal indicates an edema in bone marrow and anterior soft tissues In addition, MRI also evaluates the state of spinal cord contusion, bleeding and edema in anterior C1 body soft tissues
Brooks – Jenkins technique: Brooks and Jenkins offered
an alternative method of posterior C1 – C2 laminar wiring in 1978, two separate autologous bone pieces were wedged in between the C1 and C2 on both sides of the midline and wrapped the posterior arches of the C1 and C2
Sonntag technique: Dickman C.A et al described the
technique of Sonntag in the 1990s Sonntag modified the Gallie technique to improve the rotational stability
1.5.2.2. Posterior C1 C2 transarticular screw technique
In 1979, Magerl described the technique for the treatment of C1 – C2 dislocation and odontoid fractures.
1.5.2.3. Occipitalcervical fusion
Trang 11The occipitocervical fusion was described in the last 40 years, firstly used a bonegraft and posterior occipitocervical area wiring. Newman and Sweetnam (1969) placed the bonegraft at the occipitocervical junction .
1.5.2.4. The C1 lateral mass screw with C2 pedicle surgery (Harms technique).
The C1 lateral mass screw with C2 pedicle screw construct in the treatment for type 2 odontoid fracture was described by Goel and Laheri in 1994. In 2001, Harms and Melcher reported 37 patients who were applied this technique using polyaxial screw and rod
Screw C1 through the posterior arch: was proposed by Resnick and Benzel in 2001, the entry point of lateral mass screw was on the posterior arch. The technique reduced the risk of blood loss and occipital chronic pain due to effect on C2 root.
1.5.3. Anterior surgery for upper cervical spine injuries
1.5.3.1. Transoral technique
It goes directly to the atlas and axis with a high risk of infection and other risk factors; therefore the technique has limited applications
1.5.3.2. Anterior transarticular screw fixation C1 C2
Anterior transarticular screw fixation C1 – C2 was first described by Barbour in 1971 Nevertheless, this technique has limited applications because it has more disadvantages than the posterior techniques
1.5.3.3. Direct odontoid screw fixation technique
Bohler and Nakanishi et al independently developed the direct odontoid screw fixation technique for type 2 odontoid process fractures. In 1982, they published the technique.
Trang 12+ C1 – C2 dislocation
+ Type 2 C1 fracture with Spence index > 6.9 mm or transverse ligament rupture on the MRI film
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Research design
Prospective study, invasive noncontrolled clinical description, evaluate the results on each patient before and after the treatment.2.2.2. Sampling and sample size
Convenience sampling, selected all patients with inclusion criteria during the study period
2.2.3. Study process
2.2.3.1. Data collection method
Data was collected according to the established medical record with study criteria. The researcher would
Directly asked patients, examined and evaluated patients before surgery
Trang 13 Evaluated the diagnostic imaging methods with diagnostic imaging specialists.
Contacted by phone or invitation letter to patients for reexamination at the Neurosurgery Department of the Da Nang Hospital, with the evaluation questionnaire (NDI scale, VAS, ASIA) and requested patients to review and reply
2.2.4. Data processing
Data was collected and analyzed by the SPSS 22.0 software
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS3.1. General parameters
3.2. Clinical symptoms and diagnostic imaging of C1 C2 unstable injuries
Subjective symptoms: Neck pain 100%; Limited neck
Trang 14movement 90.9%; Stiff neck 30,3%; Numbness in the occipital region 6,1%
3.2.1.2. Objective symptoms
Thus, there were 9 out of 33 patients with movement disorders (mainly with incomplete or complete paralysis of 2 arms), 42.4% of patients with sensory disorders including mainly with numbness or reduction of 2 arms sensation and some with numb paresthesia. Only 12.1% of hospitalized patients had a smooth muscle disorder
3.2.1.4. Evaluate pain level according to VAS score
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) allows patients evaluate their pain level. In our research, the preoperative mean VAS was 5.03 ± 1.74, of which the lowest score was 2 and highest score was 8
Trang 15CT(n = 33) Percentage %
Trang 17position mber Nu
(n)
Perc entage
%
Num ber (n) ntage % Perce Type
Perce ntage %
Nu mber (n)
Perce ntage % Type
Trang 18Total 33 100 33 1003.3.2. Further outcomes
* Subjective symptoms improvements
Table 3.35 Compared the preoperative subjective symptoms with the last reexamination
Total
Yes (n) Percentage % No (n) Percentage %
Trang 19= 33) 5.03 ±
Trang 204.2. Clinical symptoms of C1 C2 unstable fractures
4.2.1. Subjective symptoms
Trang 21In the study, all hospitalized patients had symptoms of a neck pain and limited cervical spine movement, in which a limited neck rotation was the most striking. Other movements were less limited due to the pain of patients. All 33 patients showed symptoms of neck pain, which caused the patients to have to go to medical clinics. Stiff neck only accounted for 30.3% of patients It might be the most suggestive symptom of C1 – C2 injury. The less common symptom was numbness in the occipital region (5.2%), which was often seen in patients with severe C1C2 dislocation due to compression of the C2 nerve root.
4.2.2. Objective symptoms
Evaluating the focal neurological deficits, we found that there were 9 out of 33 patients with limb paralysis (27.3%), of which 1 patient had complete arm paralysis with muscle strength 0/5 and the remaining 8 patients had an incomplete paralysis with muscle strength from 2 to 4/5. The causes of neurological deficiencies were identified on the image due to spinal cord contusion, posttraumatic pulmonary edema and C1 – C2 dislocation causing spinal stenosis at the same level
4.2.3. Evaluate the pain level according to VAS score
In our study, the preoperative VAS was 5.03 ± 1.74 with the highest score of 8. Most of patients in our study had a moderate pain with average VAS of 5 (56 VAS score) and some had a severe pain (78 VAS score).
Trang 22In our study, the lowest preoperative NDI was 24% and highest one was 52%, mean NDI was 37.03 9.15 %. Most patients had the NDI in the moderate group (63.2%).
4.2.5. Clinical neurological evaluation according to ASIA scale
In 33 patients, we found that 24 patients (accounted for 72.7%) had ASIA E, 9 patients had nerve damage including 7 patients with ASIA – D (21.2%) and 2 patients with ASIA – C (6.1%). No one had complete motor paralysis with ASIA A and ASIA B
4.3 Diagnostic imaging characteristics of C1 C2 unstable fractures
4.3.1. Plain cervical spine X ray
Our results showed a certain value of conventional Xray film
in the diagnosis of C1 – C2 injuries, especially in cases of C2 odontoid fractures or C1 – C2 dislocation type 2, 3 and 4. We diagnosed 74.2%
of patients with odontoid fractures by conventional Xray (open mouth Xray film) and 100% of patients with C1C2 dislocation in the study In case of a single C1 fracture, conventional Xray had a limited value
4.3.2. Injury characteristics in CT
C1 fractures characteristics
In our study, 4 patients were diagnosed of C1 fracture including
2 patients with type 1 and 2 patients with type 2 according to Levin and Edwards classification. Spence index in C1 fracture was used to evaluate the status of the transverse ligament, which was one of the causes leading to C1 – C2 unstable fracture when the Spence index was > 6.9 mm We found 2 single C1 fracture patients with the Spence index > 6.9 mm and 2 C1 fracture patients with type 2