Describe the clinical characteristics of patients with severe microtia and accompanied malformations. Apply the modified Nagata tehnique (using the posterior auricular fascia instead of the temporoparietal fascia flap) for patients with microtia, so the surgery is suitable for Vietnamese people, achieve high results and few complications.
Trang 1INTRODUCTIONMicrotia is a congenital condition caused by the abnormal development of the auricle during pregnancy to varying degrees, from mildly abnormal structural part of the ear to severe. Microtia greatly affects the aesthetic issue, which can even lead to inferiority complex due to being stigmatized and shunned by people around them. Therefore, these children need to get their ears corrected early to help them integrate and improve their quality of life.
Currently in the world, there are some methods of ear reconstruction: forming by autologous rib cartilage, shaping by artificial materials or installing artificial ear canal. In that, forming ear flaps with rib cartilage itself is still a reliable method, bringing longlasting aesthetic results However, in Vietnam, there are still not many researches on this method
We chose the Nagata technique because it has the advantages: the time and the number of surgeries are shortened, the reconstructed ear looks more natural
Because ear reconstruction is an extremely complex and sophisticated technique, requires a welltrained and regularly operated surgeon. We also hope that when conducting this topic, it will firstly help Vietnamese doctors to master the technique and surgery on a regular basis to improve the technique, reduce complications and help
Trang 2patients to have good results in terms of aesthetics, improved psychology as well as confidence in life.
2. New contributions of the thesis
Describe the clinical characteristics of patients with severe microtia and accompanied malformations
Apply the modified Nagata tehnique (using the posterior auricular fascia instead of the temporoparietal fascia flap) for patients with microtia, so the surgery is suitable for Vietnamese people, achieve high results and few complications
3. The layout of the thesis:
The thesis is presented with 110 pages including: 02 page introduction, 31 pages overview, 20page research objects and methods, 27page research results, 27page discussions, 1page conclusions and 1page proposal
The thesis has 33 tables, 03 charts, 12 pictures, including 89 references arranged in the order of appearance in the thesis
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND1.1. Embryology and anatomy of the auricle
1.1.1. Embryology
The outer ear consists of the auricle and ear canal, developing from the mesenchymal layer of the first and second pharyngeal arch. The auricle
is made up of 6 auricular hillocks of His. At the 5th week of pregnancy, 3 hillocks arise from the mandibular arch (His 1,2,3) and the remaining 3 hillocks from the hyoid arch (His 4,5,6) opposite of the first pharyngeal arch. Around the 12th week, 6 auricular hillocks converge together to create a defined structure of the ear
The aurilce is in the same shape as an adult by about the 18th week. By 3 years it reaches 85% of adult size and the ear cartilage is almost complete by 5 years of age, although it continues to grow until about 9 years old, it reaches adult size. Microtia occurs when there is an abnormal problem during the development of the auricle in the embryonic period
1.1.2. Anatomy
Trang 31.1.2.1. Appearance: includes components: the helix, antihelix, tragus, antitragus, scapha, triangular fossa, concha and lobule.
1.1.3. Auricular anthropometry
The ears are located on either side of the head, related to the temporomandibular joint and the parotid gland in the front, the mastoid bone and the upper temporal region. The auricle is like 2 leaves with the free part opening behind, creating with the mastoid surface an angle of about 20 30º (auricular mastoid angle)
+ The anterior ear axis corresponds to the posterior edge of the branch on the mandibule
Size of ears: average length of about 65mm long, 35 mm wide, with length / width ratio 2/1.≈
1.2. Pathology of microtia
1.2.1. Epidemiological characteristics
The incidence of microtia: ranges from 0.83 to 4.34 / 10,000 newborns, common among Asians, Pacific Islanders and Hispanic people (Spain and Portugal)
Microtia is predominant in men, right ear is more common than left ear
Microtia may be isolated, or in combination with other abnormalities, or may be part of the syndrome: OAVS system (OAVS: OculoAuriculoVertebral Spectrum) with the most classic manifestation is congenital Goldenhar syndrome or KlippelFeil deformities
1.2.2. Morphology of microtia
1.2.2.1. Morphological characteristics
About 7090% of cases of microtia occur on one side with the prominence in men and more often in the right ear than the left
Bilateral microtia: relatively rare with the ratio of about 0.05 ‰
Trang 4There are many ways to classify microtia but the most popular classification is Marx's (1926) He divided microtia into three categories:
+ Type I: the ear is smaller than normal and still has most of its normal structures (still with external ear canal)
+ Type II: the ear is missing 12 anatomical units of the ear canal (without earlobe or helix), the external ear canal is blocked or narrow.+ Type III: the ear structure is only a small part of peanut,, without external ear canal
1.3.1.2. Four stage technique of Brent:
Stage 1: Haversting of rib cartilage, constructing the framework, and inserting the framework in the pocket subcutaneously at the reconstructed ear location
Stage 2: Lobule transposition
Stage 3: Elevation of the reconstructed ear with a skin graft to create the auriculocephalic sulcus
Stage 4: Tragal construction, conchal excavation, and
simultaneous contralateral otoplasty
1.3.1.3. Two stage technique of Nagata:
Trang 5D frame to its proper anatomical location
+ Step 1: Creating an auricle template (similar to Brent technique).+ Step 2: Haversting the ipsilateral rib cartilage. Perichondrium is preserved to avoid chest deformity after surgery. The cartilage pieces are sewn together with a special type of steel thread
Take a free flap from groin with an appropriate size
Elevate the framework
Place the semilunar cartilage, fixed by the posterior auricular fascia
Complications at the ear
Trang 6* Early complications Necrosis of skin flap covered with framework Hematoma, condensation: caused by occlusion, closed drainage Infection: Cartilage inflammation: causing necrosis, deformed framework , affecting aesthetic results – Ischemia when lobule transposition.
2.1.1. Selection criteria:
Patients diagnosed with congenital severe microtia (type III, IV according to Marx) underwent ear reconstruction by Nagata technique
2.1.3. Sample size: Because microtia is a rare disease, we selected a
convenient sample size. In fact, in the 3 years from 2016 to 2019, we screened all 32 eligible patients for the study. In which, 15 patients were retrospective and 17 patients were prospective
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Study design: clinical intervention study, beforeafter control 2.2.3. Research location: Esthetic and Plastic Surgery Department
ENT Hospital
Trang 7 Condut patient information collection according to the sample case:
Trang 8 For retrospective patients: retest according to the information in the sample medical records at the beginning of the study All retrospective patients have only completed stage 1 of the surgery, so we proceeded to conduct research at stage 2.
For prospective patients: presurgery clinical examination: fully record in detail the morphological characteristics of the microtia ear
2.3.2. Planning the surgery:
Use a piece of Xray film to draw hightlights key structure of the normal ear: For patients with bilateral microtia, we use a sample ear that matches the face of the patient (sample ears have 3 sizes: big, medium and small)
Locate the reconstructed ear:
Draw the shape and size of the ear canal to prepare for reconstruct at the position of the microtia ear, mark with an indelible marker pen or pump methylene blue pole at the top and bottom of the ear, the ear axis
6, 7 to create the basic frame, take the whole rib cartilage 8.9 to the adjacent section with the rib, preserve the perichondrium Bury the excess cartilage pieces under the chest skin for 2nd stage. Sculpte the rib cartilage into the details of the normal ear, stitching to fix the details with steel thread
Step 3: Create a skin pocket: Redefine the ear landmarks: ear axis, highest and lowest points Create skin pockets by undermining postauricular scalp area to a specified size, not too wide, not too tight. Control the bleeding carefully
Trang 9Step 4: Implant the cartilage framework into the skin pocket: Implant the cartilage framework beneath the skin corresponding to the location of the reconstructed ear that was located in step 1. Turn the earlobes into position and reconstruct the tragus.
Step 5: Closed drainage close the skin pocket wound bandage: Put 2 closed drains, apply antibiotic light compress
Follow up after surgery:
+ At the chest: Bleeding, hematoma: drainage usually withdrawn after 24 hours; pneumothorax.
+ At the location of the ear: Keep negative pressure of drains. Evaluate skin color: pink or hematoma, purple, black, necrotic Observe if the main anatomical details are clear, whether the new ear in right place.
2.3.3.2. Stage 2: Elevate the cartilage framework: after 1st stage at least
6 months. Take a piece of cartilage waiting at 1st stage. Take a thickness skin graft in the groin area Cut the skin behind on the cartilage framework 5mm from the atrial edge of the cartilage, all the way to the scales behind the ears. Elevate the cartilage framework up and forward, reposition the ear if needed. Place the semilunar cartilage padding on the cartilage frame, cover and fix by posterior auricular fascia, collating
so that it is proportional to the opposite side. Fixed stitching of skin grafts on the back of the framework. Fixation with bolster.
Follow up after surgery: After surgery, patients are given antibiotics, analgesic, anti imflamation Examining to detect and handle complications: infections, skin flap, regular observation of flap color Bolster is removed after 57 days.
2.3.4. The corrective surgery
After 2nd stage surgery, depending on the surgical results on the shape, size and position of the reconstructed ear, there may be corrective surgery for perfection:
Trang 100 points: for each of the following criteria: Bleeding requires intervention after surgery; drainage of pleura, necrotic infection with necrotic, nonhealing scar.
1 point: for each of the following criteria: Bleeding must intervene during surgery; pleural suture, edema, no infection
2 points: for each criterion: No bleeding; no punctured pleura, good scars
+ At the ear:
0 point for each criterion: Closed drainage is lost, open to be sewn
or continuous aspiration; hematoma; infected surgical incisions, scarred necrosis; skin flap necrosis > 1cm; chondritis cartilage destruction.
1 point for each criterion: leaked drains must be applied with antibiotic grease; Hematoma requires no intervention; wound without infection, no necrosis; skin flap necrosis <1cm; no cartilage destruction.
2 points for each criterion: no slip, open drainage; no hematoma; good scars; No necrotizing flap skin; No chondritis.
Based on this scale, individual points will be calculated at the chest the location of the reconstructed ear and dividing the surgical results into 4 levels:
At the chest: Poor: <3 points; Average: 3 points; Good: 45 points; Very good: 6 points.
Reconstructed ear: Poor: > 5 points; Average: 57 points; Good: 79 points; Very good: 10 points
Evaluation of late results: The evaluation time is every 3 months after surgery with the following criteria:
0 points for each criterion: Clear skin color; the ear is very thick, with unwanted hair need to cut regularly; keloids.
1 point for each criterion: Slightly different skin color; slightly thicker ears; There is less hair not to cut periodically; bad scars.
Trang 11Based on this scale, individual points will be calculated at the site
of taking rib cartilage, the location of the ear shape and dividing the surgical results into 4 levels:
At the chest: Poor: <2 points; Average: 2 points; Good: 3 points; Very good: 4 points.
At the reconstructed ear: Poor: < 4 points; Average: 45 points; Good: 67 points; Very good: 8 points
Aesthetic results about position and size of reconstructed ear: difference from the healthy side:
0 points for each criterion: Length, width> 10mm; misaligned ear axis; high or low ear position> 10mm; auricular mastoid angle > 20o; distance between helix mastoid> 10mm; distance between helix lateral canthus > 10mm.
1 point for each criterion: Length, width 510mm; ear axis less deviated; auricular mastoid angle 10 ? 20o; distance between helix mastoid 5 10mm; distance between helix lateral canthus 5 10mm.
2 points for each of the following criteria: Length, width <5mm; good ear axis; high or low ear position <5mm; auricular mastoid angle
< 10 ?; distance between helix mastoid < 5mm; distance between helix lateral canthus < 5mm.
Sorting aesthetic results on ear position, size: Poor: <6 points; Average: 68 points; Good: 911 points; Very good: 12 points
Aesthetic results about the reconstructed ear: based on 13 anatomical details according to Mohit Sharma: each detail 1 point: crus
of helix, upper 1/3rd of helix, middle 1/3rd of helix, lower 1/3rd of helix, superior and inferior crus of antihelix, middle part of antihelix, antitragus, tragus, lobule, scaphoid fossa, triangle fossa, cymba concha, cavum concha
Sort by Mohit Sharma: Poor: 15 points; Average: 68 points; Good: 911 points; Very good: 1213 points
The level of patient satisfaction: divided into 5 levels: Completely dissatisfied; Unsatisfied; Normal; Satisfied; Very satisfied
Trang 12records are coded and entered using EpiData data entry software 3.1. Data analysis using SPSS 22.0 software
2.3.6 Ethics in research: Patients are explained carefully about
surgical methods, possible risks. The study was approved by the Ethics Commitee of Hanoi Medical University
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS3.1. Clinical characteristics of patients with severe microtia
3.1.1. Age at surgery
Comments: The age of the youngest patient is 7, the oldest age is
37. The average age is 16.1 ± 7.6; Most patients have surgery at the age
of 10 20 years old, there are 3 patients undergoing surgery under the age of 10 and 5 patients over 20 years old.
Table 3.3. Side of microtia: Microtia is mainly on the right (20 ears), only 11 left ears and 1 patient has microtia on both sides. However, this difference is not statistically significant with p = 0,106.Figure 3.2. Malformations and syndromes: There are 13 patients without any accompanied malformations. There were 19 patients with inferior maxillofacial osteoarthritis attached (accounting for 59,4%). There were 5 patients with mild congenital facial paralysis, there were 3
Gender
Male Female
Trang 13Table 3.5. Normal ear: The average length of the ear is 60.2 mm. The average width of the ears is 30.6mm. The average of the auricular mastoid angle is 19.1º. The distance between the helix lateral canthus
is 75.6mm. The average distance of the auricular mastoid is 19.1mm.3.2. Ear reconstruction surgery results
Table 3.6. Number of surgeries: More than half of patients have to undergo 3 surgeries, 1/3 patients only need to undergo 2 surgeries, 2 patients need 4 surgeries and 1 patient need 5 surgeries. The average number of surgeries is 2.75
Figure 3.3. Average number of treatment days: the longest is 26 days. The longest treatment day in 1st stage is in patients with necrosis
of the skin flap, which causes exposed cartilage and prolonged hospitalization
Table 3.7.Time between 2 stages of surgery: Most patients have surgery 2nd stage after 1 year, 4 patients undergo surgery after 1 year 2 years, only 1 patient underwent surgery for 2nd stage after 6 months
3.2.4. Complications of surgery
3.2.4.1. Complications at the chest
Table 3.8. Early complications at the chest: During 1st stage of the surgery, we did not experience complications of bleeding, pleural perforation or infection but only pleural perforation in 6 cases (18.2%),
It is mainly a hole <1cm in diameter
Table 3.9. Late complications at the chest: 26/33 cases without any complications. No patients with chest deformity. There were 7 patients with bad scars, of which 6 patients had hypertrophic scars, only 1 patient had keloid.