To describe EEG and relationship between EEG and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia. To assess the frequency of allele and genotypic distribution of ZNF804A gene polymorphism rs1344706 and COMT gene polymorphism rs165599 in patients with schizophrenia.
Trang 11. The necessity of this study
Schizophrenia is a group of severe psychosis, characterized by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, catatonia, disorganized speech and behavior The symptoms of schizophrenia are varied and they always change over time [1]
In the world, there are tens of millions of people with schizophrenia, accounting for about 1% of the world's population. Every year, this rate increases by 0.15% of the population. Prevalence
of schizophrenia in Vietnam is 0.30.8%, and every year it increases by 0.10.15% of the population[2]
For decades, many authors have focused on the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia according to several trends such as genetics [9], [10] neurotransmitters [21], [22] environmental factors [19], [20] Each schizophrenia theory is characterized by its advantages and limitations.
Although many studies on schizophrenia have been conducted in Vietnam, most of them have just described the clinical symptoms, progression and treatment of schizophrenia Few studies have researched
on EEG, but they still restricted, especially about the feature of EEG in schizophrenia. Many studies of molecular, genetic and gene change in schizophrenia in the world [1], [2] have concerned of gene CatecholOmethyltransferase and Zincfinger protein 804A) [13], [14], but number of studies on nucleotide polymorphisms in schizophrenia has been limited in Vietnam.
In previous decades, studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including EEG and schizophrenic genetic, have faced many difficulties and hassles, both in terms of technical procedures and equipment, which are not suitable to the current situation in Vietnam. Nowadays, because of new techniques and methods in quantitative electroencephalography [49], [50] and new generation sequencing [15], indepth studies of EEG and molecular genetic in schizophrenia become available. Therefore, the “Research on features of electroencephalogram
Trang 2and some polymorphisms of COMT, ZNF804A gene in patients with schizophrenia” has been launched with two objectives as follows:
1/ To describe EEG and relationship between EEG and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia.
2/ To assess the frequency of allele and genotypic distribution of ZNF804A gene polymorphism rs1344706 and COMT gene polymorphism rs165599 in patients with schizophrenia.
2. Practical significance and new contributions
This has been the first systematic study on clinical features
which initially assessed on the EEG and ZNF804A gene rs1344706 polymorphism, COMT gene polymorphism rs165599 in patients with
to control group. There was a correlation between hallucinations and EEG
in patients with schizophrenia, including: increase of amplitude, energy properties of alpha, delta, and theta waves
The frequency of allele rs1344706 polymorphism in schizophrenic patients was 53.30% (A) and 46.70% (C), and the distribution of three genotypes AA, CC and AC in patients with schizophrenia was 28.19%, 21.59% and 50.22%. Whereas, frequency of allele A and G of rs165599 polymorphism in schizophrenia patients was 51.32% and 48.68%; and the distribution of genotypes AA, GG and AG were 22.75%, 25.11% and 47.14%, respectively There was no difference in allele frequency and genotypic distribution of rs1344706 and rs165599 polymorphism between schizophrenia and control group. There was also no difference in allele frequency and genotypic distribution between two groups in both females and males
Trang 3 This research opened a new direction for early diagnosis as well as tools to support the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment results in patients with schizophrenia.
3. Structure of thesis
Thesis was written in 152 pages, tables and figures. The content includes: Introduction (2 pages); Chapter 1: Over view (38 pages); Chapter 2: Objects and methods (18 pages); Chapter 3: Result (46 pages); Chapter 4: Discussion (26 pages) and conclusion (2 pages); Recommendation (1 page); List of research projects that publish results of the thesis page; References (18 page) (Vietnamese documents and foreign languages documents)
Trang 4Schizophrenia is characterized by many disturbances such as thinking disorder, emotional and behavioral disorder These symptoms include: positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and catatonia; negative symptoms such as: flat affect, asociality, avolition, anhedonia, and alogia [5]
1.2. Electroencephalogram in schizophrenia
Previous studies have shown the changes of alpha wave, delta wave and theta wave in schizophrenia in terms of amplitude, power, frequency, and reactivity Especially, there are the appearance of waves with frequency 2535 Hz and low amplitude, as called "choppy". EEG changes
in schizophrenia occur in 64% of patients
Nowadays, researches have been focusing on analyzing the EEG in schizophrenia in terms of energy and output property
1.3. Changes in ZNF804A and COMT gene, in schizophrenia
1.3.1. ZNF804A gene and schizophrenia
ZNF804 is a gene encoding the ZNF804A protein in humans,
located on chromosome 2 q32.1, consisting of 4 exons, encoding
proteins with 1210 amino acids In humans, ZNF804A is widely
expressed in the brain, particularly in the developing hippocampus and cortex, as well as the cerebellum in adults A study of GWAS
identified ZNF804A as a sensitive gene of schizophrenia From the
genealogical studies of schizophrenia, it is said that genetic coefficient is nearly 80%. The rs1344706 polymorphism in intron 2 of
the ZNF804A gene has been identified as the single polymorphism
Trang 5association between ZNF804A and schizophrenia, especially rs1344706
polymorphism, has been confirmed by many researches on European samples. However, these results have not been consistent among Asians [86]
1.3.4. The rs165599 polymorphism and schizophrenia
The rs165599 polymorphism, which has received much attention
in schizophrenia researches, suggests it has a role to play This polymorphism, which plays a role in increasing dopamine, has explained some of the features of schizophrenia, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior This role is also shown in the association of alleles with schizophrenia at the age of onset and the decrease in working productivity [116]
1.4. Research on Electroencephalogram and genes in schizophrenia in Vietnam
Schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability, often onset
at a young age, with severe consequences for patients, families and society.
In the world, researches on changing EEG and genetic features in schizophrenia have been interested in many respects However, schizophrenia has been highly concerned about epidemiology and clinical features in Vietnam. There have also been some studies evaluating EEG in
Trang 6schizophrenia, but these studies have just assessed through subjective evaluation. Extensive and indepth assessments of specific functional areas related to highlevel functional disorders as well as studies of genetic and
polymorphic traits, including ZNF804A and COMT gene in Vietnamese,
have been still unclear. Researches on EEG and genes in schizophrenia in the world still have showed many different results. Therefore, research on these issues in Vietnamese population is new and necessary
CHAPTER 2OBJECT AND METHOD2.1. Study objects
The schizophrenia group includes 230 patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to criteria of World Health Organization in 1992 (ICD10F). These patients was treated at the Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital 103, Vietnamese Military Medical University
The control group includes 94 healthy people who suitable for age, gender and some other conditions with above patients
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Study design
A Crosssectional followup study includes analysis of clinical
symptoms of patients corresponding to COMT, ZNF804A gene and EEG
changes in the schizophrenia group
2.2.2. Clinical research method
Clinical research method is to directly interview with patients and their family members to collect information about the patient's history.2.2.3. Electroencephalogram analysing method
EEGLab v13.4.4b analysis software running on MatLab 2017 software
Procedure of EEG analysis was conducted at Diagnostic Imaging Department103 Military HospitalVietnam Military Medical University.2.2.4. Research method of genetic polymorphism
Trang 7The ZNF804A gene polymorphism rs1433706 was determined by the direct sequencing method and the COMT gene polymorphism rs165599
was determined by the polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method
Process of conducting these techniques to determine the polymorphisms: Military Pharmaceutical Research CentreVietnam Military Medical University
Trang 8Table 3.1. Distributon by age group of two groupsAge group Schizophrenic group
Trang 9Figure 3.1. Distribution by family history in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.1 shows that the prevalence of patients whose thirddegree relative suffering from mental disorders was high, accounting for 11.74%
3.2.2. Hallucinations
Table 3.4. Frequency of hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaContent of auditory Number (n) Percent (%) p
Trang 10schizophrenia Content of hallucinations Number (n) Percent (%) p
Table 3.6. Classification of the content of hallucinations in patients with
schizophreniaContent of hallucinations Number
(n)
Percent (%)
Trang 11p
Trang 12Number of types of delusions Number
(n)
Percent (%)
Trang 13No 112 72.73
Delusion of being controlled YesNo 1016 38.4661.54 0.239Broadcasting thought YesNo 227 24.1475.86 0.005The result in Table 3.10 shows the prevalence of behavioral control
of each delusional type. Although this prevalence was not significantly larger in three types of delusions, but it was also relativety high, from 24.14% to 38.46%
3.3. Electroencephalogram in patients with schizophrenia
3.3.1. Energy property of electroencephalogram
Figure 3.2. Alpha wave energy property in baseline EEG
The result in Figure 3.2 shows the alpha wave energy property in the baseline EEG was significantly different between two groups (p<0.001). In particular, the alpha wave energy property in the schizophrenia group was statistically significantly lower than in the control group in most areas of the cerebral cortex
Trang 14The result in figure 3.3 shows the difference of delta wave energy property in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In which, the most difference was figured out at frontal area on both sides
Figure 3.4. Theta wave energy property in baseline EEG
The result in Figure 3.4 shows the diffenrence of theta wave energy property in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In which, the most difference was figured out in the prefrontal region on both sides, the left frontal region, the central region on both sides and the right occipital region
3.3.2. Electroencephalogram amplitude
Trang 15The result in Figure 3.5 shows alpha wave amplitude in the EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In particular, alpha wave amplitude in the schizophrenia group was significantly lower than in control group in most regions of brain cortex
Figure 3.6. Delta wave amplitude in baseline EEG
The Table in Figure 3.6 shows the difference of delta wave amplitude in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). The most differences of delta wave amplitude were in prefrontal, frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal region
Trang 16Figure 3.7 shows the difference of theta wave amplitude in the EEG between two groups (p<0.001) The most differences of theta wave amplitude were in frontal and occipital region on both sides
3.3.3. Electroencephalogram frequency
Figure 3.8. Alpha wave frequency in baseline EEG
The result in Figure 3.8 showed that there was no difference in the alpha wave frequency between two groups
Trang 17The result in Figure 3.9 shows that there was no difference in delta wave frequency in background EEG between two groups
Figure 3.10. Theta wave frequency in baseline EEG
The result in Figure 3.10 shows that there was no difference in theta frequency in background EEG between two groups
3.3.4. Relationship of energy property and hallucinations
Trang 18hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.11 shows that alpha wave energy property in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001).
Figure 3.12. Relationship between delta wave energy property and
hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.12 shows that delta wave energy property in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)
Trang 19hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.13 shows that theta wave energy property in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)
3.3.5. The relationship between amplitude and hallucinations
Figure 3.14. Relationship between alpha wave amplitude and
hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.14 shows that alpha wave amplitude in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)
Trang 20hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.15 shows that delta wave amplitude in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.05)
Figure 3.16. Relationship between theta wave amplitude and
hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.16 shows that theta wave amplitude in schizophrenic patients with hallucinations was higher than in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)
3.4 Polymorphic features of COMT and ZNF804A genes of study
subjects
3.4.1. Polymorphic features of ZNF804A gene rs1344706
Result of Chisquare test of rs1344706 polymorphism in schizophrenia and control groups were χ2=0.02 and χ2=1.11, respectively,