Large Cardamom is common cultivated spice crop in Nepal as well as in India and Bhutan. Large Cardamom is prone to many diseases, among them viral diseases are annihilative which causes sententious yield loss. Field surveys were conducted during different seasons of 2016-17. Chirke is serious as far as rate of spread is concerned and Foorkey is serious as far as yield loss is concerned. Chirke is caused by Large Cardamom Chirke Virus (LCCV), a new virus species under the genus Macluravirus, family Potyviridae and is characterized by mosaic with pale streak on the leaves. The streaks turn pale brown resulting in drying, withering of leaves and finally death of the plants. The flowering in diseased plants is debased. The chirke disease is transmitted by mechanical sap inoculation and also by aphid (Ropalosiphum maidis Fitch).
Trang 1Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.100
The Effect of Viral Diseases of Large Cardamom
(Amomum subulatum Roxb.) on Production and their Management
Jiwan Paudel * , Saroj Belbase, Sakar Gautam, Rivesh Bhusal and Shrvan Kumar
RGSC, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, (U.P), India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum
Roxb.), also known as the “Queen of spices”,
belonging to Zingiberaceae family is the most
prominent cash crop, appealing high revenues
across the globe Nepali laborers in Sikkim,
India, introduced cardamom to Illam district
during the 19th century The large cardamom
plant is a perennial herb with subterranean
rhizomes with leafy shoots Stem is a
pseudostem which is called tiller
Inflorescence is spike Generally, 30 to 40
flowers are observed in a spike Flowers are
yellow, bisexual, zygomorphic and pollinated
by bumble bees Anthesis occurs in the morning hours Fruit is a capsule, achinated, maroon in colour with seeds which are whitish
in immature stage and dark brown to black in mature stage generally contains moisture 8.5%, protein 6%, volatile oil 2.8%, crude fiber 22%, starch 43.2%, ether extract 5.3%
and alcohol extract 7% (Shankaracharya et al.,
1990) Additionally, 100gm of large cardamom seeds contains 666.6 mg calcium, 412.5 mg magnesium, 61 mg phosphorous and
14.4 parts per million fluoride (Bhandari et al.,
2013) Medicinally, cardamom seeds have
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Large Cardamom is common cultivated spice crop in Nepal as well as in India and Bhutan Large Cardamom is prone to many diseases, among them viral diseases are annihilative which causes sententious yield loss Field surveys were conducted during different seasons
of 2016-17 Chirke is serious as far as rate of spread is concerned and Foorkey is serious as far as yield loss is concerned Chirke is caused by Large Cardamom Chirke Virus (LCCV),
a new virus species under the genus Macluravirus, family Potyviridae and is characterized
by mosaic with pale streak on the leaves The streaks turn pale brown resulting in drying, withering of leaves and finally death of the plants The flowering in diseased plants is debased The chirke disease is transmitted by mechanical sap inoculation and also by aphid
(Ropalosiphum maidis Fitch) The cultivar Kopringe is resistant to chirke Excessive
sprouting and formation of bushy dwarf clumps at the base of the mother plants that gradually die, characterize the foorkey disease caused by Cardamom Bushy Dwarf Virus (CBDV) The primary promulgation of the disease from one area to another is through
infected rhizomes and further spread within the plantation by aphids, Pentalonia nigronervosa Cog., Micromyzus kalimpongensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
K e y w o r d s
Large cardamom
(Amomum subulatum),
Chirke, Foorkey,
Pentalonia nigronervosa,
Ropalosiphum maidis
Accepted:
07 February 2018
Available Online:
10 March 2018
Article Info
Trang 2diuretic, antidote for snake and scorpion
venom, stimulant, stomachic, alexipharmic
and astringent properties (Gopal et al., 2012)
Cardamom capsules and seeds are used to
treat gonorrhea, congestive jaundice,
headache, and stomatitis and to control insects
(URL- 1)
Large cardamom is a seophyte i.e a
shade-loving plant It is a crop of humid sub-tropics
and a semi-evergreen plant It is naturally
found in the steep hills of eastern
sub-Himalayan region which receive a
well-distributed rainfall spread around 200 days
with a total of about 3,000–3,500mm/year
Large cardamom grows up to 600–2,350m
above mean sea level Large cardamom is
commercially cultivated in lower altitudes of
cooler areas and higher altitudes of warmer
areas Cardamom plants remain dormant
during winters and it can withstand up to 2°C
but the plant is susceptible to frost injury The
flower bud differentiation occurs from August
in lower altitudes to October in higher
altitudes
The initiation of flower buds occur before
winter on lower elevations but further
development takes place only after the lapse
of cold period in early-March Rains during
flowering is detrimental, as it hampers
foraging activity of the pollinating bees,
affecting the sensitive flowers and resulting in
poor capsule setting and barren spikes
Cardamom starts to benefit economically from
3rd year of its plantation and the optimal yield
is obtained between 8- 10 years However its
total life span is about 20-25years (URL-2)
Nepal is the world’s largest cardamom
producer (Avasthe et al., 2011; Pothula and
Singh, 2013), with a total of 5,763 MT of
cardamom, worth Rs 2,528 million or about
US$23.6 million, on about 14,847 ha of land
in 40 districts and 15700 ha of land with
production of 6439 MT of Cardamom in
2016-17 (Singh, 2016-17), with cost benefit ratio of 1:10
Materials and Methods
Field surveys were conducted in distinctive seasons from July 2016 to March 2017 The farmers namely Tikaram Paudel (3.5 ha), Kedar Acharya (5 ha), Rangkhanipahi (6 Baglung) were the integral part of the survey The areas throughout was taken by them and helped in recording data of the yield loss of the cardamom The field visit and inspection for the diseases, chirke and foorke was done from 35 plants of every location The plantations affected by the diseases were recorded in the area 10m x 10 m in dimension The yield of that scrupulous dimension not affected by any diseases weres recorded Lastly the yield loss % was calculated and the dataare interpreted in table 1 and 2
Results and Discussion
Chirke disease spoliation varied from 0.0% to 17.14% and foorkey disease spoliation varied from 0.0 % to 37.14 % in various plantation in Baglung District (Table 1) A high incidence (37.2-39.3%) of foorkey was recorded in certain plantations in the Darjeeling hills located at lower altitudes (300-1380 m) by
Mandal et al., (2013) also Therefore, chirke
disease yield loss varied from 33.97% to 52.84% and foorkey disease yield loss varied from 36.30 % to 55.47 % in various large cardamom plantation area Whereas, maximum chikey disease yield loss was found
in Rangkhani and furkey disease yield loss was obtained in Painyu Minimum chirkey and furkey yield loss of large cardamom was reported in Chisti (Table 2)
The minimization of these diseases can escalate the production of farmers by more than 50%, which can also increase the economic status by exporting it The future
Trang 3research should be concerned on minimization
of these diseases using the simple, economical
and effective measures, which can be easily
implemented by the farmers
Chirke disease
The virus
The virus consists of polyhedral particles
measuring 40 nm diameters It has a thermal
inactivation point of 50-60°C for 10 min,
withstands a dilution up to 1:5000 and the
longevity in vitro is about 4-8 days A new
virus species large cardamom chirke virus
(LCCV) under the genus Macluravirus, family
Potyviridae has been characterized (Mandal et
al., 2012)
Etiology
The 3’ terminal genome sequence of the virus
associated with chirke disease was revealed
and found phylogenetically close to CdMV
under the genus Macluravirus, family
Potyviridae (Jacob and Usha, 2001)
Symptoms
The symptoms of chirke disease are delineate
by streak mosaic on the tender leaves with
dark green streaks in the light green
background of the lamina
In the rigorously affected plant, the mosaic
streaks coalesce and the leaf gradually turns
brown and dries up subsequently (Plate-1)
Loss Yield
The affected clump produces less number of
flowers and thus causes a serious loss in yield
Raychowdhury and Ganguly (1965a, b)
experimentally showed that the loss due to the
virus was as high as 85.20% and 80.09%
Foorkey disease of large cardamom
In Nepalese, foorkey means bushy The virus belongs to the genus Nanovirus and family
Nanoviridae (Mandal et al., 2004)
Transmission
The foorkey is not sap transmissible Varma and Capoor (1964) reported that at Poona, the foorkey was readily transmitted by the banana
aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa in a persistent
manner Later, Basu and Ganguly (1968) reported that at Kalimpong, the foorkey was
transmitted by another aphid, Mycromyzus
kalimpongensis Basu, but not by the banana
aphid
Etiology
A few isometric particles of 17 to 20 nm were found to be associated with the diseased
plants Mandal and his colleagues (Mandal et
al., 2004)
For the first time reported association of a nanovirus with the foorkey disease of large cardamom based on the nucleotide sequence
of replication associated protein gene (Rep), which showed 80-82% identity with BBTV and from 47.6% to 48.5% identity with other nanoviruses
Symptoms
Pronounced stunting and formation of numerous minute tillers which fail to form inflorescence
The tillers do not grow beyond a few inches in height and appear bushy
Yield loss
Varma and Capoor (1964) recorded crop damages ranging from 8.7 to 93.9 percent
Trang 4Table.1 Chirke and Foorkey diseases incidence at different location
S.No Location
No of plantation surveyed
Plants affected by Chirkey disease
Chirke diseases incidence
Plants affected by Foorkey disease
Foorkey diseases incidence
1
Chisti, Baglung 4
Baglung
3
3
Painyu,
4 Dhuseni,
Baglung
2
5
Rangkhani,
Note: The roman numerals represent the plantation field under survey, 35 plants a particular location
Table.2 Yield loss due to Chirke and Foorkey diseases in Large cardamom
Particulars
Area
Average field productivity (in Kg)
Average of Chirke affected field productivity (in Kg)
Average of Foorkey affected field productivity (in Kg)
Yield loss
by chirkey disease (in
%)
Yield loss
by foorkey disease (in %)
Trang 5Plate.1 Symptom on leaf 1) Chirke disease and 2) on stem Foorkey disease
Control
Time to time extirpate of the diseased plants
with their plenishment of certified virus free
plants is essential for the management of
chirke disease (Raychowdhury and Ganguly
1965a)
To use Bebo variety resistant to foorkey viral
infection and Ramla moderately tolerant to
chirkey but susceptible to foorkey disease
(URL-2)
Treatment of rhizomes @ 0.075%
hydroquinone and soil drenching with 0.1%
of thiouracil showed virus inhibition
Varma and Capoor (1964) showed that
injection of a few milliliters of Agrozone-40
into the infected rhizomes caused withering
that facilitated the easy lifting of the clump
Use healthy planting material can control
foorkey disease
Commercially available formulation of
insect-pathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana)
Mycotrol or Biosoft @ 3.0g/l, Vertalec or
Inovert or Biocatch (Verticillum lecanii) @
3.0g/l, Prioroty (Paecelomyces fumosoroseus)
@2.5ml/l should be apply
Application of Cohigan (Imidacloprid17.8
SL)@ 1ml/l or Aktara or
7-Star(Thiamethoxam25 WG) @1 g/3 liter of
water ormetasystox25EC @ 1ml/ L or Polar (Acetamiprid 20SP) @0.5g/l should be apply Two applications of foliar sprays, a week apart, are often needed
The Loss due to Chirke and Foorkey should
be immediately cut down to size in order to ensure the good production of large cardamom Nevertheless, having strength and opportunities in cardamom industry in Nepal, some of the uncertainties exist too Such as decline labor inputs, reoccurrence of diseases and pests, vague price fixation mechanism, incremental use of chemicals and if no international trade, impaired domestic consumption, seriously threatening the cardamom industry, which compelled to higher attention Another reason, Nepalese cardamom has not good market access in SAARC countries except India The highest tariff is applying by Bhutan which is 35% followed by Bangladesh which is 23.75% Nevertheless, world’s top importers like UAE, Singapore, India and other are providing 0% tariff to the Nepalese cardamom (Singh, 2016-17)
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How to cite this article:
Jiwan Paudel, Saroj Belbase, Sakar Gautam, Rivesh Bhusal and Shrvan Kumar 2018 The
Effect of Viral Diseases of Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) on Production and their Management Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 7(03): 855-860
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.100