Describing the epidemiological characteristics of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts, Bac Ninh province in 2015. Analyzing some factors related to Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the studied area. Evaluating the effectiveness of a number of intervention measures against Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo district, Bac Ninh province.
Trang 11. The urgency of the thesis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable disease, characterized by airway obstruction, which progresses gradually to be more serious. According to the World Health Organization, COPD will stand by 2020. third in the causes of death and fifth in the global burden of disease. According to Dinh Ngoc Sy in
2009, Vietnam had about 1.4 million people with COPD, the disease tends
to increase with age, related to smoking and use of organic burning fuel, while Phan Thu Phuong studied in Lang Giang , Bac Giang in 2009 showed that the prevalence of COPD was 3.85% and the smoking, age, and asthmarelated factors COPD is becoming a health concern for many countries around the world In addition to controlling related factors, managing COPD patients in the community, at the same time implementing policies related to control related factors such as increasing tobacco tax, banning smoking in public places, protecting the environment.
If the school is living then it is important and necessary to develop COPD prevention measures in the community
Bac Ninh is a northern delta province, where the land is crowded with people. In recent years, industrial development has been hot, causing environmental pollution, especially in the air pollution. Bac Ninh people have a long habit of cooking with straw, later honeycomb charcoal this
is the cause for increased COPD. The district general hospital of Bac Ninh province is a class II hospital with about 200 beds. So far, some noncommunicable diseases including COPD have been treated, but the results are modest. In order to have a scientific basis for COPD prevention in Bac Ninh, it is necessary to conduct research on this issue. The question is how
is the current situation of COPD in Bac Ninh province? What is the incidence of COPD? And what is the appropriate solution to prevent COPD in Bac Ninh province? That's why we conducted the project titled
“Epidemiological characteristics and effectiveness of Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease intervention in the two districts of Bac Ninh province”
Trang 21) Describing the epidemiological characteristics of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts, Bac Ninh province in 2015
2). Analyzing some factors related to Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the studied area
3) Evaluating the effectiveness of a number of intervention measures against Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo district, Bac Ninh province
3. New contributions of the thesis:
1) Epidemiological characteristics of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts of Bac Ninh province in 2015: The overall prevalence of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que
Vo and Thuan Thanh districts is 3.6%, specifically in Que Vo district, it is 3.9%, Thuan Thanh district is 3.2%. The percentage of people aged ≥60 years is higher than that of people <60 (6.1% and 0.9%). The rate of male diseases is higher than that of women (5.7% and 2.1%); The prevalence of disease in stage II accounts for 49.4%; followed by stage III accounting for 35.4% and the lowest in stage I accounted for 10.1%
2) Some factors related to Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts of Bac Ninh province in 2015 are gender: The proportion of men with COPD is 2.90 times higher than that of women who 60 and older, the prevalence of COPD is 5.94 times higher than those under 60; smokers and pipe tobacco users have the rate of 11.16 times higher than those who do not smoke, pipe tobacco; Those who have direct contact with kitchen smoke have a 6.17 times higher incidence of COPD than those who do not have direct contact with kitchen smoke 3) Behavior in COPD prevention: 46.9% of patients have good knowledge; The percentage of patients who believe that the disease is preventable and believe that the disease can be treated is quite high; High rate of believing in dangerous diseases and not smoking, scientific activities
is the best preventive measure; 84.6% of patients did not know about physical exercise and proper respiratory rehabilitation in disease prevention; 70.1% of patients have quit smoking, pipe tobacco; 60.8% of the patients exercised daily and 45.7% of the patients restricted their
Trang 3exposure to kitchen smoke; 91.5% of patients had not treated the disease correctly in the exacerbation; 93.1% of patients go to the hospital for examination and counseling every year.
4) The effectiveness of some intervention measures to prevent Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Que Vo district, Bac Ninh province:
This district has developed 04 solutions for managing and treating diseases, including: Building a disease management unit at Que Vo general hospital; Establishment of AsthmaCOPD Club; Program on respiratory rehabilitation; Outpatient treatment management
The effectiveness of improving general knowledge about disease prevention is 630.0%, good attitude improvement is 61.0%, general practice
is 1666.7%
The effectiveness of interventions to improve the patient's health such as reducing symptoms, manifestations of the disease from 38.3% to 59.1% Specifically, in the intervention group, dyspnea decreased from 62.8% to 23.3%; The cough persisted from 46.5% to 18.6% and sputum from 65.1% to 27.9% The change of VC in the intervention group increased significantly The average number of exacerbations after intervention in the intervention group changed clearly from 1.26 exacerbations/year to 0.56 exacerbations/year. In the control group, there was a decrease from 1.41 to 1.36 exacerbations/year but it was not clear.Qualitative results showed that after 24 months of intervention with
04 solutions, Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevention of patients improved, symptoms improved markedly, health improved up, exacerbations decreased, patients achieved a high level of satisfaction The solution has achieved economic efficiency and high sustainability
1.2. Factors related to Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1.2.1 Smoking behavior: Studies show that approximately 15.0% of
smokers have COPD symptoms and between 80.0% and 90.0% of COPD patients smoke. A number of studies in Hanoi and some Northern provinces show a close relationship between smoking and COPD, among people with COPD, the proportion of smokers is 65.5%, the smokers have a risk of COPD 25 times higher than not smoking
1.2.2. Air pollution: Largescale studies in the US and Europe also show a
Trang 4significant link between outdoor air pollution and hospitalization for COPD, especially hospitalization due to COPD exacerbations. According to GOLD, indoor air pollution from burning wood and other biofuels is estimated to kill two million women and children each year. About 1520%
of obstructive pulmonary diseases are caused by contaminants in the work environment. People who have occupational exposure to dust and chemicals are 2.6 times more likely to get COPD than other groups
1.2.3. Bacterial infection
Respiratory infections increase the severity of COPD. According to Rohde et al. (2003), about 50.0% of severe COPDs were associated with viral infections and most were due to rhinovirus
1.2.4. Climate
There is a link between COPD exacerbations and climate (especially temperature and humidity)
1.2.3. Socioeconomic conditions
The risk of COPD is increased in people with low socioeconomic conditions. Subjects with cramped living conditions and poor nutrition are favorable conditions for increased respiratory infections
1.2.4. Endogenous factors (factors of natural disposition)
Genetic factors: Several studies have mentioned the frequency of Serpina1 gene mutations and found that the frequency of COPD patients carrying S and Z mutant alleles is quite variable, possibly from 4.0 to 30.0%. depending on the subject of the study and the screening method
Gender: Research by Natalie Terzikhan et al also shows that the annual incidence rate of men is 13.3/1000 higher than women (6.1/1000)
Age: In most epidemiological studies on COPD, it is found that the incidence, disability level, death rate increases with age, the incidence in men aged 7074 is higher. 6 times higher than the age of 5559, in women the incidence increases after the age of 55
1.3. Prevention of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Such solutions are tobacco control policies, antienvironmental pollution or strengthening social advocacy activities or strengthening service delivery systems and technical expertise to prevent COPD. To effectively manage and monitor COPD in the community, it is necessary to coordinate drug treatment with interventions on risk factors to change lifestyle behaviors in a way that is beneficial to COPD. such as building a
Trang 5Clinic for chronic lung disease; Unit of chronic lung disease management; Program on respiratory rehabilitation; Asthma/COPD outpatient management; Patient Club; Integrated COPD management by health facilities
Chapter 2RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Subject, place and time of the study
2.1.1 Research subjects:
1) Epidemiology: People living in the research area are from 40 years old and above; Community representatives such as Party leaders, authorities and mass organizations in the research communes; Commune Health Station staff and village health workers in studied area, COPD patients and hospital staff at Que Vo and Thuan Thanh district general hospitals in Bac Ninh province
2) Intervention: The patient was diagnosed with COPD in the study area and was being treated at Que Vo Bac Ninh General Hospital.
by Dinh Ngoc Sy 2011). The error d = 20% of p = 0.042. Substitute the formula, we calculate 2,190 people. The actual survey was 2,221 people
* Sampling technique: Step 1: Select intentionally the districts of
Que Vo and Thuan Thanh as primary sampling units Step 2: Each district selects 2 communes randomly according to the proportion of population from the list of communes in the selected districts (Total of yes The 4
Trang 6selected communes are Dai Xuan and Nhan Hoa in Que Vo district, Dai Xuan Hoang and Nghia Dao communes in Thuan Thanh district. Step 3: The total number of samples divided to 04 communes, each commune surveyed 550 people. On the list of subjects aged 40 and above, selected subjects interviewed and clinically examined for COPD and pulmonary ventilation.
2.2.2.2. Sampling method for investigating the actual situation of COPD patients in the hospital: Select all patients who are managing and treating
COPD (including the number of patients of 4 surveyed communes) at two hospitals in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts, Bac Ninh province since
2014, actually surveyed 260 patients
2.2.2.3. Sampling method for intervention research: The total number of
patients diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD in 2014 of the four communes, according to the survey, estimated that according to research results of Dinh Ngoc Sy of 0.042, each district had about 4050 patients (In fact, 43 people with COPD in Que Vo (intervention group) and 36 patients
in Thuan Thanh (control group) are being managed and treated at two district general hospitals.
2.2.2.4. Qualitative sampling method
* In 04 surveyed communes: Community leader: 01 group of 10
people representing the Commune People's Health Care Committee x 04 communes = 04 surveys; Commune health staff: 01 group of 10 people 05 commune health station staff and 05 village health workers x 04 communes
= 04 surveys; People at risk of COPD: 10 people representing 40yearold group of people and older with men and women of all ages in one commune
x 04 communes = 04 surveys
* At the hospitals: Hospital COPD management staff: 01 group of 7
people including 01 representative of the Board of Directors, 01 Head of the General Planning Department, 01 Head of the Clinic and 4 health workers (medical staff) in the COPD management room of Que Vo and Thuan Thanh district general hospitals: 02 districts are 02 groups. Particularly Que
Vo hospital added 01 group after the intervention. People with COPD in the hospital: 10 people representing the group of patients with men and women, with ages in two research hospitals: 02 districts are 02 groups. Particularly Que Vo hospital added 01 group after the intervention
Trang 7* Epidemiology: Incidence of COPD; Prevalence by age: <60; ≥60;
Prevalence by gender: Male, Female; Prevalence by district: Que Vo, Thuan Thanh; COPD rates according to the degree of airflow obstruction: GOLD 1, GOLD 2, GOLD 3, GOLD 4; Incidence of COPD according to the degree of difficulty breathing; The degree of dyspnea on the mMRC scale of the patient; Ventilation disorders of the patient; The degree of airway obstruction of a patient with COPD according to GOLD; The proportion of patients with comorbidities; Number of acute COPD cases in the year
* Group of indicators on related factors: Personal factors such as
age, gender, medical history; Behavioral factors such as tobacco addiction, waterpipe tobacco; Boil wood, straw, honeycomb charcoal, sedentary; Exercise; Environmental factors: Living in places with air pollution; Working in hazardous environment, air pollution; Health care elements; Communication elements; Examination and preventive counseling for COPD
Group of qualitative indicators on patient health, economic and social efficiency
* Classification of COPD stage according to GOLD 2011.
* Assessing the degree of dyspnea: Based on the MRC questionnaire
Trang 82.2.4.4. Assessing the Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of COPD patients. Divide into 3 levels based on results: Score over 70%: Ranked
fairly good, good; Score from 50% 70%: Ranked average; Score <50%: Ranked Weak
2.2.4. Research data collection techniques and tools
Directly interviewing the risk subjects in the community with COPD questionnaire in the community, combined with clinical examination and respiratory function measurement
Directly investigating the patients who are treated and treated with COPD according to the COPD case record, combined with clinical examination and respiratory function measurement
* Interview techniques: Directly interview the research subjects. The survey staff was trained on interviewing techniques and filling out forms. Investigators are also allowed to practice and assess the completeness, objectivity and interview skills. The questionnaire was developed by public health experts in collaboration with COPD experts Cards are built according to the process
* Clinical examination: Cases with respiratory function
measurements that meet the criteria identified as having obstructive hyperventilation (FEV1/FVC <70%) will be clinically examined and indepth interviewed for pathological status. After each examination day, the interviewer must verify the completeness and accuracy of the information and sum up the data according to the form. This work is done by specialized doctors in COPD
Trang 9 Comparing the changes of knowledge, attitudes and practices of COPD prevention of patients after the intervention
Comparing the changes in health status of patients before intervention
Evaluating the intervention results based on effectiveness index and intervention effectiveness:
2.6. Ethical issues in research: The research proposal was approved by the scientific council of Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Chapter 3. RESEARCH RESULTS3.1. Epidemiological characteristics of COPD
3.1.1. General information about the studied subjects
3.1.2. Epidemiological characteristics of COPD
Chart 3.2 shows the prevalence: Among 2221 surveyed people, 79 people were found with COPD, accounting for 3.6%
Chart 3.3 shows the distribution of COPD by age, gender and occupation: The proportion of people aged ≥60 years with COPD is higher than people <60 years old (6.1% and 0.9%). The proportion of men with
Trang 10Chart 3.4 shows the prevalence of COPD in Que Vo district is 3.9%, Thuan Thanh is 3.2%, but the difference is not statistically significant (p> 0.05)
Chart 3.5 shows that COPD rate by airway obstruction level mainly
in stage GOLD 2 accounted for 49.4%; followed by GOLD 3 accounted for 35.4% and the lowest in GOLD 1 accounted for 10.1%.
Box 3.1. Current situation of COPD in communes of two surveyed districts
Opinions of some community leaders:
In the past, there was little talk about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but now it is more talkative and increasing number of patients.
Table 3.9. shows a link between some living habits of subjects such
as tobacco, pipe tobacco addiction; boil firewood and straw; lives in air pollution and is sedentary with COPD (p <0.05)
Table 3.10. Shows the relationship between some exercise habits of subjects with COPD such as sport and other physical activities (p <0.05).Table 3.11. shows that the only correlation between communication is the role of health workers and COPD (p <0.05)
Trang 11The results of logistic regression analysis show that the rate of men with COPD is 2.9 times higher than that of women, people from 60 years and older have 5.94 times higher incidence of COPD than those with people under 60 years of age; smokers and pipe tobacco users have the rate of 11.16 times higher than those who do not smoke, pipe tobacco; Those who have direct contact with kitchen smoke have a 6.17 times higher incidence of COPD than those who do not have direct contact with kitchen smoke
The results in Table 3.16. show that the attitude about COPD, the proportion of patients who believe that COPD is preventable and believe that COPD exacerbations can be treated in Que Vo and Thuan Thanh districts are similar; The proportion of people who believe that COPD is a dangerous disease and do not smoke, scientific activities is the best preventive measure in Thuan Thanh district is higher than Que Vo district, but it is not statistically significant (p> 0). , 05)
The results in Chart 3.9. show that 91.5% of the patients have not practiced the correct treatment of acute COPD, of which Que Vo district has only 6.8% lower treatment rate than the district. Thuan Thanh (10.2%); However, it is not statistically significant (p> 0.05)
The results in Table 3.19. show that 84.6% of patients do not practice proper exercise and respiratory rehabilitation in COPD prevention. There is
no difference between the two districts (p> 0.05)
* The basic signs of disease
Table 3.20 shows the degree of dyspnea of 260 patients The proportion of patients with signs of dyspnea is quite high (70.0%); The level of difficulty breathing is highest in Grade 2 (34.1%), followed by
Trang 12Table 3.22. Distribution of the degree of airflow obstruction according
to GOLDStages
Vo Thuan Thanh General
Figure 3.10 shows that the proportion of patients with comorbidities accounts for 12.3%. There is no difference in the incidence of comorbidity between the two districts (p> 0.05)
Place of detecting COPD: All patients with COPD were found to be hospitalized (100%)
Table 3.24. shows that the proportion of patients hospitalized 2 or more times for COPD exacerbations during the year in the age group 60 years and older and in men is higher than the age group under 60 years and women; however the difference is not clear (p> 0.05)
Trang 13to kitchen smoke and number of exacerbations during the yearNumbe
Table 3.26. shows that there is no relationship between comorbidity and the number of exacerbations in the year: The rate of hospitalization of 2
or more episodes for COPD exacerbations in the group with Comorbidity is 62.5% higher than No comorbidity group (57.5%), however the difference
is not clear (p> 0.05)
Qualitative research results:
Box 3.3. Several factors are involved in COPD
Trang 14 Those who are addicted to tobacco and pipe tobacco are susceptible to COPD.
Smoke caused by burning honeycomb charcoal in families makes COPD increase.
Currently, environmental pollution, especially the smoke in polluted air, makes COPD of people increasing
The disease is related to gender, the more men suffer than the woman, the older one gets.
COPD is common in people who have had some illnesses such as asthma, chronic bronchitis or tuberculosis
The disease often occurs in people who are sedentary.
Comments from grassroots health officials:
Those who smoke, pipe tobacco are at high risk of developing COPD.
The smog factor in families caused by boiling straw, the honeycomb charcoal in families, causes COPD to increase.
Currently, due to the increasing environment of dust and smoke, air pollution contributes to the increase of COPD in the community.
Gender factors are related to the disease, the more men get infected, the older the disease is.
People with a history of a number of diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis or tuberculosis or COPD.
3.3.2. Effectiveness of intervention models
Table 3.34. shows the effectiveness of improving general knowledge about COPD prevention is very high up to 630.0%. In particular, in the