Study the Malondialdehyde content in patients with colon cancer who underwent radical surgery treatment. Evaluate the changes in red blood cell Malondialdehyde content of patients with colon cancer after radical surgery.
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PHAM MANH CUONG
RESEARCH ON CHANGES OF MALONDIALDEHYDE CONTENT IN PATIENTS WITH COLON CANCER BEFORE AND AFTER RADICAL SURGERY
Major : Gastrointestinal surgeryCode : 9 72 01 04
SUMMARY OF MEDICAL DOCTORAL THESIS
Trang 2The thesis can be found out at:
1. National Library
2. Library of Vietnam Military Medical University
Trang 41 Pham Manh Cuong, Nguyen Van Xuyen (2018). Understanding factors related to length of the colon section removed after radical surgery for colon cancer treatment at Military Hospital
103 Journal of Military Pharmaco Medicine, 43 (special
subject of abdominal surgery): 4450
2 Pham Manh Cuong, Nguyen Van Xuyen, Trinh Hong Thai (2019) Investigation on changes in the erythrocyte Malondialdehyde value in patients with colon cancer after
radical surgery. Journal of military pharmaco medicine, 44(2):
213219
3 Pham Manh Cuong, Nguyen Van Xuyen, Trinh Hong Thai (2019) The comparison of oxidative stress between tumour tissue and healthy colon tissue using the Malondialdehyde index
in colon cancer patients undergoing radical surgery at 103
Military Hospital. VietNam Medical Journal, 481(1): 7175.
Trang 5BACKGROUNDCurrently, the strong development of researches on the mechanism of action and consequences of free radicals, as well as oxidative stress on the body has provided evidence showing that oxidative stress and Oxygenfree radicals are also a pathological factor involved in the development of colon cancer.
In particular, the results of many studies show that oxidative stress and the presence of oxygenfree radicals, produced during
surgery removing colon cancer, also play an important role in relapse and metastasis after surgery Therefore, the study of changes in oxidative stress after surgery is currently of interest to many researchers. There are many indices to assess oxidative stress status, but in the studies, the most widely and commonly applied index to indirectly assess oxidative stress in general and in abdominal surgery
in particular is Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation
In Vietnam, not many studies mentioned the issue of oxidative stress in colon cancer and exploring the changes in MDA content after radical surgery for colon cancer treatment Therefore, we conducted the topic “Research on the changes in Malondialdehyde content in patients with colon cancer before and after radical surgery” with the following goals:
1. Study the Malondialdehyde content in patients with colon cancer who underwent radical surgery treatment.
2.Evaluate the changes in red blood cell Malondialdehyde content of patients with colon cancer after radical surgery.
Layout of the thesis
The thesis consists of 124 pages, including the following parts:
Trang 61 diagram, 173 references including 11 Vietnamese documents, 162 English documents, and 53 documents within 5 years
CHAPTER 1OVERVIEW 1.1. Colon cancer and radical surgery to treat colon cancer
Radical surgery is the main method in colon cancer treatment, chemicals and radiation therapy are complementary method to surgery. Currently, there has not yet been a specific and consensus standard to precisely determine the radical surgery for colon cancer; however, to ensure the treatment in cancer surgery, radical surgery is required to comply with the following requirements.
* Diagnosis of the disease stage before surgery
Examining the entire colon (with one or more tumors, polyps combined), diagnosing the disease stages (with lymph node metastases, distant metastases), assessing the local invasion of the tumor before surgery exactly are essential to plan the radical surgery for colon cancer.
* Vertical colon resection extent
For colon cancer, a length of 5cm is defined as no more cancer organization and will not cause recurrence at the junction. In surgery, the actual length of the colon segment removed will be determined
by the removal extent of the colon arteries, parallel to the lymphatic drainage. This length may have to be extended, depending on the extent of lymph node dredging.
* Resection extent of invaded organs
Trang 7* Extent of lymph node dredging
At the time of surgery, according to many studies up to 50% of colon cancer possibly has regional lymph node metastases, so the lymph node dredging is an indispensable part and lymph node dredging must be done thoroughly.
1.2. Oxidative stress and the role of oxidative stress in colon cancer
In the body, free radicals are frequently created, due to containing oxygen, they are also called reactive oxygen species (ROS), and they are always in balance with the body's antioxidant system. Oxidative stress is the state where the formation of ROS is beyond the control of the antioxidant system, the result is that ROS will attack biological molecules such as: Lipids (lipid peroxidation), Protein ( protein oxidation), Nucleic acid (DNA oxidation) leading to changes in biological molecules, producing a number of toxic products that damage cells, tissues and result in abnormal activities of the body. In addition, through ROS, oxidative stress also affects cell signaling pathways, causing false information leading to abnormal development
of cells such as uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation
Similar to the respiratory tract, the intestinal tract are the organ that most exposed to the environment through the food digestion process. In particular, the bacteria are concentrated much in the colon and very little in the small intestine, so the colon mucosa cells are constantly exposed to chemicals, free radicals. Studies also show that
Trang 8increased intestinal oxidation is associated with risk factors for colon cancer such as chronic ulcerative colitis, obesity, lack of physical exercise, and a diet high in red meat, smoking and alcohol abuse.Studies on molecular biology show that oxidative stress may affect mutations of the genes KRas, p53, APC or MMR (DNA mismatch repair gene), these genes play an important role in leading to colon cancer In addition, clinical studies also indicate that the level of oxidative stress is related to the factors expressing the progression of cancer, such as lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, disease stage 1.3. Role of oxidative stress in recurrence of colon cancer after surgery There are many factors that affect the recurrence of colon cancer after surgery have been identified such as: biological characteristics and histopathology of tumors, postoperative chemical treatment,
surgical techniques, in which the stage of the disease is the most
important factor determining the postoperative survival rate and also the factor the most affecting the recurrence rate after surgery. Currently, there are many evidences showing that surgery process itself also contributes to postoperative outcomes of cancer treatment
Surgery, even though it works for therapeutic purposes, is still a
traumatic impact on the body and is also an exogenous cause
producing many free radicals and oxidative stress because trauma in surgery causes the body's “stress”, which is called surgical stress, leads to an increase in free radicals through activating ROS
producing enzymes such as XO (xanthine oxidase), Cox
(Cyclooxygenase) and especially NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateoxidase) or also called Nox.
Abdominal surgery also increases free radicals and oxidative stress through the mechanism of ischemiareperfusion injury due to the
Trang 9effect of increasing the abdominal pressure in laparoscopic surgery, exposure to operating room air in open surgery and mechanical operations on the intestine.
Recent studies have also demonstrated that free radicals containing active oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling appear when surgery plays a role in promoting invasive and metastatic growth of mass tumor cells left after surgery to treat colon cancer. The process of cancer cells left after surgery develops into metastases
in the new organ, the following phenomena are required: invasive cancer cells (Invadopodia formation), escape from the capillaries to adhere to new tissues, new organs (Adhesion), Angiogenesis, and uncontrolled proliferation cells. ROS generated during the surgery play a role of motivating, facilitating these phenomena to occur.1.4. Biological indicators (biomarkers) to assess oxidative stress
in surgery
There are many methods to assess the body's oxidative stress. The direct method is to quantify ROS and the indirect method is to assess through measurement of stable metabolites of ROS or products of ROS process interacting with biological molecules such
as lipids, proteins, DNA. In the body, ROS exists in a very short time and their concentration is very low. To determine ROS, it requires modern and expensive techniques and equipment, so clinical studies often use indirect methods to assess oxidative stress
The oxidation of biological molecules produces a wide range of products that can be used as biological indicators to assess oxidative stress such as: Carbonyl proteins (Product of protein oxidation process), 8OHdG (Product of DNA oxidation process) However, the product which is used the most in studies to assess oxidative stress
Trang 10in reacting with free radicals, while oxidation of proteins and DNA occurs at a later time
In addition, MDA is the most commonly used in many studies because it is easily quantified by quantification of MDA derivatives with TBA (Thiobacbituric Acid), and this quantification of derivatives can use a very simple, low cost, convenient spectroscopic method, which can be done on many different biological samples.1.5. Studies on Malondialdehyde in colon cancer patients in the world and in Vietnam
MDA, an index commonly used to assess oxidative stress, has also been used in many studies to evaluate on colon cancer patients. MDA was quantified in serum, plasma, red blood cells, urine and colon tissue to make comparisons between the two groups: 1 group is colon cancer patients, 1 reference group is healthy persons, as well as explore the relationship between MDA index and pathological factors
in colon cancer
The changes in oxidative stress have been studied after surgery for lung cancer, breast cancer and also studied after surgery for colon cancer. All studies have shown that oxidative stress occurs right after surgery for colon cancer and tends to decrease over time after surgery, however, there
is a difference among studies in time and evaluation index
Studies have also explored the role of laparoscopic surgery, of breathing with high oxygen levels or blood transfusion in surgery to oxidative stress in surgery, but the effect of surgery duration or the relationship between postoperative oxidative stress and surgical
Trang 11In Vietnam, there have been no studies finding out about MDA content before surgery and the change of MDA after radical surgery
to treat colon cancer
CHAPTER 2SUBJECTS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research subjects
A total of 74 patients who were diagnosed with colon cancer, underwent inpatient treatment at the Department of Abdominal Surgery Military Hospital 103 and was carried out radical surgical
treatment from March 2015 to January 2017 (serve for target 1). Of
which, 60 patients had enough test results of red blood cell MDA
index at 4 times before and after radical surgery (serve for target 2) 2.1.1. Selection criteria
Criteria for identifying colon tumors: Applying the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition of the World Health Organization, the position of the tumor in the colon cancer determined from cecum to the end of the sigma colon, above the rectosigmoid junction. In this study, the tumor was identified as of the colon, with the tumor position 15cm away from the anal margin
Colon cancer patients at stages I, II and III. The anatomical result on the tumor cell morphology is adenocarcinoma
Carry out radical surgery to remove the tumor in the colon, with a surgery minutes describing in details the lesions and techniques
Follow the procedure of treatment, nursing before, during and after surgery, have complete medical records and voluntarily agree to give disease samples for research.
2.1.2. Exclusion criteria
Trang 12 Recurrent colon cancer or secondary colon due to that cancer from
other organs metastasize
Colon cancer has been treated with chemicals and radiation therapy before surgery
Colon cancer must undergo emergency surgery
Colon cancer associated with other diseases combined (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, systemic disease …), smoking history, BMI >30.2.2. Research methodology
Of which n: sample size, Z /2: α value of error , Z : α β value of
error β, in this research (Z α/2 + Zß)² = 10.5 with α is 0.05, ß is 0.1.
Sa and Sb: standard deviation of the variable in each group, d: minimum difference between the mean values. Referring to research
Trang 13The principle of the method is based on the chemical reaction of MDA molecule with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (also called TBA test method). MDA reacts with TBA in proportion 1:2 to create MDA(TBA)2 complex which has a characteristic pink color, the reaction takes place at temperature 98oC, appropriate pH from 23. The MDA(TBA)2 complex was measured at a maximum absorption wavelength
of 535 nm using a spectrophotometer. From this absorbance value, the corresponding MDA amount in the reaction solution will be determined, thereby quantifying the MDA content in the sample
2.2.4.2. Measurement of MDA for tissue samples
Tissue samples of patients with colon cancer for MDA index determination are provided by the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Military Hospital 103. The colon segment containing the tumor after being removed from the patient via surgery will be cold stored in an ice box (without formalin) and taken to the Department
of Anatomic Pathology Here, tissue samples are taken at two locations: diseased tissue is taken at the tumor and normal tissue is taken at a location at least 5cm from the tumor edge. The tissue samples were then stored at minus 1960C with liquid nitrogen before being taken to oxidative stress testing The method of quantifying MDA on tissue samples was carried out based on the TBA test method, developed by Uchiyama M. (1978)
2.2.4.3. Measurement of Red blood cell MDA
Blood samples of patients with colon cancer for MDA index determination are taken from peripheral veins Next, the blood sample was centrifuged at a speed of 3000 rpm for about 10 minutes
to separate plasma and red blood cells. The red blood cells were
Trang 14stored at 40C before being analyzed for MDA index The determination method is the same as for the tissue sample, but because
it is difficult to measure the weight of the erythrocyte membrane (or red blood cell membrane) in the blood sample, therefore to determine the MDA content on erythrocyte membrane, it is necessary
to determine the protein content of the erythrocyte membrane and MDA value calculated on 1 mg of red blood protein
2.2.5.3. Criterion on the MDA content
Including 3 criteria: MDA content in tumor tissue, MDA content
in colon normal tissue (taken from tumor edge > 5cm) cells before surgery taken at the time before surgery The MDA concentration in the tissue was measured in µg/g sample, the MDA concentration of peripheral red blood cells before surgery was measured in µg/mg Protein
2.2.5.4. Criterion on changes of erythrocyte MDA content after surgery
Peripheral erythrocyte MDA at 3 times: 1 day after surgery (after 24 hours), 3 days after surgery (after 72 hours) and 7 days after surgery (after 168 hours). The MDA content of blood samples after surgery was also measured in µg/mg Protein
2.2.5. Data processing method
Trang 152.3. Ethical issues in research
All patients voluntarily participate in the research and the research does not affect the quality of treatment, does not cause invasion, damage
to patients. For MDA testing in this study, patients do not have to pay
CHAPTER 3RESEARCH RESULTS3.1. Characteristics of the research group and early results after surgery
3.1.1. Age, gender, and body mass index
Average age: 59.8 ± 11.9 (29 87). Male: 42 patients (56.8%). Female: 32 patients (43.2%). Male/Female ratio: 1.31/1. Weight: normal 62.2%; underweight 21.6%; overweight 16.2%; No patients had obesity
3.1.2. Blood tests before surgery
Anemia: 39 patients (52.7%). NLR ≥ 4: 20 patients (27%). CEA concentration before surgery > 10 ng/ml: 19 patients (25.7%)
3.1.3. Anatomical Pathology after surgery
Right colon cancer: 31 patients (41.9%), Left colon cancer: 43 patients (58.1%), sigma colon cancer accounts for the highest rate: 44.6%. The average tumor size is 6.1 ± 2.4 cm (2 12cm) There were 19 patients (25.6%) having tumor adhering to adjacent organs
The average number of lymph nodes dredged in one patient was 15.5 ± 7.7 nodes (2 38). Number of patients with lymph nodes having ≥ 12 lymph nodes: 47 patients (63.5%). The average length of the removed colon segment is 31.6 ± 17.1 (12 85cm)