To identify some non- gene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction. To assess the effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 on the response of clopidogrel in patients with cerebral infarction.
Trang 1Major: NeuroscienceCode: 9720159SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
Trang 3reason is that patients carry alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3
containing genetic coding information of CYP2C19 enzyme (the enzyme that metabolize clopidogrel from precursor to active
substance). Some nongene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel
responsiveness, such as: age, gender, accompanying drugs, diabetes, obesity, increased HbA1C or increased plasma protein C also decreased the response of clopidogrel. In Vietnam, research on the effects of these alleles and factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction has not been published. Therefore, we conducted research on the topic " A study
on the effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and some factors
related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction"
2 The objectives of the topic
To identify some non gene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction.
Trang 4 To assess the effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 on the response of clopidogrel in patients with cerebral infarction.
3. Practical significance and contribution of the topic
The topic gives information about the rate of clopidogrel
resistance in cerebral infarction, the rate of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and their effects on the responsiveness of clopidogrel.
The topic provides information on the relation between age, gender, BMI, comorbidities (such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, blood biochemical indices (increased CRP; albumin reduction, drugs used together with insulin or metformin)) and clopidogrel responsiveness and since then improves the use of clopidogrel in the prevention on cerebral infarction
4.The structure of the thesis
The thesis is presented in 127 pages (excluding references and appendix)
The thesis is divided: Introduction 2 pages, chapter 1: Literature Review 31 pages, chapter 2: Objects and Methodology 23 pages, chapter 3: Results 36 pages, chapter 4: Discussion 32 pages, Conclusions 2page and Recommendations 1page
The thesis includes 48 tables, 19 figures, 1 diagram. Among 176 references there are 23 Vietnamese documents, 153 English documents, 31 documents in the last 5 years. The appendix includes a studying medical record, an application for voluntary participation in the study, ACR / EULAR 2015 diagnostic gout criteria
Trang 5CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVEIW1.1 Cerebral infarction
of the cell Platelets are mainly involved in blood vessel and hematologic stages, play an important role in the formation and development of thrombosisatherosclerosis of brain arteries and increased the activation of platelet after cerebral blood vessel is blocked, platelets are aggregated at the micro vessels in the anemia region, releasing substances acting on blood vessels
1.1.3 Classification of cerebral infarction
Classify cerebral infarction according to TOAST
1.1.4. Epidemiology of cerebral infarction
The rate of cerebral infarction accounts for 85% of the total number of strokes, including 17% from infarction caused by heart, 4% from carotid atherosclerosis, 64% from other reasons. Recurrent cerebral strokes account for about 25% of all types of the brain strokes. Using antiplatelet aggregation medication is an important therapy to prevent recurrent cerebral infarction
1.1.5 Clopidogrel in the treatment and prevention on cerebral infarction
Trang 6Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet aggregation drug, approved by the World Stroke Organization for the use of prophylaxis to prevent relapse of cerebral infarction.
1.2 Factors affecting clopidogrel responsiveness
1.2.1. Pharmacology of clopidogrel
Clopidogrel belongs to the thienopyridine group, as a precursor, after uptake metabolism in the liver it makes up 8085% of the inactive derivatives and 15% of the active ingredient which has antiplatelet aggregation activity. Clopidogrel is metabolized in the liver
by enzymes such as CYP2C19, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, in which the enzyme CYP2C19 plays the most important
1.2.3. The concept and method of assessing the responsiveness of clopidogrel
Clopidogrel resistance: a situation in which a metabolite from clopidogrel uncompleted blocks P2Y12 receptors on platelet membranes The results are measured by platelet aggregation measurement test, based on platelet inhibition mechanism of clopidogrel in patients adhering to clopidogrel
The concept of anticlopidogrel is also understood as nonresponsiveness, high platelet activation after treatment or residual
Trang 7Clopidogrel resistance criteria: platelet aggregation is tested by LTAADP method 5 µg/l > 50% after taking clopidogrel enough dose, enough time
1.2.4 Some nongene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness
Normally, the elderly has a decline in CYP enzyme system activity and a high rate of use of drugs metabolized by CYP, suffering from comorbid diseases which affect clopidogrel metabolism via CYP enzyme system
In female to limit bleeding by menstrual by increasing the likelihood of platelet response, which is affected by the female hormone and the alternative therapeutic hormones therefore it relates
to clopidogrel response
Obesity increases leptin, which promotes lipid oxidation, stimulates inflammatory factors that increase platelet activation
Diabetes reduces clopidogrel response due to (1) increasing clopidogrel hydrolysis into inactive substance, (2) decreasing activity
of CYP2C19 enzyme, (3) decreasing absorption of clopidogrel in
gastrointestinal tract, (4) increasing hydrolyzate the active products
of clopidogrel
Increased CRP causes platelet adhesion to vascular endothelial cells under normal flow conditions through Pselectin, thereby reducing clopidogrel response
Low plasma albumin decreases clopidogrel response, because low albumin increases the coverage of platelet on surface.
Trang 81.2.5 Effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 on clopidogrel responsiveness
Clopidogrel exists in precursors form, to affect on antiplatelet aggregation, they need to be metabolized into active substances, in
which the enzyme CYP2C19 plays a major role CYP2C19 is a
CYP2C19.
Trang 91.3 Domestic and foreign research
1.3.1. Research in the world
Research of clopidogrel responsiveness have been conducted since 2003, mainly in cardiovascular patients using clopidogrel. Since 2009, there are studies of clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction such as those by Kim H. et al., Fifi J.T.et al and Yang J. et al. 2013. These studies found that patients carrying reduced function alleles CYP2C19 reduce clopidogrel responsiveness. There are also a number of factors such as high age, female sex, obesity, diabetes, and increased CRP related to clopidogrel responsiveness
1.3.2. Domestic research
In Vietnam, there are studies by Do Quang Huan. et al. in 2013
or Vu Thi Thom et al 2018 on clopidogrel responsiveness The studies had small sample, studying objects were patients with coronary artery disease or healthy people, patients were given clopidogrel combined with aspirin. So far, in Vietnam, research on the factors affecting clopidogrel responsiveness in cerebral infarction patients has not been published
CHAPTER 2: OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY
2.1.Objects
248 patients with cerebral infarction (genetic testing in 144 first patients) were treated at Stroke Department, 103 Military Hospital from May 2017 to August 2018
2.1.1 Inclusion criteria
The patients have enough 4 following criteria:
(1)Diagnosed according to the definition of brain stroke by World Health Organization in 1980. (2) There are images of cerebral
Trang 10infarction on computerized tomography (3) Use clopidogrel 75 mg/day for at least 7 consecutive days. (4) Neuroprotective drugs with a common regimen: Cerebrolysin 20 ml IV, Piracetam 8 g IV, Choline alfoscerate 2 g IM.
2.1.2 Exclusion criteria
(1) Allergy to clopidogrel, (2) using anticoagulants or other antiplatelet drugs which is different from clopidogrel before the study time within 2 weeks and during the study period, (3) use thrombolytic drugs to treat cerebral infarction in the acute phase, (4) being angioplasty, stenting or endothelial carotid dissection (5) severe water and electrolyte disturbances, (6) consciousness disorders
or cerebral infarction area greater than 1/3 of the dominant area of the middle cerebral artery on CT, (7) images of cerebral bleeding on CT, (8) Hemoglobin < 80 g/l or > 160g/l, (9) Platelets < 100 G/l or > 450 G/l, (10) being hemostatic coagulopathy disease, (11) have underlying diseases: Myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, heart failure grade 3 and 4 (12) Hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer. (13) have glomerular filtration rate < 30ml/min/1.73m2 skin or are on dialysis cycle (14) have evidence of infection and using antibiotics to treat and do not agree to participate in the study
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Research design
The study is designed according to a research method, described crosssectional, with analysis
2.2.2. Standards and methods of testing
Cropidogrel resistance standard: Clopidogrel resistance when platelet aggregation discontinuation > 50%, after using clopidogrel 75
Trang 11mg/day and use ≥ 7 days, testing performed by LTAADP method 5µmol/l (measuring platelets aggregation by optical transmission method).LTA is considered the gold standard in platelet aggregation evaluation and is the method to test other methods. The test was performed in 248 patients at the Department of Hematology, Military Hospital 103.
Allele CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 tests in the first 144 patients
according to order of 248 patients. Test based on the Sanger principle with a pair of primers set from IDTUSA and conducted at Department of Biological and Medical Genetics Military Medical Academy
2.3. Data processing
Data processing by using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS3.1. General characteristics of patients
Average age 67.21 ± 11.04, male 57.26%, female 42.74%, patients were given clopidogrel for at least 7 days and at most 12 days, an average of 8.34 ± 0.80 days. The average duration of disease was 2.23 ± 1.98 days treated with clopidogrel
3.2 Some nongene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel
responsiveness
Figure 3.6. The rate of clopidogrel resistance
Trang 12Table 3.10. Clopidogrel resistance in age groups according to gender
40 49
(n=9)
Male, n(rate %) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43)
5059
(n=50)
Male, n(rate %) 7 (20.59) 27 (79.41) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 6 (37.50) 10 (62.50)
6069
(n=82)
Male, n(rate %) 21 (42.0) 29 (58.0) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 11 (34.38) 21 (65.62)
In the age group 7079, the resistance rate in male is higher than female, with p <0.05
Trang 13Table 3.14. Relationship between BMI and clopidogrel resistanceBMI (kg/m2) Resistance
n = 86
Non resistance
Cutoff point Sensitivity Specificity AUC % p
Figure 3.10. ROC curves relate to BMI and resistance
Trang 14The rate of patients with diabetes in the clopidogrelresistance group was higher than those in nonresistance group (43.02% compared to 27.16%), which the difference was statistically significant with p < 0.05
Table 3.18 Odds ratio between alcohol and nonalcohol use, smoking and nonsmoking, comorbidity and without comorbidity with clopidogrel resistance
Trang 15Table 3.21 The relation between biochemical indices and clopidogrel resistance
(mL/min/1,73m2)
74.96 ± 19.63 77.26± 16.05 > 0.05
Acid uric (mmol/l) 385.65 ± 109.58 357.69 ± 92.17 > 0.05Homocysteine
(umol/l)
11.56 ± 13.27 10.10 ± 4.63 > 0.05CRP (mg/l) 3.36 (0.21;100) 1.8 (0.17;100) < 0.05Albumin serum in clopidogrelresistance group was 39.93 ± 3.28 g/l, lower than in nonclopidogrel group (40.81 ± 3.12 g/l), the difference was statistically significant with p < 0.05
Figure 3.13. ROC curve diagrams related to CRP, albumin and resistance
Trang 16Serum CRP ≥ 4.67 mg/l was at risk of causing clopidogrel resistance with sensitivity 39.54%, specificity 78.39%, p < 0.05.Table 3.26 The relation between intra carotid arterial ultrasound index and clopidogrel resistance
n = 86
Non resistancen= 162
p
IMT ( ) 1.87 ± 0.79 mm 1.71 ± 0.96 mm > 0.05Narrow ( ) 18.33 ± 16.51% 14.39 ± 16.56% > 0.05Atheroma Yes (%,n) 60 (24.19) 85 (34.27) < 0.05
No (%,n) 26 (10.48) 77 (31.05)
The rate of patients had clopidogrel resistance in the atherosclerotic group was higher than those in nonatherosclerotic group with p < 0.05
Table 3.28 The relation between treatment drugs and clopidogrel resistance
(rate %)
58 (67.44) 104 (63.96) > 0.05
ACE inhibitor, n (rate %) 33 (38.37) 63 (38.89) > 0.05Insulin, n (rate %) 12 (13.95) 7 (4.32) < 0.05Sulfamide, n (rate %) 5 (5.81) 10 (6.17) > 0.05Metfomin, n (rate %) 9 (10.46) 17 (10.49) > 0.05The rate of patients using insulin in resistant group was higher than in non resistance group with p < 0.05
Trang 17Table 3.29. Odds ratio between using and not using treatment drugs with clopidogrel resistance
Trang 19Table 3.36 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors affecting clopidogrel resistance
Albumin plasma (g/l) 0.86 0.74 – 0.99 < 0.05CRP plasma (mg/l) 1.04 1.00 1.08 < 0.05
Chapter 4: DISCUSSION4.2 Some non gene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness
4.2.2. The relation between gender and clopidogrel responsiveness
In the study, age from 70 to 79, the rate of clopidogrel resistance
in male is 50.0%, higher than that in female (16.0%), statistically significant with p < 0.05 Also, males are more likely to use medications to treat comorbid diseases than females. Most of them are drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes. Cabrera M.A.S. et al. found that elderly patients who used multiple drugs metabolized by the CYP enzyme system had a high risk of causing drug interactions thereby reducing the effectiveness of the combined drugs
4.2.3. The relation between age and clopidogrel responsiveness
The age group ≥ 60, platelet aggregation is 43.50 ± 19.99% which is higher than the one in the age group < 60 (36.14 ± 19.47%).