MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY --- NGUYEN THI OANH INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGIC
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
VIETNAM ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
-
NGUYEN THI OANH
INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard)
PARASITIZING STORED PRODUCT BEETLE PESTS
IN DONG THAP PROVINCE
Trang 2This work was completed at: Graduate University of Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Academic Title, Name of Supervisors:
1 Assoc Prof Dr Tran Ngoc Lan
2 Prof Dr Truong Xuan Lam
Referee 1:………
………
Referee 2: ………
………
Referee 3: ………
………
The Dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral Examination Board of Graduate University of Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology at.……Date … / / 2020
The Dissertation can be accessed from:
- The library of Graduate University of Science and Technology
- The National Library of Viet Nam
Trang 3GENERAL INFORMATION
1 The importance for doing the thesis
Post - harvest losses of agricultural products are always a concern in agricultural countries, especially in tropical areas The main reason causing the demage is due to insect pests Every year, the global
crop loss is about 5 - 10% (Hodges et al., 2014) Viet Nam is one of the
countries which has the highest loss of agricultural post - harvest products in Asia with from 11 to 13% rice, and from 13 to 15% maize lost (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2009) According
to the Organization of the Component of Post - harvest Processing, the loss of post - harvest rice is 11.6%, and maize is approximately 18 - 19% in the Red River Delta region and other regions In the Mekong Delta, the loss of post - harvest rice is about 13.7%
The main way currently applied to control stored agricultural products is the chemical method by which phosphine was used However, this method cannot completely control insect pests, but it kills useful insects and other animals The method also causes chemical resistance in harmful insect pests of stored agricultural products Moreover, phosphine is toxic to human and causes contaminated environment Fortunately, a number of research on using useful parasitic species such as Hymenoptera to control the harmful pests damaging stored agricultural products have been
conducted Among the parasitoids, Anisopteromalus can hinder some
Coleoptera species, but no study in this subject has been carried out
in Viet Nam
Trang 4Given the above practical and scientific requirements, this study investigates the biological, ecological characterizations of
- To evaluate the ability to control S zeamais and
L serricorne by A calandrae in laboratory conditions
3 Scientific and practical significance of the thesis
Scientific significance: this thesis provides a list of natural
enemy species for agricultural insect pests in Dong Thap Province Data about morphological, biological, behavioral and ecological
characteristics of A calandrae parazitizing L serricorne is also obtained Besides, the ability to control S zeamais and L serricorne
was shown in this study
Practical significance: The obtained data are scientific
background for proposing a method to use A calandrae to control
agricultural insect pests in warehouses in Dong Thap Province as well as in the Mekong Delta
Trang 5Hien, 1995) Pests cause to reduce quantity and quality of agricultural products, or even totally destroy them (Bui Cong Hien and Tran Huy Tho, 2003)
Dong Thap Province located in the Mekong Delta, where a number of storehouses used for preserving agricultural products such
as rice, maize, beans, etc The diversity of storehouses and stored products is a favorable condition for the spread and development of harmful insects However, the use of phosphine is the main method
to control insect pests in Viet Nam as well as in Dong Thap, while the Intergrated Pest Management (IPM) has not been properly
applied Thereby, determination of biological characterizations of A
calandrae is necessary to control stored insect pests This study
provides a biological and safe method instead of using insecticides to control these pests
1.2 Reports in the world relating to this study
1.2.1 Studies of natural enemy species for stored insect pests
A number of reports on natural enemy species for harmful insects have been published For examples, Lebeck (1991) described
22 species of natural enemies for these pests Sedlacek et al (1998)
recorded 7 parasitoid species parasitizing insects damaging stored
argiultural products A calandrae is one of 9 parasitic species in 4
families (Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Bethylidae and Pteromalidae)
recorded in Southern Africa (Helbig, 1998) In Thailand, Hayashi et
al (2004) listed 29 prey species and 19 parasitoid species for stored
insect pests
Trang 61.2.2 Studies of Anisopteromalus calandrae
1.2.2.1 Morphological and biological characteristics of L serricorne (a host of A calandrae)
Morphological and biological characteristics of L serricorne have
been determined by Visarathanonth (1985), Ryan (1999) and Mahroof and Phillips (2008) The authors also reported that the life cycle, logevity
and egg laying of L serricorne depended on its food types
1.2.2.2 Morphological characteristics of A calandrae
Morphological characteristics of A calandrae have been described by some authors (Hayashi et al 2004; Baur et al 2014) Some details of Anisopteromalus were described with pictures and keys to its species
1.2.2.3 Behaviors of A calandrae
Biological Studies of behaviors of A calandrae such as egg
laying on large - sized hosts (usually 4th larvae instar) The behaviors including host searching, host stinging have been described Moreover, the host searching at different depths (such as 14.5 cm) of the grain mass has been studied
1.2.2.4 Biological characteristics of A calandrae
Studies of the life cycle and reproduction of A calandrae show
that the egg stage lasts 1 - 1.5 days on average The life cycle of the parasitoid is from 11.4 days to 26.6 days depending on temperature, host larvae and complementary food, while adult longevity was in a range of 9.6 - 26.6 days The progeny numbers produced by a female were 80.9 - 240.0 However, sometimes male longevity was only 5.4
- 6.0 days depending on its hosts The lower developmental threshold
Trang 7and the thermal constant of A calandrae were determined as 11.5oC and 263.2 degree - days, respectively
1.2.2.5 Ecological characteristics of A calandrae
Studies of ecology of A calandrae including the competition
with other parasitoid species have been published Effects of food or
food supplement and host density on the development A calandrae
have also been determined The investigation of temperature influence on its development shows that the life cycles are various at
20, 25, 30°C, but no statistical difference on these at the temperature
of 30°C and 35°C has been found
1.2.2.6 Ability to control stored insect pests of A calandrae
Previous studies showed that A calandrae effectively
controlled some species for stored insect pests The performance of controlling these species ranged from 32.24% to 85.0% depending on
agricultural seeds and preservation methods
1.3 Research in Vietnam
1.3.1 Research on natural enemies for stored insect pests
There are only some studies of natural enemy species for stored insect pests in Viet Nam Some authors reported these subjects such as Duong Minh Tu (2005) and Tran Van Hai (2008), Nguyen Quy Duong (2010), Nguyen Van Duong and Khuat Dang Long (2017) Most studies reported species compositions in specific places,
but no publication showed the presence of A calandrae
1.3.2 Studies of morphological and biological characteristics of L serricorne
The investigation of L Serricorne on tobacco, hot peppers, rice
and stored peanuts was carried out by Bui Cong Hien (1995)
Trang 8However, the Studies of morphological and biological characteristics
of L serricorne damaging produced fish food have not been
documented yet
1.3.3 Studies of biological characteristics, behaviors, ecology and the ability to control stored insect pests of A calandrae
No research on biological characteristics, behaviors, ecology
and the ability to control stored insect pests of A calandrae has been
carried out in Viet Nam so far
General comments of related studies in Vietnam
Overall, natural species of agricultural insect pests in storehouses in Vietnam have been investigated by some authors For examples, Duong Minh Tu (2005) recorded 2 natural species in
Northern Vietnam 2 species were recorded by Tran Van Hai et al.,
(2008) in Can Tho and An Giang Province In 2010, Nguyen Quy Duong described 7 species of natural enemies for stored pests on beans in Vietnam, including 3 parasitic species Nguyen Van Duong and Khuat Dang Long (2017) recorded 6 species of parasitoids on maize in Son La These results showed that only some the research
on natural enemies of stored - grain pests in the storehouses have been conducted Most publications have focused on recording the presence and general description of natural enemies species, but have not studied in details Studies of biology, behaviors and ecology as
well as control ability of A calandrae for stored - grain pests in
Vietnam have not been conducted yet
Trang 9CHAPTER 2 STUDYING SITES AND TIME AND METHODS 2.1 Time and sites for studying
2.1.1 Time for studying
The research was conducted from November 2015 to
December 2018
The sampling and field survey were carried out one time per month, 5 - 7 days per time, from November 2015 to December 2016
Further experiments were conducted in laboratory from 2016 to 2018
2.1.2 Sites for researching
The investigation of natural enemy species for controlling stored agricultural products was conducted in agricultural storehouses in countryside and town sites in Dong Thap Province, including Cao Lanh district, Thanh Binh district, Lap Vo district, Chau Thanh district, Cao Lanh city and Sadec city A number of agricultural products and aquafeed types were collected from processing companies, mainly from Sadec city
2.2 Preparation of insects and scale of the study
❖ Preparation of insects
- Natural enemy species for stored insect pests
- Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae)
❖ Scale of the study
The investigation of natural enemy species for agricultural insect pests in storehouses was conducted in Dong Thap Province
The biological and ecological characteristics of A calandrae parasitized and grew on larvae of L serricorne The ability to control
Trang 10L serricorne and S zeamais by A calandrae was evaluated in
laboratories in Dong Thap University
2.3 Proposal outline
- Investigation of natural enemy species stored - product pests
in Dong Thap Province
- Study of characteristics of morphology, biology, behaviors
and ecology for parasitoid A calandrae in the laboratory conditions, and some these characteristics of S zeamais
- Study of the ability to control S zeamais and L serricorne
by A calandrae in laboratory conditions
2.4 Materials
2.4.1 Materials
- Catfish feed pellets (8 mm in diameter) were processed from raw materials including rice bran, broken rice, maize, soy, wheat grain and some other essential substances
- Bean seeds (Vigna unguiculata), corn seeds (Zea mays)
- Some Coleoptera species are hosts of A calandrae such as L
serricorne (Anobiidae), S zeamais (Curculionidae) and C maculatus
(Bruchidae)
2.4.2 Chemicals and laboratory devices
- Stainless steel samplers, sieves, insect sweep net samplers, flashlights
- Plastic containers, plastic rectangle boxes (length × width × height of 17 cm × 13 cm × 7 cm), plastic cylinder containers (20 cm
in height, 14 cm in diameter of mouth and bottom), and plastic cylinder containers (7 cm in height, 12 cm in diameter of mouth and
9 cm in diameter of bottom);
Trang 11- Petri dishes with 8 cm in diameter;
- Carton boxes (length × width × height of 45 cm × 28 cm × 22 cm);
- Soft polyethylene bags (55 cm in length, 36 cm in width);
- Cover nets with mesh size < 0.01 mm and from 0.40 to 1.20 mm;
- A magnifier with 70 times of magnification;
- Microscope (Meiji Techno DK3000, Japan) with 1000 times magnification connecting to a computer with capture software of Lumenera INFINITY1 - 3C (Canada);
- Camera Sony DSC W - 800 20.1 Mega;
- Drying oven Memmert UN55 (Germany);
- Sanyo refrigerated incubator, type MIR - 153 (Japan);
- Extech temperature meter (Taiwan) and thermometer;
- Digital Grain Moisture Meter Tester MD - 7822;
- Digital Thermometer and Hygrometer HTC - 2;
- And other devices
2.5 Methods
2.5.1 Investigation of natural enemy species for stored agricultural products
There are two methods used in this experiment
- Investigation of the natural enemy species for stored agricultural products was carried out according to the plant quarantine method (based on Vietnamese standard: TCVN 4731 - 89) The natural enemy species were collected manually and using sampling collector nets Collected insects were stored in carton boxes, soft polyethylene bags and glass tubes
- Samples with stored - grain possibly infested with pests were taken to the laboratory, stored in plastic containers covered with
Trang 12ventilable textile fabric The containers were monitored to the appearance of natural enemy species for stored insect pests These species were collected and then stored in 70% alcohol solution for analysis
- Natural enemies species ware classified according to the documents of Graham (1969), Yoshimoto (1984), Janzon (1986),
Boucek and Rasplus (1991), Noyes (2003), Hayashi et al (2004), Lim et al (2007), Baur et al (2014) and Fayaz et al (2016) Meanwhile, L serricorne, S zeamais and C maculatus were
classified based on the description of Haines (1991), Bui Cong Hien
(1995) and Chaisaeng (2007)
The abundance of a natural enemy species was determined as following equation:
a 100Abundance (%)
B
=where A is the appearance times of a species, and B is total investigation times
Trang 132.5.2 Morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of A calandrae
The morphological characteristics of A calandrae were
measured and recorded to compare with the description of Pteromalidae family by Graham (1969), Yoshimoto (1984), Hayashi
et al (2004), Sureshan (2007), Janzon (1986), Baur et al (2014)
Moreover, the biological, behavioral and ecological characteristics of
A calandrae were also studied
2.5.3 Determination of the ability to control stored - product pests
by A calandrae
This experiment was conducted according to Chaisaeng (2007)
and Visarathanonth et al (2010)
2.5.4 Photographing and data analysis
Photographing: A calandrae was observed using stereomicroscope Meiji Techno DK3000 (Japan) with 70 times magnification The measurement of specimens and picture processing were conducted using scale ruler Lumenera INFINITY1 - 3C software (Canada)
Data analysis: Obtained data are shown as the mean ± one
standard deviation Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to set up grapths, while the SPSS software program version 22.0 was used to analyze
variance, and significant differences (p < 0.05) were calculated using
Duncan’s test
Trang 14CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Species composition of natural enemies for stored - product insect pests in Dong Thap Province
3.1.1 Species composition of natural enemies for stored - product insect pests
13 natural enemies for stored - product insect pests were recorded during the survey for 12 months These species were in 10 families and 5 orders 5 of them were carnivorous species, including
(Heteroptera), and Chelifer cancroides (Pseudoscorpionida) 9
species are parasitoids of Hymenoptera
3.1.2 Appearance ratio of natural enemies depending on types of agricultural products in storehouse
The survey results showed that there were 11 species of natural enemies appearing in all samples of rice and wheat grains 10, 9, 8 and 6 these species were found in aquafeed, maize grains, beans and rice bran, respectively, while only 2 species appeared in cassava
samples A calandrae was found in 5 types of 7 stored agricultural
products with the appearance ratios greater than 80%
3.2 Morphological, biological and ecological characteristics of A calandrae
3.2.1 Some morphological and biological characteristics
L serricorne - host of A calandrae
All stages the L serricorne growing on aquafeed at 30 ±
1.07oC, humidity of 74.64 ± 3.17% were recorded The results
showed that the life cycle of L serricorne is 41.53 ± 6.21 days on