tiểu luận kinh tế lượng FACTORS THAT AFFECT EATING QUALITY OF FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY’S STUDENT INTAKE 57

The goal of this study is to evaluate the extent to which eating time, food quality, stress, weight, snacks and gender are associated with the eating quality of ForeignTrade University s

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

TABLE OF CONTENT

4 Testing an individual regression coefficient 18

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the extent to which eating time, food quality, stress, weight, snacks and gender are associated with the eating quality of ForeignTrade University students Intake 57

Methods: Research 100 FTU’s students intake 57 by a survey to get data Data

was entered and analyzed by using Gretl Testing an individual regression

coefficient (t-test) was applied to determine the relationship between eating patterns and factors affecting eating quality

Results: Majority of the participants (79%) reported good eating quality Weight,

junk food, high price of healthy foods and gender do not really affect students’ eating quality

Conclusion: Students with good eating quality are not much different from

students with poor eating quality (among FTU students Intake 57) Behavioral habits such as consumption of junk foods, stress feelings and time constraint use are associated with increased odds of poor eating quality

Keywords: FTU students Intake 57; Eating quality

I. Introduction:

1. Basic concepts:

Diet greatly affects the health of people Eating is the most essentialhuman need, plays an important role in human life, especially university students.They are people who face a lot of pressure to study, work as well asextracurricular activities, making them sometimes neglect to eat their own meals

Many high school students who start college encounter many surprisesbecause of the change in circumstances, living conditions and lifestyle that makethem sometimes stressed because of that As a result, they forget that they have toeat at the right time and eat enough food to be healthy enough to continue theirwork Impaired health leads to all activities not being performed at maximumefficiency, affecting the students' study and work Therefore, we need to presentstudies as well as solutions for factors affecting the eating quality of studentstoday

2. Why we choose this topic?

Diet affects a lot of health, so we have to find out the factors that affect theeating quality, how these variables affect, what are the most important factors

We want to find out exactly how many factors affect meal quality through about

100 observations and use a number of research models and research hypotheses

to analyze these variables affecting diets eating and drinking of 57 students inFTU

This topic is important for analysis to find ways to improve students’eating quality There have been many reports analyzing this topic: factorsaffecting eating quality but no reports with target observations, Intake 57 FTUstudents so this topic is new and necessary to learn more

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II Literature review:

Regarding to eating quality of students, in the past there are a number ofresearch and articles which refers to the diet of university students

According to the literature “Changes in weight and health behaviors from freshman through senior year of college” (Racette SB, Deusinger SS,

Strube MJ, Highstein GR, Deusinger RH) in 2008 Jan-Feb, university is a criticalperiod for young adults regarding food choices and their relationship with weightgain Some studies have even shown that college students tend to gain moreweight than those who do not attend university In order to design and supporthealthy nutrition campaigns (e.g., less meat options) across campuses, it iscritical to improve knowledge of dietary behaviors in the university-agepopulation

According to a study from EBSCOhost in 2012, It is crucial to meet daily

nutritional requirements for one’s body to function properly and to maintainone’s health to the optimal level Most nutritional values such as protein, energy,carbohydrates, fats and most minerals can be obtained by food sources However,some individuals take dietary supplements on a daily basis to ensure theirnutrition level The current college-aged group should have had education onnutrition back in elementary school via the Food Pyramid Also, since 2011,people have had access to MyPlate, which is a visual representation of nutritionrequirements Each nutrient plays an important role in establishing health,metabolism, and proper function of the body

In a research about Determinants of eating behaviour in university students, after the transition from secondary school to university, when

independency increases, students are continuously challenged to make healthfulfood choices Students reported to be influenced by individual factors (e.g taste

preferences, self-discipline, time and convenience), their social networks (e.g.(lack of) parental control, friends and peers), physical environment (e.g.availability and accessibility, appeal and prices of food products), and macroenvironment (e.g media and advertising) Furthermore, the relationships betweendeterminants and university students’ eating behaviour seemed to be moderated

by university characteristics, such as residency, student societies, universitylifestyle and exams

III Theoretical background:

1 Overview of the study of factors affecting eating quality of FTU student:

Eating can be best defined by two components: quantity and quality.Eating quantity refers to the amount of foods one gets per meal Eating quality isthe nutritional content of meals A very common piece of nutrition advice aroundthe world is to ‘eat a balanced diet.’ This seems like quite an easy idea today,where words like ‘carbohydrates’, ‘fibre’, ‘fructose’ and ‘omega-3 fatty acids’are now making their way into everyday conversation In recent decades,scientific research has rapidly expanded the understanding of human nutrition,but this may make a healthy diet seem much more complicated than it used to be

A balanced meal is a snapshot of a diet that covers the three core food groups Asseen on this portion plate, the balance is a quarter proteins, a quartercarbohydrates and half vegetables

A balance diet helps us prevent certain diseases that are very difficult to betreated by supplying our bodies necessary nutritions, especially for students Forinstance, calcium, contained mainly in seafood, milk, can harden our bones and

as a result, will last longer despite age Besides, it allows us to work and learneffectively by providing energy Many cereals such as rice, wheat, oat give uslots of energy with glucose they have

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Having a quality meal will help students get the best state to study andwork Only when students are satisfied with the needs of food, can they haveenough energy needed for a day of study and work.

Based on some studies of HMU (Hanoi Medical University), there aremany factors that affect the diet of students such as weight, feeling, stress, highprice of healthy foods, eating junk foods, drinks, eat at night, The relationship

of these variables to the eating quality of students is completely stable In general,all of these factors affect the eating quality and they have reversely proportionalrelationship

It can be seen that the factors affecting the diet of students are extremelydiverse and complex On the basis of previous studies that have the same topic,

we would like to propose research model and research hypothesis of this topic:

“Factors affecting eating quality of FTU students Intake 57”

2 Research model and research hypothesis:

2.1 Research model:

Research model of this topic:

EQ = F(FEMALE, OVERW, FEEL, HIGHP, JUNK, TIMCON)

The definition of variables in this model:

a Dependent variable (EQ)

EQ is the value that shows students’ levels of eating quality The higher

the eating quality index, the better the eating quality of thestudent

b Explanatory variables

FEMALE Number of female (Unit: person)

(0-Male; 1-Female)OVERW Number of students be overweight (Unit: person)

(0-No; 1-Yes)FEEL Number of students feel stress (Unit: person)

(1-Extremely stressfull; 2-A little stressfull; 3-Normal)TIMCON Total time that students eat in a day (Unit: hour).

(1-<1 hour; 2-1-2 hour; 3->2 hours)HIGHP Price of healthy food is cheap or expensive

(1-Cheap; 2-Normal; 3-Expensive)JUNK Total times that students eat junk food in a week (Unit: time)

IV Descriptive statistic of data:

1 Graphs:

2 Summary statistics:

3 Correlation matrix:

From the correlation matrix above, we can make some thought about if it has thecorrelation relationship among variables or not, but we could not give out theconclusion

As we can see from the correlation matrix:

● Correlation coefficients between TIMCON and OVERW is highest(0.5887)

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V Econometric model:

PRF: EQ = 1+2FEMALE+3OVERW+4FEEL+5HIGHP+6JUNK+7TIMCON+u

SRF: EQ =

b1+b2*FEMALE+b3*OVERW+b4*FEEL+b5*HIGHP+b6*JUNK+b7*TIMCON+e

SRF: EQ= 1.78067 - 0.0920452 FEMALE - 0.130151 OVERW + 0,266304

FEEL - 0,116957 HIGHP - 0,0361587 JUNK + 0,570995 TIMCON + e

● b4= 0,266304 means when FEMALE, OVERW, HIGHP, JUNK,TIMCON if the students feel better, EQ increase by 0,266304

● b5= - 0,116957 means when FEMALE, OVERW, FEEL, JUNK,TIMCON are constant, if the price increases, EQ decrease by 0,116957

● b6= - 0,0361587 means when FEMALE, EXER, SMOKE, SLETIME, ELECDEV are constant, if the students eat more junkfood in a week,

EQ decrease by 0,0361587

● b7= 0,570995 means when FEMALE, OVERW, FEEL, HIGHP,JUNK,are constant, if the hours of meal increases, EQ increase by0,570995

● R-squared equals to 0,731574 show that about 73,1574% the changes ofeating quality are explained by above regressors (FEMALE, OVERW,FEEL, HIGHP, JUNK, TIMCON)

VI Robustness Check

1 Multicollinearity

In statistics, multicollinearity (also collinearity) is a phenomenon in

which one predictor variable in a multiple regression model can be linearlypredicted from the others with a substantial degree of accuracy In this situationthe coefficient estimates of the multiple regression may change erratically inresponse to small changes in the model or the data Multicollinearity does notreduce the predictive power or reliability of the model as a whole, at least withinthe sample data set; it only affects calculations regarding individual predictors.That is, a multivariate regression model with collinear predictors can indicatehow well the entire bundle of predictors predicts the outcome variable, but it maynot give valid results about any individual predictor, or about which predictorsare redundant with respect to others

Detection:

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VIF stands for Variance Inflation Factor During regression analysis,

VIF assesses whether factors are correlated to each other (multicollinearity),which could affect p-values and the model isn’t going to be as reliable

If a VIF is greater than 10, you have high multicollinearity and thevariation will seem larger and the factor will appear to be more influential than it

is If VIF is closer to 1, then the model is much stronger, as the factors are notimpacted by correlation with other factors

Our model has VIF < 10, so multicollinearity is not our problem

2 Normality

In statistics, sometimes It is needed to assess the normality of a given set

of data For many statistical processes, it is prerequisite to make the assessment

of the normality of the data, since it is an important assumption in parametrictesting There are various normality tests are available for the determination ofnormality of a data In statistics, the normality tests are used in order to determinewhether a given set of data is well-defined by a normal distribution They are alsoused to measure how likely a set of data to be normally distributed for a randomvariable

Detection:

The Jarque-Bera test:

JB= N6.(S2+K24)Where S and K are the sample Skewness and Kurtosis statistics

The JB test has an asymptotic chi-square distribution with two degrees offreedom.

Is FEMALE normally distributed ?

* Hypotheses:

H0 : The error term is normal distributed

H1 : The error term is not normal distributed

* Significance level:

α = 0.05

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The existence of heteroscedasticity is a major concern in the application ofregression analysis, including the analysis of variance, as it can invalidatestatistical tests of significance that assume that the modelling errors areuncorrelated and uniform—hence that their variances do not vary with the effectsbeing modeled For instance, while the ordinary least squares estimator is stillunbiased in the presence of heteroscedasticity, it is inefficient because the truevariance and covariance are underestimated Similarly, in testing for differencesbetween sub-populations using a location test, some standard tests assume thatvariances within groups are equal.

Detection: White test

H0 : Var(ui) = σ2 for all

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p-value = 0,002694 < 0,05

=> Do not reject H0

=> Heteroscedasticity problem has been solved

4 Testing an individual regression coefficient

Our data has :

The number of observations : n = 100

The number of variables : k = 6

=> HIGHPRICE does not really affect EQ

We test similarly with the rest of the regressors:

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=> The model is suitable

VII Findings and discussion:

Results indicated that gender does not affect the eating quality of students.Although the findings do not indicate any significant relationship between genderand eating quality, findings may be misleading due to a low number ofparticipants and their age limit There are some previous research reported thatwomen tend to be more invested in food-related issues, have better knowledge offood and nutrition, are more prone to go on a diet, and are more likely to perceive

themselves as needing to lose weight For example, Uccula and Nuvoli (2017)

showed that women, more than men, tend to overestimate their weight and thus

to decrease their meal More generally, women are reported to have higherintakes of fruit and vegetables, higher intakes of dietary fiber and lower intakes

of fat and salt, conferring greater importance to healthy eating The quality ofeating is also affected by age, but the subject of our study is university students

so it can be clearly seen that gender does not affect eating quality significantly

Results indicated that there was no significant relationship between weightand eating quality of students There are many overweight people who care abouttheir diet, but there are many overweight people who feel that the quality of theirdiet is not necessary to care and they just want to eat very little to reduce fat This

is probably due to the psychology of every person, only those who really care

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