Determining the frequency of genotype and allele of TNF-α – 308 and TGF-β1-509 in HCC patients with HBsAg (+). Analysing the association of TNF-α-308, TGF-β1-509 polymorphism with risk of HCC and some clinical and subclinical characteristics of HCC patients.
Trang 21 National Library
2 Vietname Military Medical University’s library
3
Trang 4Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the common malignant tumors globally with the main cause is chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection This cancer has a poor prognosis with a short survival time, due to limited early diagnosis.
The host's single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) plays an important role in determining the body's immune response to HBV infection, affecting HCC formation
Research on gene polymorphism helps stratify risk subjects, improve early detection and treatment results. Recently, many studies
in the world have shown the influence of TNF 308 G> Aα and TGF – 1509C>Tβ is associated with an increased HCC risk. The carriers
of A allele of TNF 308 G>Aα , T alleles of TGF – 1509 C>Tβ
increase the risk of HCC higher than the other carriers of alleles.The polymorphisms influence HCC progression in controlling the concentration of the corresponding cytokines. In the microbiological environment, these cytokines interact, support and enhance the effects of each other
Vietnam is a country, located in the epidemic zone of hepatitis B virus, having a high incidence of HCC with extremely serious consequences
Therefore, the thesis "Studying polymorphism of TNF 308α G>A and TGF 1509C>T in hepatocellular carcinoma patientsβ with HBsAg positive" was conducted with two objectives.
1 Determining the frequency of genotype and allele of TNFα – 308 and TGF 1509β in HCC patients with HBsAg (+)
2 Analysing the association of TNF 308, TGF 1509α β
polymorphism with risk of HCC and some clinical and subclinical characteristics of HCC patients.
Trang 5 This is the first scientific study in Vietnam researching on
frequency of genotype, allele of TNF 308 G>A, TGF 1509α β C>T in healthy people, chronic hepatitis B and HCC with HBsAg
(+)
* TNF – 308 G>Aα
+ The AA genotype only appeared in HCC group, which was 0.98%, the frequency of alleles of A TNF 308 G>A was low inα healthy people, 5.4%, which was similar to Asian population
+ The frequency of allele A in the healthy group, chronic hepatitis B and HCC was 5.4%, 5.83% and 13.2%, respectively. There was differences in the frequency of genotypes GG, GA and A allele among HCC groups compared to healthy, chronic hepatitis B groups
* TGF– 1 509 C>Tβ
+ The frequency of T allele in the healthy group, HBV and HCC was 52.9%; 61.67% and 63.24%, respectively There was difference in the frequency of T allele in HCC and healthy groups
The study showed that A allele, genotype containing allele A of
TNF 308α increased the risk of HCC compared with G allele and genotype containing allele G. Alen T, genotype containing allele T of
TGF 1509β increased the risk of HCC compared with C allele and genotype contain C allele Two polymorphisms interacted synergistically with each other increasing the risk of HCC
* The doctoral thesis arrangement: This thesis contains 113 pages (without references and appendixes): Introduction: 02 pages, Chapter 1 Overview: 31 pages, Chapter 2: Subjects and methods: 17 pages, Chapter 3 Results: 30 pages, Chapter 4 Discussion: 30 pages, Conclusion: 02 pages, Recommendations: 01 page. It includes 46 tables, 23 figures, and 125 references (14 Vietnamese references and
111 English references)
Trang 61.1 Overview of hepatocelular carcinoma
Hepatocelular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer among the 10 common cancers worldwide Located in Southeast Asia, high epidemic area, Vietnam has a high incidence of HCC. Corresponding to the high prevalence and mortality rates of HCC, the status of HBV infection is also worrisome. According to Robert G et
al (2011), Vietnam is one of the countries which has the highest HBV infection rate in the world with nearly 12% of people having HBsAg (+), about 10 million people living with chronic HBV. In 2018, GLOBOCAN had notified the ASRI (age specific standard index) of HCC in Vietnam for both sexes is 23,2, ranked fourth globally. HCC is closely related to HBV infection. However, the reality is that not all patients infected with HBV will develop HCC. Therefore, both HBV and patients play important role, they interact with each other to cause the final disease
1.2 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
The human genome, largely preserved during evolution, at least 99.5% of genes between any two individuals will be identical, so the difference is only 0.1% 0.5% This is the key to creating each individual is unique due to different characteristics (shape, inherited disease ) Many factors in the genome contribute to 0.1% of the difference, of which SNP (singlepolymorphism) plays an important role. SNP is defined as a single base change on a DNA sequence, this change accounts for a proportion of ≥ 1% in the large community and continue to be inherited for the next generation. SNP can be located
in different regions of the gene, in the promoter region, it plays an important role in controlling the start and level of transcriptional activity of the gene
TNF α– 308 G>A gene
Trang 7TNFα gene (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) is located in locus 21.3 of the short arm chromosome 6 (6p21.3). TNFα gene has many
polymorphism, especially the polymorphism at 308 in the promoter region plays an important role. This SNP has 2 types of alleles: the allele G, the other rarer type, the allele A The frequency of
genotypes and alleles of TNF 308G>Aα polymorphisms varied among different populations
TGF 1 509C>T geneβ
TGF 1β gene (Transforming Growth Factor, Beta 1) is located
on the long arm of chromosome 19 (19q13.113.3) Many single
polymorphisms have been identified in the TGF 1β gene, of which SNP at the C509T site at the promoter region has important role. It
TNFα 308 G/A gene
Teixeira A.C. et al (2013) studied the association of TNF 308α G/A polymorphism with HCC risk in Brazil in 120 HCC patients and
202 healthy people. The result had shown there was an increased
HCC risk in people carriers A allele, GA gene of TNF– 308α
compared to people carriers G allele, GG gene with (OR = 1,82; 95%CI = 1,073,08; p = 0.0351), and (OR = 2,51; 95%CI = 1,394,51; p = 0,0031).
Tsai J. F. et al (2017) studied the effect of TNF 308 G>Aα on HCC risk related to HBV in 200 HCC infected with HBV patients and 200 cirrhosis with HBV infected patients, concluded that GA
Trang 8OR = 2,34; 95% CI (1,29 – 4,25); p = 0,004
TGF 1509C>T β gene
Ma J. (2015) studied 393 patients with hepatitis C found that the risk of HCC was higher in patients with TT gene than CC gene with
OR = 1,820, p = 0.03. Patients carrier T allele compared with C allele increased the risk of HCC with OR= 1,383, p = 0.028
Combination TNF 308G>A, TGF 1509C>T α β
HCC, complex disease, is affected by many factors, of which the role of a gene is very important, but in fact, no single polymorphism can fully explain the complex mechanisms of disease, each SNP plays only a very small role in the development of disease. Therefore, the new trend is studying the combination of genotypes and alleles of different SNPs with the risk of disease, help stratify This helps increase the value of early detection and improve the effectiveness of disease treatment
Bei C.H. (2014) evaluated the effect of 6 SNP include IL2, IFN , IL1 , IL6 and IL10 genes with risk of HCC in China in 720γ β HCC patients and 784 healthy people, had concluded that although not a single SNP increased the risk of HCC, but combination of 6 SNP had increased HCC risk with OR = 1,821; 95%CI = 1,078 3,075. The authors said that interactions between SNPs increase the
risk of HCC. El Din N.G. (2017) assessed the effects of TNF 308α and TGF – 1509β on cirrhosis progression due to HCV showed that
combination of TNF 308α AA and TGF 1509β TT compared with
TNF (GG) + TGF (CC) increases risk of cirrhosis with OR = 6,4;
95%CI = 1,490 – 27,641; p = 0,013. The results showed that these
was a synergistic effect of 2 genes because TNFα alone increased the risk of cirrhosis by 2.8 times, TGF 1β increased the risk of cirrhosis by 2.9 times
1.4. Studies TNF 308G>A and TGF 1509C>T in Vietnamα β
Trang 9studies on TNF 308α and TGF 509β in HCC patients. In 2012, Dunstan studied in 2350 healthy Vietnamese people, genetic analysis was conducted in England. The result showed that the percentage of
A allele TNF 308α was 7%. Tran Dinh Tri (2017) studied the gene
TNF 308 G>Aα in patients with stomach cancer showed that the percentage of allele A was 17.1%. Such research results have been
noted that the percentage of A allele of TNF 308α in the Vietnamese population is low, similar to other Asian countries
The polymorphism TGF 1 509 C>Tβ has been extensively studied in the world with certain roles in many diseases. However, in the Vietnamese population, although we have tried to search, no studies on this polymorphism have been published
CHAPTER 2: SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Subjects
The study included 102 HCC infected with HBV patients, 60 chronic hepatitis B patients, 102 healthy people
2.1.1. Study group
Inclusion criteria:
Diagnosis of HCC was base on the guidance of the Ministry of Health of Vietnam in 2012, has 1 of the following 2 criteria+ Anatomical or histopathological evidence of histology+ Typical image on contrast CT scan or contrast MRI with
Trang 112.2.4.3. Analysis TNF 308 and TGF 1 509 polymorphism α βSequencing 2 genes directly by ABI PRISM 3500 system. The sequence of reference for 2 genes was taken from Genbank database
Trang 122.2.5.3 Correlation between TNF 308, TGF 1509 with HCCα β risk and clinical, subclinical characteristics of HCC patients
Compare the frequency of genotypes and alleles TNF 308α G> A, TGF 1 509 C> Tβ among research groups
Calculating the risk of HCC in different genotypes and alleles of
TNF 308 G> A, TGF 1509 C> Tα β , combining 2 genes. We classify good genes with protective effects, bad genes with increasing the risk of HCC:
+ Genotypic combination type: good combination both good genes in the homozygous form, medium combination one good gene in the homozygous form, bad combination no good gene in the homozygous form
The relationship between genotypes of each polymorphism, combining two polymorphisms with clinical symptoms, subclinical and HCC stage
2.2.6. Data processing: the collected data were processed according
to the medical statistics using SPSS 20.0 statistical software
2.3. TIME AND LOCATION OF RESEARCH
Research time: October 2016October 2017. Research locations: Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi Medical University, Military Medical Hospital 103
2.4. RESEARCH ETHICS
The subjects were fully explained and were willing to participate
in the research. The implementation processes were trictly complied with the regulation of the Ministry of Health of Vietnam
Trang 13Determination of genotype and allele frequency
Analysis of genotypic and allele relationship of TNF 308,α
TGF 1 509β , combining 2 polymorphisms with HCC risk and clinical and subclinical symptoms of HCC patients
Trang 14Most liver tumors in the right lobe (74,5,%), average size of total tumor: 10,80 ± 12,02 cm, size tumor <5 cm (29,4%), size tumor
> 10 cm was high percentage (37.3%), portal vein thrombosis (22.5%), other metastases (19.6%). Subclinical indicators fluctuate,
FP < 400 ng/ml (52.9%), HBVDNA ≥ 104 (66.7%)
α
The majority of patients were in stage Okuda II (58.8%), Barcelona B (35.2%), Barcelona C (36.3%) The rate of patients detected at an early stage, was low rate such as Okuda I (36.3%), Barcelona A (27.5%)
There was a significant difference in the frequency of GG, GA genotypes and alleles in HCC group compared to healthy group
Trang 15 A allele was significantly associated with increased risk HCC, compared to G allele, OR= 2,676; 95% CI (1,290 – 5,555); p = 0,006.
A allele was significantly associated with increased risk HCC, compared to G allele, OR =2,593; 95% CI (1,389 – 4,842); p = 0,002
Trang 16 A allele was significantly associated with increased risk HCC, compared to G allele, OR = 2,462; 95% CI (1,0385,843); p = 0,036.
4.3. TGF 1509 C>T β polymorphism and HCC risk
4.3.1. Frequency of genotypes, alleles of TGF 1509 C>T β
CT genotype predominates in all groups T allele in HCC patients (63,24%), chronic hepatitis B (61,67%), healthy people (52,94%)
Trang 17Tables 3.22 and 3.23 genotypes and alleles of TGF 1509β did not affect the risk of HCC, when using control groups were without HCC, chronic hepatitis B
4.3.2.2 TGF 1509 C>T polymorphism and clinical, subclinical,β and stage of HCC
Tables 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27 and 3.28 showed that there was no
difference between TGF 1509C>Tβ polymorphism with some clinical and subclinical characteristics such as age, tumor characteristics, platelets, FP, HBV DNA, portal venous thrombosis,α metastasis, HCC stage
4.4 Combination of TNF 308 G>A, TGF 1509 C>Tα β
polymorphisms
We see GG genotype of TNF 308 G>Aα and CC genotype of
TGF 1509 C>Tβ appeared significantly more in the without HCC group than the HCC group The genotype containing allele A of
TNFα 308 and genotype containing allele T of TGF 1509β
increased the risk of HCC compared to the remaining genotypes. Therefore, we consider GG to be a good genotype compared to AA and CC as a good genotype compared to TT, we divide the appearance of two genes as follows:
Trang 18 Moderate combination: having 1 gene GG or CC in homozygous
Bad combination: neither GG gene nor CC gene in homozygous
4.4.1. TNF –308G>A, TGF 1509C>T polymorphism and HCCα β risk
When using control group was chronic hepatitis B patient, we did not see an association for HCC risk with polymorphisms
4.4.2. The relation between combination of polymorphisms and some clinical, subclinical characteristics of HCC patients
Trang 19no effect of combining 2 polymorphisms with some clinical, subclinical characteristics: age, tumor characteristics, platelets, FP,α HBV DNA, thrombosis portal vein, metastases, HCC stage
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1. Clinical and subclinical characteristics of HCC patientsHCC patients had an average age of 57.4 ± 9.7. The youngest is
37 years old, the oldest is 80 years old. The majority of patients aged 5170 years old were 67.2%. Male / female ratio: 11.8 /1
At the time of diagnosis, the percentage of patient without symptoms was 13,7%. The average size of total tumor: 10,80 ± 12,02
cm, size tumor <5 cm (29,4%), size tumor > 10 cm was high percentage (37.3%), portal vein thrombosis (22.5%), other metastases (19.6%). Subclinical indicators fluctuate, FP < 400 ng/ml (52.9%),α HBVDNA ≥ 104 (66.7%)
The majority of patients were in stage Okuda II (58.8%), Barcelona B (35.2%), Barcelona C (36.3%) The rate of patients detected at an early stage was low rate such as Okuda I (36.3%), Barcelona A (27.5%)
As we know chronic HBV infection is the most important risk factor for HCC, our study subjects were HCC patients with HBsAg (+), but at the time of diagnosis only 49% HCC patients knew themselves have been infected with HBV before.
The above analysis reflects objectively and accurately the situation of HCC management in Vietnam is still weak. This result is due to people's ignorance and the lack of necessary screening programs for highrisk subjects such as people infected HBV Our conclusions are similar to Robert G. (2012), when studying the situation of liver disease in Vietnam. The above results show that the majority of patients with HCC are diagnosed late. This is indeed a barrier to treatment, leading to poor prognosis