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VIETNAM ACEDAMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES --- VU VAN KHUONG CATHOLIC WORDS IN PRAYER BOOKS OF DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM Major: Vietnamese Lan

VIETNAM ACEDAMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

-

VU VAN KHUONG

CATHOLIC WORDS

IN PRAYER BOOKS OF DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM

Major: Vietnamese Language Code: 9.22.01.02

ABSTRACT OF LINGUSTICS DORTORAL THESIS

Ha Noi, 2020

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACEDAMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Supervisor: Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Cong Duc

Reviewer 1: Prof., Dr Nguyen Thien Giap

Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof., Dr Pham Hung Viet

Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof., Dr Le Thi Lan Anh

The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Judging Council met at:

……….………

at ………., dated

The thesis can be found at the library: ………

……….………

……….………

……….………

OPENING

1 Urgency of the thesis topic

Catholicism is one of the major religions in Vietnam, making significant contributions

to Vietnamese language, especially the achievements of the Quoc ngu characters However, there are just few studies on Catholic words in Vietnamese language

Because many of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam carry doctrinal and theology concepts…like terms, many of them are daily words in Catholic community; while many others carry traces of history of early days of the Quoc ngu characters, many are modern words, etc., it can be said that those Catholic words in the prayer books show typical features of Catholic words in the Vietnamese language As such, selecting those words to clarify the Catholic words in Viet Nam is very reasonable

The thesis makes contributions to achievements of studies on Vietnamese language, and Catholic words in Vietnamese The thesis findings facilitate understanding and use of the Catholic prayers; gradually building the Catholic vocabulary, contributing

to standardizing the Catholic words in Vietnamese… These are the reasons for us to choose the topic

2 Study purpose and missions

This thesis is aimed to identify and clarify the Catholic vocabulary in prayer books To realize this goal, the thesis shall: Give an overview of the situation and establish the theoretical basis for study; Classify and describe the linguistic characteristics of the lexical units; Learn about the activities of Catholic words in Vietnamese language through a number of Vietnamese literatures

3 Subjects, scope and references of the study

3.3 References:

The references are 9 prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam, including: Hai Phong, Bui Chu, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Lang Son The earliest prayer was printed in 1865, the latest was in 2010, and the prayer book of Lang Son diocese has

no printing year

4 Methodology

In order to solve study tasks, the thesis mainly uses text survey method to collect Catholic words used in references, as the object of study; and also the linguistic description method to learn, classify and describe Catholic words in prayer books

5 New scientific contributions of the thesis

 Finding out the ways of formation, showing the mechanism of reproduction, clarifying the origin and Vietnamese characteristics of Catholic loan words

 By studying the activities of the Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language, the thesis assesses the organic correlation between Catholicism and culture - society in Viet Nam expressed by language

6 Theoretical and practical significance of the theses

6.1 Theoretical significance: adding the theoretical matters of Linguistics

through a specific corpus; contributing to clarifying the linguistic characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books

6.2 Practical significance: The thesis contributes a specific study of jargon for

Vietnamese linguistics The thesis findings can serve for Catholic language study

7 Thesis structure: In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, the thesis consists

of 4 chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of studies and theoretical basis related to the study topic Chapter 2: Ways of forming Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam

Chapter 3: Structural and semantic characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam

Chapter 4: Catholic words in daily Vietnamese language

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF STUDIES AND THEORETICAL BASIS

RELATED TO THE STUDY TOPIC 1.1 Introduction

1.2 Study history overview

1.2.1 Studies concerning Catholic words in the world

At the beginning of BC, documents explaining the concept of Catholicism appeared [63] But in the 20th century, the study of Catholic words was carried out only in the academic aspect of Linguistics [138] Initially, the works were mainly made on the

viewpoint of Vocabulary, learning the origin and explaining meaning of the words, such

as O Jesperson [139], Donald M Ayers [135], etc

While seeing religion as human nature, some linguists like Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, etc pioneered the study of linguistic and religious categories

from the viewpoint of Anthropological linguistics [36] The authors focused on analyzing

and proving the intrinsic relationship between the basic meaning of words and politics, religion, etc of the ancient culture which still affects the today culture

The third trend, such as David Crystal [134], William Samarin [144], etc.,

following the Social linguistics studied the religious factors interfering transformation or

stability of a linguistic community Of them, those focusing on functional study of religious factors in languages were: W Stewart [145], John F Swayer and JMY Simpson, etc.; and those focusing on studying the linguistic policy matters were B Spolsky [143], etc

1.2.2 Studies concerning Catholic words in Viet Nam

There were just few studies of Catholic words in Viet Nam, mainly from the perspective of Vocabulary Those words are much appeared in dictionaries of different types, including: bilingual, multilingual: [23], [31] etc.; unilingual professional dictionaries: [45], [80], etc

The articles explaining the meaning of Catholic words, emphasizing old Catholic words, are now rarely used: [154], [155], etc The articles explaining words emphasized the theology meanings, religious concepts: [157], [148], [149], etc.; Another trend was to study Catholic words in Viet Nam as an indirect object of studies on history of Nom

script, Quoc ngu characters, Vietnamese language based on Catholic documents: [66], [34], [108], [74], etc

Many authors studying the correlation of Catholics with culture and society in Viet Nam has, recently, indirectly mentioned the Catholic words under the viewpoint of the Anthropological Linguistics and Social Linguistics [17], [99], etc

The above overview shows that there has been no study on the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam

1.3 Theoretical basis

1.3.1 Organic relationship between language and religion

The language and religion have a close organic relationship with each other The religion must rely on the language to convey its messages and meanings, and the religion, vice versa, enriches, promotes and preserves the language

1.3.2 Position of Catholic vocabulary in Vietnamese vocabulary

The Catholic words studied are “jargon” located next to other Vietnamese word classes such as terminology, occupation words, local words, etc.; and also different from jargons of other religions, such as Buddhism, Caodaism, etc

1.3.3 Concept of ways of formation and development of Vietnamese vocabulary

According to Nguyen Thien Giap (2002), Vietnamese vocabulary can be enriched

in 8 ways [28] Mai Ngoc Chu (1997) believed that there are 2 ways to form new words: use factors available in the language to form new words; and borrow words [18]

1.3.4 Concept of language exposure and linguistic borrowing

The language exposure means an intersection of two or more languages, giving rise to linguistic changes; The linguistic borrowing means a phenomenon in which one element of one language enters another language, becomes used and assimilated by that language

1.3.5 Conception of words and phrase

In Vietnamese, some authors identify words as “sounds”, others base on the meaning and function of syllables similar to phonemes Some authors agree upon single words, compound words, repeated words, etc but others recognize Vietnamese with single words only

Phrase, combination, construction, group of words “means a combination of words into group of words, that are related in terms of vocabulary and grammar.” [124]

1.3.6 Concept of meaning of words and meaning development of words

 The meaning of the word “means whole spiritual content appeared in thought

of a native speaker when he/she is exposed to a certain form of language sound” [49]

 The development of the meaning of words covers expanded sense,

narrowed sense, metaphorical transfer and metonymical transfer

1.3.8 Overview of Catholicism and Catholicism in Viet Nam

Catholics was born in Asia Minor region, but thrived in Europe after 313 [57] In early 16th century, the Catholicism entered Viet Nam and established the first two dioceses in 1659 In 1693, Dong Dang Ngoai Diocese was given to the Dominican order,

so called the Dominican order Diocese or briefly “Order Diocese”, which now consists of dioceses of Hai Phong, Bui Chu, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Lang Son

1.3.9 Catholicism with Vietnamese culture

Catholicism in Viet Nam, in its own way, has made certain contributions to the Vietnamese culture, especially related to the invention of the Quoc ngu characters

1.4 Sub-conclusion

The thesis presents an overview of studies and theoretical matters serving as the basis for this thesis, such as: Analyzing the organic relationship between the language and the religion; positioning the Catholic words in Vietnamese vocabulary system in general; Presenting concepts about the ways of formation and development of Vietnamese vocabulary, language exposure, viewpoints about words, etc Finally, the thesis gives an overview of the Catholicism in general and Catholicism in Viet Nam in particular, the relationship between the Catholicism and the Vietnamese culture-literature

as context of the study object

Chapter 2: WAYS OF FORMING CATHOLIC WORDS IN THE PRAYER BOOKS OF THE DOMINICAN ORDER DIOCESES IN VIET NAM

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The ways of borrowing foreign Catholic words

2.2.1 Reason for borrowing the foreign Catholic words

The Catholicism officially entered Viet Nam around 1533 In Viet Nam, before this time, had no vocabulary units that conveyed the concepts of the Catholics Therefore, the missionaries had to borrow Catholic concepts in their native language and in Latin as the Church’s official language

2.2.2 Origin of the Catholic loan words

2.2.2.1 Jewish origin: Jewish originated words were often borrowed through an

intermediate language such as Latin, Portuguese or Spanish, such as: Tội Adam (sin of

Adam), Amen, and Alleluia

2.2.2.2 Greek origin: The Bible is written in Hebrew and Greek This is why

many of the later Bible words widely used in the communion were of Greek origin, for

example: ẩn tu (hermit), cánh chung (eschatology), etc

2.2.2.3 Latin origin: Latin is the official language of the Catholic Church, as such,

most of the concepts in the Catholicism are officially expressed in this language, for

example: Ảnh thánh (holy image), Bí tích (Sacrament), etc

2.2.2.4 The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Portuguese: for example: Sang-ta (holy), Cau-rut (Cross), etc

2.2.2.5 The Catholic loan words in Vietnamese language with traces of Spanish: for example: Thánh A-phô-tô-li (Apostle), A-r-ca-khê-lô (Archalgel)…

2.2.2.6 Sino-Vietnamese Catholic words: There are 257/1132 units (23%) but

there are only 59 Sino-Vietnamese Catholic “jargons” equivalent to the Catholic

“jargons” included in Chinese (compared based on Sino-Vietnamese reading sounds)

2.2.3 Method of receiving Catholic loan words

2.2.3.1 Keep word form in the source language: There is a very low number of

words received, only 40/1132 Catholic words

2.2.3.2 Phonetic transcription in source language: There are 103/1132 words

(9.09%) Most of the Indo-European words expressing the polymorphism

2.2.3.3 Calque (loan translation and loan shift) in source language: there are

689/1132 words, accounting for more than 60.86%, as shown in the table below:

Table 2.1: Ratio of translation equivalence of Latin-Vietnamese Catholic words

Ratio of equivalence Number of Latin

Catholic words

Number of Vietnamese Catholic words Percentage

2.3 The ways of creating new words

2.3.1 Use new form to express a new meaning

The words of this nature were mainly formed by the following methods: creating a new sound shell a shell named a newly formed concept; shortening combining and shortening

2.3.2 Use available form to express a new meaning

This is the way to form new words though adding a certain Catholic content to an

available Vietnamese word, similar to the expanding the word sense For example, prayer

hands pose 1 Face or hold your hands together (Normal sense) 2 Hands facing each

other, the right thumb presses on the left thumb in the shape of the Cross and put in front

of the chest (Catholic meaning)

2.4 Sub-conclusion

The thesis has mentioned the ways of forming the Catholic words in the corpuses The borrowing is the important way and makes up the majority of vocabulary units With a comparison, we have found that the borrowed Buddhist “jargons” mainly came from Asian languages, while the Catholic “jargons” were mainly borrowed from the Western languages

The ways to creating new words in different methods can be divided into two types of structures: the one that uses the new forms to express new contents and the one that uses available forms and materials to express new contents, or also known as creating new words with meaning development

Chapter 3: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CATHOLIC WORDS IN THE PRAYER BOOKS OF THE DOMINICAN ORDER

DIOCESES IN VIET NAM 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Structural characteristics of Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam

3.2.1 Characteristics of Catholic single words

3.2.1.1 Overview: The thesis has classified 95/1132 from the application

(8.39%) This ratio is much lower than the 15.05% of single word

in Vietnamese Buddhist vocabulary [60]

3.2.1.2 Catholic single words considered in terms of the number of syllables:

According to the statistics, the number of polymorphic single words (62.1%) is almost as twice as the number of monosyllabic single words (37.9%) This is explained by the large number of the Catholic words borrowed from the Indo-European family origin

3.2.1.3 Catholic single words considered in terms of part of speech: Based on the

traditional grammatical concept of part of speech, we have identified the types of the single words as follows: nouns accounted for 67.36%, verbs accounted for 27.36%,

adjectives accounted for 3.15% Thus, the ratio of nouns is superior, showing that the system of names of concepts and objects occupies a large part in the prayers

3.2.1.4 Catholic single words considered in terms of origin of constituents

Table 3.4: Catholic single words considered in terms of origin of constituents Origin of constituents of the Catholic

3.2.2 Characteristics of Catholic compound words

3.2.2.1 Overview

Table 3.5 General features of compound Catholic words in Vietnamese

Catholic Compound words Quantity Ratio (%)

3.2.2.2 Characteristics of relationship of Catholic compound words:

The thesis has identified 163 independent compound words (23.21%), 569 secondary ones (77.79 %)

main-3.2.2.3 Characteristics of types of Catholic compound words:

Among the Catholic compound words, there are 33 adjectives (4.46%), 154 verbs (21.93%), 515 nouns (73.40%)

3.2.2.4 Characteristics of origin of constituents of Catholic compound words:

The compound words with native Vietnamese constituents have a remarkable proportion with 337/702 units (accounting for 48.01%) Sino-Vietnamese originated compound words: 119/702 (16.9%), Hybrid compound words: 246702 words (35.04%)

3.2.3 Characteristics of Catholic denomination combinations

3.2.3.1 Reason of forming the Catholic denomination combinations:

When words are not enough to denotes the concepts, the new linguistic units should be formed based on the available words to name them Based on the structural characteristics, we call them denomination combinations

3.2.3.2 Characteristics of word types and structural models of the Catholic denomination combinations:

There are 302/358 noun-centered denomination combinations (84.35%); 37 centered ones (10.33%) indicating ritual actions; 19 adjective-centered ones (5.30%) showing nuances or properties which were typical in the Catholic community activities

verb-3.2.3.3 Characteristics of origin of constituents of the Catholic denomination combinations:

Of 302 noun-centered denomination combinations, 103 ones are made up of pure Vietnamese constituents, accounting for 34.10%; 29 ones had Sino-Vietnamese constituents, accounting for nearly 9.61%; 169 ones are composed of composite constituents, accounting for 55.96%

There are no constituents of the denomination combinations whose central component is an Indo-European originated verb and adjective This ratio shows a high trend of use of pure Vietnamese words of the Catholic community when they are not under the pressure of borrowing religious concepts

3.3 Semantic characteristics of the Catholic words in the prayer books of the Dominican order Dioceses in Viet Nam

3.3.1 Fundamental characteristics as a basis for denomination of the Catholic words

3.3.1.1 Characteristics of content and meaning of holding the religious ceremony:

Including names of sacraments, prayers, rites in the liturgy and practice of popular morality, methods of praying, etc

3.3.1.2 Characteristics of holder of the religious ceremony:

The holder of the religious ceremony means the chair person, identical with the celebrant, for example: Cha giải tội (Confessor), Thày cả (Priest), etc

3.3.1.3 Characteristics of action or gesture in the religious ceremony:

In the Catholic ceremony, there are gestures accompanied by words and symbolic

gestures, e.g.: Ăn năn đền tội (contrition and penitence), ăn năn tội (contrition)…

3.3.1.4 Characteristics of target audience of the religious ceremony:

The supreme object of Catholic ceremony is the God Besides, Blessed Virgin

Mary and saints are also sometimes targeted, e.g.: Chúa Dêu Cha (God the Father), Đức

Mẹ (Blessed Virgin Mary), etc

3.3.1.5 Characteristics of places where religious ceremony is held:

Places of worship, training establishments, residence places, etc of each religion

have different characteristics, e.g: nhà thờ (church), nhà chung (common house), etc

3.3.1.6 Characteristics of material elements in the religious ceremony:

The material elements in the Catholic ceremonies are always symbolic, for

example: Scent of fire symbolizes the prayer that radiates in front of the face of God, etc

3.3.1.7 Characteristic of time of the religious ceremony:

The Catholic worship of is arranged to be spread out to the rhythm of time,

called the liturgical time, e.g.: giờ kinh sáng (morning prayer hour), Tuần Thánh (Holy

week) mùa Chay (Lent), Năm thánh (Holy year), etc

3.3.1.8 Characteristic of spiritual level in the religious ceremony: