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Summary of PhD thesis in Medicine: Research on features of electroencephalogram and some polymorphisms of COMT, ZNF804A gene in patients with schizophrenia

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To describe EEG and relationship between EEG and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia. To assess the frequency of allele and genotypic distribution of ZNF804A gene polymorphism rs1344706 and COMT gene polymorphism rs165599 in patients with schizophrenia.

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1. The necessity of this study

Schizophrenia   is   a   group   of   severe   psychosis,   characterized   by psychotic   symptoms   such   as   delusions,   hallucinations,   catatonia, disorganized  speech  and  behavior  The   symptoms  of   schizophrenia are varied and they always change over time [1]

In   the   world,   there   are   tens   of   millions   of   people   with schizophrenia,   accounting   for   about   1%   of   the   world's   population. Every year, this rate increases by 0.15% of the population. Prevalence 

of schizophrenia in Vietnam is 0.3­0.8%, and every year it increases by 0.1­0.15% of the population[2]

For   decades,   many   authors   have   focused   on   the   etiology   and pathogenesis of schizophrenia according to several trends such as genetics [9],   [10] neurotransmitters  [21],   [22] environmental   factors  [19], [20] Each schizophrenia theory is characterized by its advantages and limitations. 

Although many studies on schizophrenia have been conducted in Vietnam,   most   of   them   have   just   described   the   clinical   symptoms, progression and treatment of schizophrenia  Few studies have researched 

on EEG, but they still restricted, especially about the feature of EEG in schizophrenia.  Many  studies of  molecular,   genetic  and  gene  change in schizophrenia in the world [1], [2] have concerned of gene Catechol­O­methyltransferase and Zinc­finger protein 804A) [13], [14], but number of studies on nucleotide polymorphisms in schizophrenia has been limited in Vietnam.  

In previous decades, studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including EEG and schizophrenic genetic, have faced many difficulties   and   hassles,   both   in   terms   of   technical   procedures   and equipment,   which   are  not   suitable  to  the  current   situation  in  Vietnam. Nowadays,   because   of   new   techniques   and   methods   in   quantitative electroencephalography [49], [50] and new generation sequencing [15], in­depth   studies   of   EEG   and   molecular   genetic   in   schizophrenia   become available. Therefore, the “Research on features of electroencephalogram  

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and some polymorphisms of COMT, ZNF804A gene in patients with   schizophrenia” has been launched with two objectives as follows: 

1/  To describe EEG  and relationship  between  EEG  and clinical   features in patients with schizophrenia.

2/ To assess the frequency of allele and genotypic distribution of   ZNF804A   gene   polymorphism   rs1344706   and   COMT   gene   polymorphism rs165599 in patients with schizophrenia.

2. Practical significance and new contributions 

­   This   has   been   the   first   systematic   study   on   clinical   features 

which   initially   assessed   on   the   EEG   and  ZNF804A  gene   rs1344706  polymorphism,  COMT  gene polymorphism  rs165599 in patients with 

to control group. There was a correlation between hallucinations and EEG 

in patients with schizophrenia, including: increase of amplitude, energy properties of alpha, delta, and theta waves

­ The frequency of allele rs1344706 polymorphism in schizophrenic patients was 53.30% (A) and 46.70% (C), and the distribution of three genotypes AA, CC and AC in patients with schizophrenia was 28.19%, 21.59% and 50.22%. Whereas, frequency of allele A and G of rs165599 polymorphism in schizophrenia patients was 51.32% and 48.68%; and the distribution  of  genotypes   AA,  GG  and  AG  were  22.75%,   25.11%   and 47.14%,   respectively   There   was  no  difference  in  allele  frequency   and genotypic distribution of rs1344706 and rs165599 polymorphism between schizophrenia and control group. There was also no difference in allele frequency and genotypic distribution between two groups in  both females and males

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­ This research opened a new direction for early diagnosis as well as tools   to   support   the   diagnosis   and   evaluation   of   treatment   results   in patients with schizophrenia.

3. Structure of thesis 

Thesis was written in 152 pages, tables and figures. The content includes:   Introduction     (2   pages);   Chapter   1:   Over   view   (38   pages); Chapter 2: Objects and methods (18 pages); Chapter 3: Result (46 pages); Chapter   4:   Discussion   (26   pages)   and   conclusion   (2   pages); Recommendation (1 page); List of research projects that publish results of the thesis   page;   References   (18   page)   (Vietnamese   documents   and   foreign languages documents)

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Schizophrenia   is   characterized   by   many   disturbances   such   as thinking   disorder,   emotional   and   behavioral   disorder   These   symptoms include:   positive   symptoms   such   as   delusions,   hallucinations,   and catatonia;   negative   symptoms   such   as:   flat   affect,   asociality,   avolition, anhedonia, and alogia [5]

1.2. Electroencephalogram in schizophrenia

Previous studies have shown the changes of alpha wave, delta wave and theta wave in schizophrenia in terms of amplitude, power, frequency, and   reactivity   Especially,   there   are   the   appearance   of   waves   with frequency 25­35 Hz and low amplitude, as called "choppy". EEG changes 

in schizophrenia occur in 64% of patients

Nowadays, researches have been focusing on analyzing the EEG in schizophrenia in terms of energy and output property

1.3. Changes in ZNF804A and COMT gene, in schizophrenia

1.3.1. ZNF804A gene and schizophrenia

ZNF804  is  a   gene   encoding   the  ZNF804A  protein  in   humans, 

located   on   chromosome   2   q32.1,   consisting   of   4   exons,   encoding 

proteins   with   1210   amino   acids   In   humans,  ZNF804A  is   widely 

expressed   in   the   brain,   particularly   in   the   developing   hippocampus and  cortex,  as well  as the cerebellum  in  adults  A  study  of  GWAS 

identified  ZNF804A  as  a   sensitive   gene  of   schizophrenia   From   the 

genealogical   studies   of   schizophrenia,   it  is   said  that  genetic coefficient is nearly 80%. The rs1344706 polymorphism in intron 2 of 

the  ZNF804A  gene   has   been   identified   as   the   single   polymorphism 

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association   between  ZNF804A  and   schizophrenia,   especially  rs1344706 

polymorphism,   has   been   confirmed   by   many   researches  on   European samples. However, these results have not been consistent among Asians [86]

1.3.4. The rs165599 polymorphism and schizophrenia

The rs165599 polymorphism, which has received much attention 

in   schizophrenia   researches,   suggests   it   has   a   role   to   play   This polymorphism, which plays a role in increasing dopamine, has explained some of the features of schizophrenia, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized   speech   and   behavior   This   role   is   also   shown   in   the association   of   alleles   with   schizophrenia   at   the   age   of   onset   and   the decrease in working productivity [116]

1.4. Research on  Electroencephalogram  and genes in schizophrenia in Vietnam

Schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability, often onset 

at a young age, with severe consequences for patients, families and society. 

In   the   world,   researches   on   changing   EEG   and   genetic   features   in schizophrenia   have   been   interested   in   many   respects   However, schizophrenia has been highly concerned about epidemiology and clinical features in Vietnam. There have also been some studies evaluating EEG in 

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schizophrenia,   but   these   studies   have   just   assessed   through   subjective evaluation. Extensive and in­depth assessments of specific functional areas related to high­level functional disorders as well as studies of genetic and 

polymorphic traits, including  ZNF804A  and  COMT  gene in Vietnamese, 

have been still unclear. Researches on EEG and genes in schizophrenia in the world still have showed many different results. Therefore, research on these issues in Vietnamese population is new and necessary

CHAPTER 2OBJECT AND METHOD2.1. Study objects

The schizophrenia group includes 230 patients with schizophrenia diagnosed   according   to   criteria  of   World   Health   Organization  in  1992 (ICD­10F). These patients was treated at the Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital 103, Vietnamese Military Medical University

The control group includes 94 healthy people who suitable for age, gender and some other conditions with above patients

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. Study design

A   Cross­sectional   follow­up   study   includes   analysis   of   clinical 

symptoms of patients corresponding to  COMT, ZNF804A  gene and EEG 

changes in the schizophrenia group

2.2.2. Clinical research method

Clinical research method is to directly interview with patients and their family members to collect information about the patient's history.2.2.3. Electroencephalogram analysing method

EEGLab   v13.4.4b   analysis   software   running   on   MatLab   2017 software

Procedure of EEG analysis was conducted at Diagnostic Imaging Department­103 Military Hospital­Vietnam Military Medical University.2.2.4. Research method of genetic polymorphism

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The  ZNF804A  gene polymorphism rs1433706 was determined by  the direct sequencing method and the COMT gene polymorphism rs165599 

was   determined   by   the polymerase   chain   reaction­restriction   fragment length polymorphism (PCR­RFLP) method

Process   of   conducting   these   techniques   to   determine   the polymorphisms:  Military   Pharmaceutical   Research   Centre­Vietnam Military Medical University

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Table 3.1. Distributon by age group of two groupsAge group Schizophrenic group

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Figure 3.1. Distribution by family history in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.1 shows that the prevalence of patients whose third­degree relative suffering from mental disorders was high, accounting for 11.74%

3.2.2. Hallucinations

Table 3.4. Frequency of hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaContent of auditory  Number (n) Percent (%) p

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schizophrenia Content of hallucinations Number (n) Percent (%) p

Table 3.6. Classification of the content of hallucinations in patients with 

schizophreniaContent of hallucinations Number 

(n)

Percent (%)

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p

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Number of types of delusions Number 

(n)

Percent (%)

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No 112 72.73

Delusion of being controlled  YesNo 1016 38.4661.54 0.239Broadcasting thought  YesNo 227 24.1475.86 0.005The result in Table 3.10 shows the prevalence of behavioral control 

of each delusional type. Although this prevalence was not significantly larger in three types of delusions, but it was also relativety high, from 24.14% to 38.46%

3.3. Electroencephalogram in patients with schizophrenia

3.3.1. Energy property of electroencephalogram

Figure 3.2. Alpha wave energy property in baseline EEG

The result in Figure 3.2 shows the alpha wave energy property in the baseline EEG was significantly different between two groups (p<0.001). In particular, the alpha wave energy property in the schizophrenia group was statistically significantly lower than in the control group in most areas of the cerebral cortex

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The result in figure 3.3 shows the difference of delta wave energy property in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In which, the most difference was figured out at frontal area on both sides

Figure 3.4. Theta wave energy property in baseline EEG

The result in Figure 3.4 shows the diffenrence of theta wave energy property in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In which, the most difference was figured out in the pre­frontal region on both sides, the   left   frontal   region,   the   central   region   on   both   sides   and   the   right occipital region

3.3.2.  Electroencephalogram amplitude

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The result in Figure  3.5 shows alpha wave amplitude in the EEG between two groups (p<0.001). In particular, alpha wave amplitude in the schizophrenia group was significantly lower than in control group in most regions of brain cortex

Figure 3.6. Delta wave amplitude in baseline EEG

The   Table   in   Figure   3.6   shows   the   difference   of   delta   wave amplitude in the background EEG between two groups (p<0.001). The most   differences   of   delta   wave   amplitude   were   in   prefrontal,   frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal region

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Figure 3.7 shows the difference of theta wave amplitude in the EEG between   two   groups   (p<0.001)   The   most   differences   of   theta   wave amplitude were in frontal and occipital region on both sides

3.3.3. Electroencephalogram frequency

Figure 3.8. Alpha wave frequency in baseline EEG

The result in Figure 3.8 showed that there was no difference in the alpha wave frequency between two groups

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The result in Figure 3.9 shows that there was no difference in delta wave frequency in background EEG between two groups

Figure 3.10. Theta wave frequency in baseline EEG

The result in Figure 3.10 shows that there was no difference in theta frequency in background EEG between two groups

3.3.4. Relationship of energy property and hallucinations

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hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.11 shows that alpha wave energy property in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001). 

Figure 3.12. Relationship between delta wave energy property and 

hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.12 shows that delta wave energy property in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)

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hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe result in Figure 3.13 shows that theta wave energy property in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)

3.3.5. The relationship between amplitude and hallucinations

Figure 3.14. Relationship between alpha wave amplitude and 

hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe   result   in   Figure   3.14   shows   that   alpha   wave  amplitude  in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)

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hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe   result   in   Figure   3.15   shows   that   delta   wave  amplitude  in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.05)

Figure 3.16. Relationship between theta wave amplitude and 

hallucinations in patients with schizophreniaThe   result   in   Figure   3.16   shows   that   theta   wave  amplitude  in schizophrenic   patients   with   hallucinations   was   higher   than   in schizophrenic patients without hallucinations (p<0.001)

3.4   Polymorphic   features   of  COMT  and  ZNF804A  genes   of   study 

subjects

3.4.1. Polymorphic features of ZNF804A gene rs1344706

Result   of   Chi­square   test   of   rs1344706   polymorphism   in schizophrenia and control groups were χ2=0.02 and χ2=1.11, respectively, 

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