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Summary of Doctoral thesis: A study on the effects of allele CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and some factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral

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Nội dung

To identify some non- gene CYP2C19 factors related to clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction. To assess the effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 on the response of clopidogrel in patients with cerebral infarction.

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Major: NeuroscienceCode: 9720159SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS 

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reason   is   that   patients   carry   alleles  CYP2C19*2,   CYP2C19*3 

containing   genetic   coding   information   of   CYP2C19   enzyme   (the enzyme   that   metabolize   clopidogrel   from   precursor   to   active 

substance). Some non­gene  CYP2C19  factors related to clopidogrel 

responsiveness, such as: age, gender, accompanying drugs, diabetes, obesity,   increased   HbA1C   or   increased   plasma   protein   C   also decreased the response of clopidogrel. In Vietnam, research on the effects   of   these   alleles   and   factors   related   to   clopidogrel responsiveness   in   patients   with   cerebral   infarction   has   not   been published. Therefore, we conducted research on the topic " A study 

on the effect of alleles  CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3  and some factors 

related   to   clopidogrel   responsiveness   in   patients   with   cerebral infarction"

2 The objectives of the topic

­   To   identify   some   non­   gene   CYP2C19   factors   related   to   clopidogrel responsiveness in patients with cerebral infarction.

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­ To assess the effect of alleles CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 on   the response of clopidogrel in patients with cerebral infarction.

3. Practical significance and contribution of the topic

The   topic   gives   information   about   the   rate   of   clopidogrel 

resistance   in   cerebral   infarction,   the   rate   of   alleles  CYP2C19*2,  CYP2C19*3 and their effects on the responsiveness of clopidogrel.

The   topic   provides   information   on   the   relation   between   age, gender,   BMI,   co­morbidities   (such   as   hypertension,   diabetes, atherosclerosis, blood biochemical indices (increased CRP; albumin reduction,   drugs   used   together   with   insulin   or   metformin))   and clopidogrel   responsiveness   and   since   then   improves   the   use   of clopidogrel in the prevention on cerebral infarction

4.The structure of the thesis

The thesis is presented in 127 pages (excluding references and appendix)

The thesis is divided: Introduction 2 pages, chapter 1: Literature Review 31 pages, chapter 2: Objects and Methodology 23 pages, chapter   3:   Results   36   pages,   chapter   4:   Discussion   32   pages, Conclusions 2­page and Recommendations 1­page 

The thesis includes 48 tables, 19 figures, 1 diagram. Among 176 references   there   are   23   Vietnamese   documents,   153   English documents, 31 documents in the last 5 years. The appendix includes a studying medical record, an application for voluntary participation in the study, ACR / EULAR 2015 diagnostic gout criteria

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CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVEIW1.1 Cerebral infarction

of   the   cell   Platelets   are   mainly   involved   in   blood   vessel   and hematologic   stages,   play   an   important   role   in   the   formation   and development   of   thrombosis­atherosclerosis   of   brain   arteries   and increased   the   activation   of   platelet   after   cerebral   blood   vessel   is blocked, platelets are aggregated at the micro vessels in the anemia region, releasing substances acting on blood vessels

1.1.3 Classification of cerebral infarction

Classify cerebral infarction according to TOAST

1.1.4. Epidemiology of cerebral infarction

The rate of cerebral infarction accounts for 85% of the total number of strokes, including 17% from infarction caused by heart, 4% from carotid atherosclerosis, 64% from other reasons. Recurrent cerebral   strokes   account   for   about   25%   of   all   types   of   the  brain strokes. Using anti­platelet aggregation medication is an important therapy to prevent recurrent cerebral infarction

1.1.5   Clopidogrel   in   the   treatment   and   prevention   on   cerebral   infarction

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Clopidogrel is an anti­platelet aggregation drug, approved by the World   Stroke  Organization  for   the  use   of   prophylaxis   to  prevent relapse of cerebral infarction.

1.2 Factors affecting clopidogrel responsiveness

1.2.1. Pharmacology of clopidogrel

Clopidogrel belongs to the thienopyridine group, as a precursor, after   uptake   metabolism   in   the   liver   it   makes   up   80­85%   of   the inactive derivatives and 15% of the active ingredient which has anti­platelet aggregation activity. Clopidogrel is metabolized in the liver 

by   enzymes   such   as  CYP2C19,   CYP3A5,   CYP2C9,   CYP2B6,  CYP1A2,  in which the enzyme  CYP2C19  plays the most important 

1.2.3. The concept and method of assessing the responsiveness of   clopidogrel

­ Clopidogrel resistance: a situation in which a metabolite from clopidogrel   uncompleted   blocks   P2Y12   receptors   on   platelet membranes   The   results   are   measured   by   platelet   aggregation measurement   test,   based   on   platelet   inhibition   mechanism   of clopidogrel in patients adhering to clopidogrel

­   The  concept   of   anti­clopidogrel   is  also  understood  as  non­responsiveness,   high  platelet   activation  after   treatment   or   residual 

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Clopidogrel resistance criteria: platelet aggregation is tested by LTA­ADP  method  5  µg/l  >  50%   after   taking clopidogrel   enough dose, enough time

1.2.4   Some   non­gene   CYP2C19   factors   related   to   clopidogrel   responsiveness

­ Normally, the elderly has a decline in CYP enzyme system activity   and   a   high   rate   of   use   of   drugs   metabolized   by   CYP, suffering   from   comorbid   diseases   which   affect   clopidogrel metabolism via CYP enzyme system

­ In female ­ to limit bleeding by menstrual by increasing the likelihood   of   platelet   response,   which   is   affected   by   the   female hormone and the alternative therapeutic hormones therefore it relates 

to clopidogrel response

­   Obesity   increases   leptin,   which   promotes   lipid   oxidation, stimulates inflammatory factors that increase platelet activation

­ Diabetes reduces clopidogrel response due to (1) increasing clopidogrel hydrolysis into inactive substance, (2) decreasing activity 

of  CYP2C19  enzyme,   (3)   decreasing  absorption  of   clopidogrel   in 

gastrointestinal tract, (4) increasing hydrolyzate the active products 

of clopidogrel

­ Increased CRP causes platelet adhesion to vascular endothelial cells   under   normal   flow   conditions   through   P­selectin,   thereby reducing clopidogrel response

Low plasma albumin decreases clopidogrel response, because low albumin increases the coverage of platelet on surface. 

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1.2.5   Effect   of   alleles  CYP2C19*2,   CYP2C19*3   on   clopidogrel   responsiveness

­ Clopidogrel exists in precursors form, to affect on anti­platelet aggregation, they need to be metabolized into active substances, in 

which   the   enzyme  CYP2C19  plays   a   major   role  CYP2C19  is   a 

CYP2C19.

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1.3 Domestic and foreign research

1.3.1. Research in the world

Research   of   clopidogrel   responsiveness   have   been   conducted since   2003,   mainly   in   cardiovascular   patients   using   clopidogrel. Since   2009,   there   are   studies   of   clopidogrel   responsiveness   in patients with cerebral infarction such as those by Kim H. et al., Fifi J.T.et al and Yang J. et al. 2013. These studies found that patients carrying   reduced   function   alleles   CYP2C19   reduce   clopidogrel responsiveness. There are also a number of factors such as high age, female   sex,   obesity,   diabetes,   and   increased   CRP   related   to clopidogrel responsiveness

1.3.2. Domestic research

In Vietnam, there are studies by Do Quang Huan. et al. in 2013 

or   Vu   Thi   Thom   et   al   2018   on   clopidogrel   responsiveness   The studies   had   small   sample,   studying   objects   were   patients   with coronary   artery   disease   or   healthy   people,   patients   were   given clopidogrel combined with aspirin. So far, in Vietnam, research on the factors affecting clopidogrel responsiveness in cerebral infarction patients has not been published

CHAPTER 2: OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1.Objects

248 patients with cerebral infarction (genetic testing in 144 first patients) were treated at Stroke Department, 103 Military Hospital from May 2017 to August 2018

2.1.1 Inclusion criteria 

The patients have enough 4 following criteria:

(1)Diagnosed   according   to   the   definition   of   brain   stroke   by World Health Organization in 1980. (2) There are images of cerebral 

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infarction   on   computerized   tomography   (3)   Use   clopidogrel   75 mg/day for at least 7 consecutive days. (4) Neuroprotective drugs with a common regimen: Cerebrolysin 20 ml IV, Piracetam 8 g IV, Choline alfoscerate 2 g IM.

2.1.2 Exclusion criteria

(1)   Allergy   to   clopidogrel,   (2)   using   anticoagulants   or   other antiplatelet drugs which is different from clopidogrel before the study time   within   2   weeks   and   during   the   study   period,   (3)   use thrombolytic drugs to treat cerebral infarction in the acute phase, (4) being   angioplasty,   stenting   or   endothelial   carotid   dissection   (5) severe water and electrolyte disturbances, (6) consciousness disorders 

or cerebral infarction area greater than 1/3 of the dominant area of the middle cerebral artery on CT, (7) images of cerebral bleeding on CT, (8) Hemoglobin < 80 g/l or > 160g/l, (9) Platelets < 100 G/l or > 450 G/l,   (10)   being   hemostatic   coagulopathy   disease,   (11)   have underlying diseases: Myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, heart failure grade 3 and 4 (12) Hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer. (13) have glomerular filtration rate < 30ml/min/1.73m2 skin or are on dialysis cycle (14) have evidence of infection and using antibiotics to treat and do not agree to participate in the study

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. Research design

The study is designed according to a research method, described cross­sectional, with analysis

2.2.2. Standards and methods of testing

­   Cropidogrel   resistance   standard:   Clopidogrel   resistance   when platelet aggregation discontinuation > 50%, after using clopidogrel 75 

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mg/day   and   use  ≥  7  days,   testing   performed   by   LTA­ADP   method 5µmol/l (measuring platelets aggregation by optical transmission method).LTA   is   considered   the   gold   standard   in   platelet   aggregation evaluation and is the method to test other methods. The test was performed in 248 patients at the Department of Hematology, Military Hospital 103.

­ Allele CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 tests in the first 144 patients 

according to order of 248 patients. Test based on the Sanger principle with   a   pair   of   primers   set   from   IDT­USA   and   conducted   at Department of Biological and Medical Genetics ­ Military Medical Academy

2.3. Data processing

Data processing by using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. 

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS3.1. General characteristics of patients

Average   age   67.21   ±   11.04,   male   57.26%,   female   42.74%, patients were given clopidogrel for at least 7 days and at most 12 days, an average of 8.34 ± 0.80 days. The average duration of disease was 2.23 ± 1.98 days treated with clopidogrel

3.2   Some   non­gene  CYP2C19  factors   related   to   clopidogrel 

responsiveness

Figure 3.6. The rate of clopidogrel resistance

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Table 3.10. Clopidogrel resistance in age groups according to gender

40­ 49 

(n=9)

Male, n(rate %) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 2 (28.57) 5 (71.43)

50­59 

(n=50)

Male, n(rate %) 7 (20.59) 27 (79.41) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 6 (37.50) 10 (62.50)

60­69 

(n=82)

Male, n(rate %) 21 (42.0) 29 (58.0) > 0.05Female, n(rate %) 11 (34.38) 21 (65.62)

In the age group 70­79, the resistance rate in male is higher than female, with p <0.05

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Table 3.14. Relationship between BMI and clopidogrel resistanceBMI (kg/m2) Resistance

n = 86

Non resistance

Cut­off point Sensitivity Specificity AUC % p

Figure 3.10. ROC curves relate to BMI and resistance

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The rate of patients with diabetes in the clopidogrel­resistance group   was   higher   than   those   in   non­resistance   group   (43.02% compared   to   27.16%),   which   the   difference   was   statistically significant with p < 0.05

Table   3.18   Odds   ratio   between   alcohol   and   non­alcohol   use, smoking   and   non­smoking,   co­morbidity   and   without   co­morbidity with clopidogrel resistance

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Table   3.21   The   relation   between   biochemical   indices   and clopidogrel resistance

(mL/min/1,73m2)

74.96 ± 19.63 77.26± 16.05 > 0.05

Acid uric (mmol/l) 385.65 ± 109.58 357.69 ± 92.17 > 0.05Homocysteine 

(umol/l)

11.56 ± 13.27 10.10 ± 4.63 > 0.05CRP (mg/l) 3.36 (0.21;100) 1.8 (0.17;100) < 0.05Albumin   serum   in   clopidogrel­resistance   group   was   39.93   ± 3.28 g/l, lower than in non­clopidogrel group (40.81 ± 3.12 g/l), the difference was statistically significant with p < 0.05

Figure 3.13. ROC curve diagrams related to CRP, albumin and resistance

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Serum CRP ≥ 4.67 mg/l was at risk of causing clopidogrel resistance with sensitivity 39.54%, specificity 78.39%, p < 0.05.Table   3.26   The   relation   between   intra   carotid   arterial ultrasound index and clopidogrel resistance

n = 86

Non resistancen= 162

p

IMT ( ) 1.87 ± 0.79 mm 1.71 ± 0.96 mm > 0.05Narrow ( ) 18.33 ± 16.51% 14.39 ± 16.56% > 0.05Atheroma Yes (%,n) 60 (24.19) 85 (34.27) < 0.05

No (%,n) 26 (10.48) 77 (31.05)

The   rate   of   patients   had   clopidogrel   resistance   in   the atherosclerotic group was higher than those in non­atherosclerotic group with p < 0.05

Table   3.28   The   relation   between   treatment   drugs   and clopidogrel resistance

(rate %)

58 (67.44) 104 (63.96) > 0.05

ACE inhibitor, n (rate %) 33 (38.37) 63 (38.89) > 0.05Insulin, n (rate %) 12 (13.95) 7 (4.32) < 0.05Sulfamide, n (rate %) 5 (5.81) 10 (6.17) > 0.05Metfomin, n (rate %) 9 (10.46) 17 (10.49) > 0.05The rate of patients using insulin in resistant group was higher than in non­ resistance group with p < 0.05

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Table 3.29. Odds ratio between using and not using treatment drugs with clopidogrel resistance

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Table  3.36   Multivariate  logistic  regression   analysis  of  factors affecting clopidogrel resistance

Albumin plasma (g/l) 0.86 0.74 – 0.99 < 0.05CRP plasma (mg/l) 1.04 1.00­ 1.08 < 0.05

Chapter 4: DISCUSSION4.2   Some   non­   gene   CYP2C19   factors   related   to   clopidogrel responsiveness

4.2.2. The relation between gender and clopidogrel responsiveness

In the study, age from 70 to 79, the rate of clopidogrel resistance 

in male is 50.0%, higher than that in female (16.0%), statistically significant   with   p   <   0.05   Also,   males   are   more   likely   to   use medications to treat comorbid diseases than females. Most of them are drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes. Cabrera M.A.S. et al. found that  elderly  patients  who used  multiple  drugs metabolized  by  the CYP enzyme system had a high risk of causing drug interactions thereby reducing the effectiveness of the combined drugs

4.2.3. The relation between age and clopidogrel responsiveness

The age group ≥ 60, platelet aggregation is 43.50  ± 19.99% which is higher than the one in the age group < 60 (36.14 ± 19.47%). 

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