Performance evaluation and variability studies in F2 progenies of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. annuum)

The present investigation on mean and variability was conducted on genetically diverse thirty F2 progenies of chilli. The observation were recorded on the following traits, plant height, branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, individual fresh fruit weight, individual dry pod weight, fresh fruit yield per plant and dry pod yield per plant. Significant difference was observed among the crosses and also within the crosses for all the traits. On the basis of mean performance, progenies K 1 x Pusa Jwala, K 1 x PKM 1, LCA 625 x K 1, Pusa Jwala x PKM 1, K 1 x Arka Lohit Pusa Jwala x K 1 and Arka Lohit x LCA 334 were superior performed for fruit yield per plant, average fresh fruit and dry pod weight, fruits per plant and took less number of days to 50% flowering.

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.152

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L annuum)

N Rohini 1 *, V Lakshmanan 1 , D Saraladevi 1 , A John Joel 2 and P Govindarasu 3

1

Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Periyakulam - 625 604, Tamil Nadu, India

2

Department of Plant Genetic Resource, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

3

Department of Plant Genetic Resource, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore -641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important

vegetable also a high value crop grown

common in almost all parts of the world

Chilli has become on essential ingredient in

India meals India is largest producer of 11,

00,452 tonnes of dry chillies from an area of

9, 36,028 ha Per capita consumption of chilli

in the form of dry chilli is estimated 4.2 kg

per annum India is the largest consumer and

exporter of this crop It consumes around 6.2

million tons of chillies, Almost 90% of chilli production is consumed indigenously while only 10 % per cent is exported In India the major chilli growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal

The genus Capsicum is on often cross pollinated and natural cross pollination may

go up to 50 per cent depending upon the

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp 1314-1324

Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

The present investigation on mean and variability was conducted on genetically diverse thirty F2 progenies of chilli The observation were recorded on the following traits, plant height, branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, individual fresh fruit weight, individual dry pod weight, fresh fruit yield per plant and dry pod yield per plant Significant difference was observed among the crosses and also within the crosses for all the traits On the basis of mean performance, progenies K 1 x Pusa Jwala, K 1 x PKM 1, LCA 625 x K 1, Pusa Jwala x PKM 1, K 1 x Arka Lohit Pusa Jwala

x K 1 and Arka Lohit x LCA 334 were superior performed for fruit yield per plant, average fresh fruit and dry pod weight, fruits per plant and took less number of days to 50% flowering Among the thirty progenies studied in F2 generation, the above said seven cross exhibited high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation for yield and contributing traits indicating that these traits had wide genetic variability and would respond better selection except days to 50% flowering, fruit length and fruit girth The traits which showed higher mean with moderate to high GCV suggest the presence of genetic variability thereby lending scope for selection

K e y w o r d s

Hot pepper,

F2 progenies,

Evaluation,

Variability, Yield

Accepted:

20 February 2017

Available Online:

10 March 2017

Article Info

extent of style exertion, time of dehiscence of

anthers, wind direction and insect population

(Hosmani, 1993) This accounts for

considerable variation in fruit and yield

parameters India has the potentiality to

increase the production in order to promote

export besides meeting its domestic

requirements However, despite continuous

efforts at various levels, the chilli productivity

did not gain momentum This could be

attributed to a number of limiting factors of

which the prime factor is the lack of superior

genotypes for further development of superior

high yielding cultivars (or) hybrids The

success of any breeding programme primarily

depends on the correct choice of parents

Gilbert (1958) opined that parents with high

order of per se performance would be useful

in producing better genotypes

As early as 1889, Galton observed that a part

of continuous variation is due to heredity The

study of heritable and non-heritable

component of variability has its inception in

the finding of Johannson (1909) The degree

to which the variability of quantitative and

qualitative character is transmitted to the

progeny is referred as heritability The

magnitude of variability and its genetic

components are the most important aspects of

breeding material Hence, basic understanding

of the genetic variability is a prerequisite for

the planning of breeding programme A great

deal of information has been generated on

genetic variability of various components of

chilli Generally, phenotypic coefficient of

variability (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of

variability (GCV) are measured to study the

variability

Improvement in yield and quality is the main

objective at which plant breeder aims, by

altering their genetic architecture Information

on nature and magnitude of variability present

in the material and association among the

various characters is a pre-requisite for any

breeding programme The success in crop

improvement programme depends, chiefly on the availability of genetic variability in the crop Although variability decreases on self generations, the information on nature and magnitude of variability in later generation of selfing population is important as it indicates association of characters in terms of heritability among themselves and is also pre-requisite for yield improvement In order to have clear picture of yield components for effective selection programme, there is a need

to study for variability in later generation also, as selection pressure can also be applied during these generations

Planning and execution of breeding programme for the improvement of quantitative attributes depends to a great extent upon the magnitude of genetic variability present in a crop The genetic and environmental components of variation were discussed in the early century by Johannsen (1909), who attributed the variation in the segregating population to both heritable and non-heritable factors and the variation in the pureline to only environmental factors East (1916) later confirmed Johannsens work and showed that continuous variation also confirmed to Mendalian genetics Hence, the study was undertaken with an objective of selecting high yielding types of chilli to determine high mean performance and high variation in quantitative characters contributing to yield characters of chilli

Materials and Methods

The present study was carried out to identify the high yielding progenies in hot pepper The genetic materials were comprised of six homozygous inbred viz., Arka Lohit, K 1, LCA

334, LCA 625, PKM 1 and Pusa Jwala These six parents were maintained as inbreds by selfing for six generations were used as parents and crossed in a full diallel manner, forming a generation of 30 hybrids

Plant materials

Transplant production

The seeds were treated with Trichoderma

viride @ 4 g kg-1 of seeds, twenty-four hours

before sowing and sown in raised beds The

nursery beds were irrigated twice a day using

rosecan to facilitate quick germination and

good growth of seedlings The beds were kept

moist, but not wet, to avoid dampling -off of

seedlings After seed germination the seedling

were treated with 0.3% urea when 10 cm tall

for their better growth and were transplanted

around 40 -45 days old

Irrigation to the seedlings was held 3-4 days

before transplanting, watering was applied to

the nursery bed prior to removal of seedlings

for transplanting Seedlings of six parents

were transplanted in the field to produce

hybrids Six parents and these parents were

crossed in all possible combination, both

direct and reciprocal, to get the maximum

number of hybrids during June 2013 to

October 2013

After fruit set, seeds were extracted from fully

dried pods, cleaned for raising the progenies of

F1 hybrids Self seeds of the parents were also

obtained during the same season The

selections were made in the F2 progeny on the

basis of single plant fruit yield The superior

single plants were selected The seeds from

the selfed fruits were collected and stored for

further evaluation

Field plot technique

The main field was prepared to a fine tilth and

FYM @ 25 t ha-1 was applied at the last

ploughing About 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and

2 kg / ha of Phosphobacteria by mixing with

20 kg of FYM 30:60:30 kg/ ha NPK in the

form of urea, single super phosphate and

muriate of potash, respectively was applied to

the soil at the time of field preparation prior to transplanting 250 plants each of 30 F2s, six of parents were planted at a distance of 60 x 45

cm in during November 2014 to April 2015 Additional 30 kg N/ha was given in equal splits on 30, 60 and 90 days after planting Soil moisture was maintained during the growing season with flood irrigation at 5 days intervals

Observations were recorded in all the two fifty plants Data were collected from individual plants of F2 generation of chilli for ten quantitative traits viz., Plant height, branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, fruits / plant, fruit length, fruit girth (cm), Individual fresh fruit weight (g), individual dry pod weight (g), fresh fruit yield per plant and dry pod yield per plant (g)

Statistical analysis

The mean data of all the F2 progenies and their parents for each character were tabulated and subjected to analysis of variance (Panse and Sukhatme, 1957) Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance were estimated using following formula

Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were calculated based on the method advocated by Burton, 1952

Phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) =

Genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) =

The range of following PCV and GCV values were classified as low, moderate and high

Less than 10 % - Low, 10 - 20 % - Moderate and More than 20 % - High

Results and Discussion

performance and variability

In the segregating generations, selection of

superior genotypes is the foremost factor to be

considered in the breeding programme The

selection should commence from the F2

generation The selection in F2 involves two

principles, viz., choice of the desirable crosses

and selection of the best progenies within the

selected crosses This strategy will effectively

capitalize the transgressive variability

available within a cross (Lerner, 1958)

In any breeding programme, the cross or

family with the highest mean was relatively

effective in identifying the superior

segregants (Finkner et al., 1973) as it serves

to eliminate undesirable crosses (Natarajan,

1992)

The genetic potential of a cross or family is

measured not only by mean, but also the

extent of genetic variability (Allard, 1960)

The existence of genetic variability is

essential for exercising selection for

improvement of any character The systematic

programme to improve the yield potential of a

genotype demands the knowledge on the

nature and magnitude of available variability

in the population (Supe and Kale, 1992)

Chilli possesses a wider range of variability

and had a number of distinct local forms

available all over the country The success of

an effective breeding programme depends

upon the amount of genetic variability present

in the material

Two criteria, namely mean and variability are

not exclusive in deciding the selection of

crosses or the families within a cross but they

complement each other Allard (1960)

suggested that based on mean and variability,

the segregating population may be categorized as high mean and high variability, high mean and low variability, low mean and high variability and low mean and low variability Selection would be worthwhile in the group of high mean and high variability and if necessary in the groups of high mean and low variability also because, such groups have potentiality to produce more transgressive segregates than other groups Low mean and high variability are capable of producing more transgressive segregants, but they may be poor in performance However,

in certain characters wherein low mean is desirable, as in days to 50 per cent flowering, this group will be more promising for selection of segregants

The crosses 91.50 cm), K 1 x LCA 625 (86.90 cm) and PKM 1 x K 1 (86.38 cm) recorded the highest mean for plant height (Table 1) These three crosses also had wider range of mean for this trait Genotypic and phenotypic co-efficients of variation were observed to be

of high magnitude (Table 2) Similar findings were also reported by Nandadevi (2004),

Sonia et al., (2006) and Sarkar et al., (2009)

The crosses Arka Lohit x LCA 334 (14.60), PKM 1 x LCA 625 (12.18), Pusa Jwala x PKM 1 (11.84),PKM 1 x Pusa Jwala (11.20) and LCA 625 x K 1 (10.20) had the highest

mean with wider range for branches per plant

(Table 1) On considering the mean along with the variability, above mentioned crosses exhibited higher estimates of these genetic parameters

In the present study, the genotypic coefficient

of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were close to each other suggesting minor role of environment on these crosses (Table 2) The results are in accordance with the finding of Manju and Sreelathakumary (2002) and Smitha and Basavaraja (2006)

Table.1 Mean performance of F2 populations of hot pepper for growth and yield related characters

F 2 progenies

Plant height (cm)

Branches per

Fruit length (cm)

Table 1 Contd

F 2 progenies Fruit girth (cm) Fresh fruit weight (g) Dry pod weight (g) Fresh fruit yield /plant (g) Dry pod yield / plant (g)

Table.2 Variability for different growth and yield related characters in F2 generation of hot pepper

Days to 50%

Table 2 Contd.,

Crosses

Fruit girth Individual fresh fruit

weight

Individual dry pod weight

Fresh fruit yield/

plant

Dry pod yield / plant

In respect of days to 50 per cent flowering,

the crosses K 1 x Arka Lohit (67.40 days), K

1 x PKM 1 (67.74 days), K 1 x LCA 625 (69

days), K 1 x Pusa Jwala (69.16 days) and

PKM 1 x LCA 625 (70.56 days) had low

mean (Table 1) Low mean is considered for

earliness Low genotypic co-efficient of

variation combined with low phenotypic

co-efficient of variation exhibited in all the

crosses of F2 generation (Table 2) is in

accordance with Shirshat et al., (2007) and

Sharma et al., (2010)

For fruits per plant, the crosses K 1 x Pusa

Jwala (158.38),LCA 625 x K 1 (158.30), K 1

x PKM 1 (153.60), Pusa Jwala x PKM 1

(153.00) and PKM 1 x LCA 625 (148.00)

expressed highest mean value with high

variability (Tables 1 and 2), suggesting

greater genotypic and phenotypic variability

among the segregating generations and

responsiveness of the attribute for making

further improvement through selection These

results are in agreement with the findings of

Shirshat et al., (2007), Bhojaraja Naik (2009),

Chattopadhyay et al., (2011), Datta and Das

(2013) and Pandit and Adhikary (2014)

The crosses Pusa Jwala x PKM 1 (9.35 cm),

K 1 x PKM 1 (9.24 cm), Pusa Jwala x K 1

(9.23 cm), Arka Lohit x LCA 334 (8.67 cm)

and K 1 x Arka Lohit (8.49 cm) showed the

highest mean value and wider range for fruit

length with high variability (Tables 1 and 2)

High mean and high variability were also

recorded by Smitha (2005), Shirshat et al.,

(2007), Chattopadhyay et al., (2011) and

Pandit and Adhikary (2014)

In respect of fruit girth, high mean is

considered The crosses K 1 x Arka Lohit

(3.95 cm), Pusa Jwala x K 1 (3.92 cm), Arka

Lohit x LCA 334 (3.75 cm), K 1 x Pusa Jwala

(3.68 cm) and Pusa Jwala x PKM 1 (3.63 cm)

had the highest mean value for fruit girth

(Table 1) and these crosses exhibited

moderate variability (Table 2) It is clear that for high fruit girth these crosses offer considerable scope for selection The present results are in conformity with findings of

Sonia et al., (2006) and Chattopadhyay et al.,

(2011)

The higher mean and higher estimates of genotypic and phenotypic co-efficients of variation were observed for individual fresh fruit weight in the crosses, K 1 x PKM, K 1 x Arka Lohit, Pusa Jwala x PKM 1, Pusa Jwala

x K 1 and K 1x Pusa Jwala indicating that the variability existed in these traits and this was due to the presence of genetic constitution The presence of highest number of better recombinants in the population would have resulted in higher genetic variability These results are in accordance with the findings of

Sonia et al., (2007), Bhojaraja Naik (2009) and Sarkar et al., (2009)

The crosses Pusa Jwala x PKM 1 (0.90 g), Pusa Jwala x K 1 (0.90 g), LCA 625 x K 1 (0.89 g), K 1 x Arka Lohit (0.89 g) and Arka Lohit x LCA 334 (0.89 g) showed the highest mean (Table 1) and moderate variability (Table 2) for individual dry pod weight The above said crosses become good source for selection of desirable recombinants for more number of fruits per plant Similar results were earlier reported by Giritammannavar (1995) and Pandit and Adhikary (2014)

In the case of fresh fruit yield per plant and dry pod yield per plant, the crosses K 1 x PKM 1 (680.50 and 135.48 g), Pusa Jwala x PKM 1 (623.80 and 128.12 g), K 1 x Arka Lohit (595.61 and 125.49 g), LCA 625 x K 1 (592.38 and 131.73 g) and K 1 x Pusa Jwala (570.00 and 124.52 g) had the highest mean with wider range (Table 1) Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high (Table 2) A greater possibility of exercising selection is emphasized because of the high mean, variability and wider range exhibited

by the aforesaid crosses The high mean and

variability indicated better scope for selection

These findings are in accordance with Varkey

et al., (2005), Bhojaraja Naik (2009),

Chattopadhyay et al., (2011) and Pandit and

Adhikary (2014)

The mean performance and variability of 30

F2 progenies revealed that yield contributing

characters viz., number of fruits per plant,

fruit length, fruit girth, individual fresh fruit

weight and individual dry pod weight were

observed in P2 x P5 (K 1 x PKM 1), P4 x P2

(LCA 625 x K 1), P2 x P6 (K 1 x Pusa Jwala),

P6 x P5 (Pusa Jwala x PKM 1) and P2 x P1 (K 1

x Arka Lohit) The hybrids P1 x P3 (Arka

Lohit x LCA 334) and P6 x P2 (Pusa Jwala x

K 1) recorded better values for plant height,

fruit length, branch number and individual dry

pod weight Here, the phenotypic coefficient

of variation (PCV) for all the characters were

higher than the genotypic coefficient of

variation (GCV) indicating the influence of

environmental effect The traits which

showed higher mean with moderate to high

GCV suggest the presence of genetic

variability thereby lending scope for

selection

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