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HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONBUI THI LAN HUONG CONFUCIAN - RENOVATING AUTHOR AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENRE OF NOVEL IN VIETNAMESE ALPHABET IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

BUI THI LAN HUONG

CONFUCIAN - RENOVATING AUTHOR AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENRE OF NOVEL IN VIETNAMESE ALPHABET IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY (THROUGH SOME TYPICAL AUTHORS)

Concentration: Vietnamese literature Code: 922 01 21

SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION FOR A DOCTORAL DEGREE IN LITERATURE

HANOI - 2020

Literature Department, Hanoi National University Of Education

Supervisors: 1) Assoc Prof Dr Vu Thanh

2) Assoc Prof Dr Tran Thi Hoa Le

Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Huu Son

Vietnam Institute of Literature

Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Xuan Thach

University of Social Sciences and Humanities

Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Van Toan

Hanoi National University of Education

The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-levelThesis Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education,

No 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi

… o’clock date month year 2020

The dissertation can be found at:

- National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi,

- Library of Hanoi National University of Education

The Vietnamese Confucian - Renovating authors have made importantcontributions to the formation and development of contemporary literature,especially for the maintenance and continuation of the achievements and influence

of past literature to the new literature, in a context where the majority of writershave turned away or sought to erase the traces of "former literature" This type ofauthor has been studied by scientists so far mainly from the perspective ofindividual writers, or independently, or studying them in other aspects but not as

is a type of author Sometimes their idiosyncratic characteristics such asmaintaining the continuity of tradition on aspects such as theme, inspirationalideas or art tactics, words, image building methods Art statues are onlyconsidered restrictions from the past The achievements of the type of Confucian -Renovating author in many cases reveal immediately in the expression of issuesthat seem to be old compared to the time It was the great achievements, as well asthe open issues of literature research in the early twentieth century, that suggested

that we develop the topic of Confucian - Renovating authors and contributions (aswell as restriction) for the formation and development of intergovernmentalliterature.

1.2 Practical rationale

The above authors, as well as the literature of the early twentieth century,have been the subject of our research and teaching for a long time in university.The works of Ho Bieu Chanh, Tan Da and Ngo Tat To have long been included inthe grammar program from junior high to high school level Therefore, this is avery practical topic, opening us a new opportunity to continue researching pastliterary phenomena, especially Vietnamese literature in the early 20th century

With the above scientific and practical reasons, we choose the topic "Confucian Renovating author and the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century (through some typical authors)" as the content of this dissertation.

-2 Objects and scope of the study

2.1 Objects of the study

- The object of the dissertation selected for research is the type ofConfucian - Renovating authors and their contribution to the Vietnamese QuocNgu novel genre in the early twentieth century through the five Confucian -Renovating authors: 1) Nguyen Chanh Sat (1869-1947); 2) Ho Bieu Chanh (1884-1958); 3) Tan Da – Nguyen Khac Hieu (1889-1939); 4) Nguyen Trong Thuat(1883-1950) and 5) Ngo Tat To (1894-1954) In addition, the thesis is alsointerested in other early twentieth-century writers of the same type or has somesimilarities such as Nguyen Ba Hoc (1857-1921), Nguyen Huu Tien (1874-1941),Nguyen Don Phuc ( 1878-1954), Le Hoang Muu (1879-1941) or Buu Dinh (1898-1931), so on

2.2 Scope of the study

- In fact, the number of Confucian - Renovating authors in our category isquite large but due to the framework of the dissertation, we only focus on the in-depth study of five selected authors The order of appearance of these authorsbasically shows some progress, transitions on some aspects of this author in bothartistic conception and achievements in their works

- Regarding the system of works to be surveyed: we will conduct a survey

of all the novels of the five Confucian - Renovating authors above Their

compositions in other genres, as well as those of other writers in the earlytwentieth century, will be a source for us to compare and analyze as necessary.

3 Aims and missions of the study

3.1 Aims of the study

Studying the types of Confucian - Renovating authors and the types ofworks (novel of Quoc Ngu) of these authors, we aim to two main purposes: -Researching the basis of formation and characteristics of the type of VietnameseConfucian - Renovating authors in the early twentieth century; - Studying thecontributions of Confucian - Renovating authors to the genre of Vietnamese QuocNgu novel at the beginning of the twentieth century from approaching the genre interms of topic - theme, organization of plot structure , character building, artistictone and artistic language

3.2 Missions of the study

The thesis sets out the following research tasks: - Explaining the causes,historical - cultural, social and literary conditions in the inter-periodic periodbetween the two centuries, contributing to the formation of the Confucian -Renovating authors and their contributions to the development of nationalliterature; - The thesis initially identifies a number of characteristics of the typethat regulate the choice of life, career, as well as the way that writers come tocompose the novel of Quoc Ngu, changes in conception literature, their aestheticconception; - Identify the Quoc Ngu novel compositions of Confucian -Renovating authors on some basic aspects which are the system of topic - topic;organize the plot structure; character building; artistic tone and artistic language

4 Research methodology

To carry out the content of this study, we apply the following basic

research methods: 1) Method of geometric type and method of literary research by category; 2) Narrative learning approach; 3) System method; 4) Comparative - comparative method and 5) Interdisciplinary research method.

5 New ontributions of the dissertation

- Learn the characteristics of the type of Confucian - Renovating authors

and their contributions to the formation and development of the novel genre in theearly twentieth century, the dissertation will be the first scientific work relativelyresearching the types of authors and the types of works (novel in Vietnamesealphabet) of these authors in the process of advocacy and development of thenational literary history in general; - On the basis of conceptual introduction, the

dissertation has initially clarified the forming conditions as well as thecharacteristics of the type of Confucian - Renovating authors in relation to theprevious types of Confucian authors as the same time appeared in the latenineteenth century and early twentieth century; - The dissertation is the firstscientific work to survey, describe and interpret some contributions of Confucian -Renovating authors in the genre of Quoc Ngu novel in the early twentieth centurythrough a system of topic - theme; organization of the plot structure; characterbuilding; artistic tone and artistic language; - In addition, through the researchresults, the thesis hopes to provide and apply an approach and evaluation for aspecial type of author, supplementing knowledge for reference, researching andteaching about some authors and works of Vietnamese literature in the earlytwentieth century.

6 Organization of the dissertation

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the

main content of the dissertation is developed into four chapters as follows:

Chapter 1 THEORETICAL GROUNDS AND RESEARCH OVERVIEW

1.1 Theoretical grounds

1.1.1 Theory of typology

Typology (French: typologie) is the science of research in general This is

both a theory and a method in literary research, which originated very early, rightfrom ancient Greek-Roman culture to Aristot's literary division However,mentioning the theory of literary type, we must mention the achievements ofprevious Russian literary researchers In Vietnam, the type thinking, type method

is increasingly attracting more researchers After nearly a century appearing inVietnam, it can be said that geometric theory has become an effective researchtool for those who are interested in Vietnamese literature, especially approachesfrom the geometric aspect literary author It can be affirmed, in Vietnam hasformed a trend of literary research based on geometric theory as such

1.1.2 Narrative theory

Novel genre is one of the genre that is typical of the narrative type.Therefore, in order to study the author of Confucian - Renovating author and theircontributions to the movement and development of novels in Vietnamese alphabet

in the early twentieth century, the theory of narration is also considered one of the

important theories applied in the dissertation The narrative theory also helps thewriter to conduct research on the characteristics of the novel in Vietnamesealphabet - a large narrative mode in the early twentieth century Thus, in thisthesis, the narrative theory will help us focus on addressing the uniquecharacteristics of the method of the art of the novel in Vietnamese alphabet type ofauthor Confucian - Renovating authors as structure, essence, stories, accents, andartistic language.

1.2 About the Confucian - Renovating authors

We conceive as follows, the Confucian - Renovating authors, first of allthe writers are educated and deeply influenced by Confucian thought andtraditional education Due to the historical circumstances of the transitory period,they were also learning and influenced by the new ideologies and educationalbackground influenced by the West, although the level of influence in each authorwas different From there formed a new generation of writers - people of twocenturies, carrying in themselves the characteristics of the transition, the transitionbetween the old and the new This is a type of author that contains many complexelements of the era, characterized by the transition from the type of Confucianauthor to the author of modern literature On the one hand, the Confucian -Renovating authors, on the one hand, still have unrealistic aspirations like theprevious Confucian scholars: wishing to realize the dream of "economiceconomy" and "social reform" in literature , they uphold the role of social reformand social change of literature; on the other hand, they also saw the breakdowns ofConfucian morality at the time, thereby directing their pen to reflect reality

1.3 Overview of research issues of Vietnamese Confucian – Renovating authors and their contributions to the formation and development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century

1.3.1 The research works on the Confucian – Renovating authors

The research works on these five authors are also quite abundant Wehereby would like to review some typical projects:

1.3.1.1 The studies on the author Nguyen Chanh Sat

The studies on Nguyen Chanh Sat: first of all, it is the Southern novel in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century (2004) edited by

Nguyen Kim Anh [72]; Literary dictionary (new set) [162]; "Writer and newsman

Nguyen Chanh Sat (1869-1947)" [165], etc In general, the studies on Nguyen

Chanh Sat mentioned quite fully about his status, career, and position to history ingeneral and literary history in particular However, the problem of recognizingNguyen Chanh Sat as a Confucian - Renovating author associated with hiscontribution to the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the late nineteenthand early twentieth centuries is still an open question that requires more in-depthresearch

1.3.1.2 The studies on Ho Bieu Chanh

Ho Bieu Chanh is the writer of the South Vietnam who is the mostinterested researcher These include studies of Phan Khoi [94]; Thieu Son [192];

Vu Ngoc Phan [130]; Nghiem Toan [174]; Pham The Ngu [150]; Nguyen Khue[97]; Hoai Anh [3]; Huynh Thi Lanh [108]; Pham Thi Thu Thuy [246] etc It can

be affirmed that, until now, studies of Ho Bieu Chanh are quite abundant andmany specialized works Accordingly, the aspects of his personal information,career, historical literary position has also been discussed relatively well A newfeature of our study is to put Ho Bieu Chanh in the correlation of the Confucian -Renovating authors in the early twentieth century to better understand hiscontributions to the modernization of the novel genre in Vietnamese alphabet inthe early twentieth century

1.3.1.3 The studies on Tan Da

Tan Da had been known as a special author right from the beginning ofhis appearance on the literature, the opinions about him were also very multi-dimensional, sometimes contradictory It is possible to mention the studies ofPham Quynh [182]; Duong Quang Ham [76]; Nguyen Dinh Chu [24], [25]; TranDinh Huou [90]; Trinh Ba Dinh, Nguyen Duc Mau [52]; Tran Van Toan [261],[262]; [263] etc

1.3.1.4 The studies on Nguyen Trong Thuat

Although his works were few and not really popular at the time, NguyenTrong Thuat also gained the attention of contemporary critics and researcherssuch as Thieu Son, Vu Ngoc Phan, Doan Quoc Si, Pham Thi Ngoan and NguyenQuang Tuan etc

1.3.1.5 The studies on Ngo Tat To

Coming from a family of Confucian traditions and Ngo Tat To himself,who also trained at the Khong and Trinh classes, that roots influenced hiscomposing This feature in Ngo Tat To's writing career has been pointed out by

most researchers Typically, there are studies of Phong Le [113]; Vuong Tri Nhan[153]; Phan Cu De [39]; Vu Tuan Anh [10]; Tran Thi Phuong Lan [104] etc

1.3.2 Research works on the genre of novel in the transitional period and novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the transitional period of Confucian – Renovating authors

In general, the literature of the transitional period in general, the novel inVietnamese alphabet in the transitional period in particular has long been theconcern of many literary researchers and has had many intensive research works.Those are the studies of Truc Ha [170], [171]; Truong Son Chi Ung Ngoc Ky[100] etc The situation of novel research in this period is continued in the works

of some famous researchers such as Thieu Son, Moc Khue, Vu Ngoc, Le Thanh,Duong Quang Ham etc The issues of the novel of the first 30 years of thetwentieth century continue to be mentioned in a number of remarkable works such

as Ho Chi Minh Cultural Geography of the authors of Tran Van Giau, Tran Bach

Dang, Nguyen Cong Binh [65]; Portrait of literature [3], of Hoai Anh [9]; New Literature Dictionary [162], Vietnamese Literature in the twentieth century by Pro Phan Cu De [41] etc In addition, there are works The first steps of newspapers, short stories, novels and new poems (1865-1932) by Bui Duc Tinh

[249] etc Most notably is the work of a group of researchers from the Institute of

Social Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City: Southern fictions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries [4], edited by Nguyen Kim Anh There are also a number

of doctoral theses on Quoc Ngu prose in the early twentieth century The first is

the dissertation: The formation and movement of the Vietnamese prose novel genre in the Southern period from the late nineteenth century to 1932 of Ton That Dung in 1993 [34] and the dissertation “The process of modernizing Vietnamese novels from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century” of Cao Thi

Xuan My in 2001 [138], "Depositing" with modernizing the prose in Vietnamese

alphabet in the transitional period of Tran Van Toan in 2009 [252], The art of narrative fiction in the South from the late nineteenth century to 1932 of Phan

Manh Hung in 2014 [84] etc These are quite thorough studies on the formationand development of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the earlytwentieth century as well as the contributions of genre to the modernization ofnovel in particular and Vietnamese literature in general during the transitionalperiod In foreign countries, according to the materials that we know, there are not

many research works on Vietnamese alphabet prose in general and novels inparticular In the Introduction à la littérature Vietnamienne (Introduction toVietnamese Literature - 1969), Maurice M Durand and Nguyen Tran Huan alsopresented a very brief summary of the works of two authors Ho Bieu Chanh andBuu Dinh In Le roman Vietnamien contemporain (Modern Vietnam novel -1972) by Bui Xuan Bao [307], the author mentioned some works of Ho BieuChanh, Nguyen Thoi Xuyen etc

1.3.3 General comments

Up to now, the characteristics of the Confucian type in the transitionalperiod (early in the twentieth century) have not been studied much Particularly,the type of Confucian - Renovating authors has not had any systematic andintensive research Researching the types of Confucian – Renovating authors andtheir contributions to the formation and development of the genre of novel inVietnamese alphabet in the early twentieth century, we hope to contribute toclarify the opened issues such as the characteristics of the type of author and theposition, the contribution of the type of novel composed by Confucian -Renovating authors of Vietnam in the early 20th century; Overseas, researchersonly focus on some typical literary phenomena, about authors such as TruongVinh Ky, Ho Bieu Chanh etc.; about works such as Master Lazaro's story etc.;while the Confucian – Renovating authors are hardly mentioned from theperspective of author type Our dissertation tries in terms of summarizing,evaluating and differentiating the type of Confucian - Renovating author, therebyhoping to add a voice to affirm the contributions as well as to point out thelimitations, through their novel compositions, to the process of modernizing genre

in particular and Vietnamese modern literature in the early twentieth century ingeneral It is also the premise for us to survey, describe and evaluate the QuocNgu novel of this group of authors in both content and artistic aspects throughissues of topic-theme; organization of the plot structure; character building;artistic tone and artistic language These are posed issues and we will graduallysolve them in the next chapters of the thesis

Summary of Chapter 1

It can be affirmed that, in Vietnam's literature research department, so far,there have been many different approaches and each method has its advantagesand disadvantages, which the appropriate application always gives researchers

interesting insights The method of literary type, which was acquired byVietnamese researchers from the Russian literature and culture researchdepartment to illuminate Vietnamese literature entities, including folk literatureand literature written in Han, Nom characters and Vietnamese alphabet In acomparative view, if some of the other methods and theories in literary researchmay be outdated (such as the method of sociological and vulgar literature, forexample), the type of literary literature is not always old It maximizes itseffectiveness when applying to interpret literary authors, literary phenomena and

in the case of this dissertation, it is a Confucian - Renovating authors with theircontributions to the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet in the early twentiethcentury (from about 1900 to the 30s of the twentieth century) Combined with thenarrative theory and other research methods (systematic methods, approaches toliterary works from a cultural perspective), putting the type of Confucian -Renovating author in in the process of formation, mobilization and development

of the genre of novel in Vietnamese alphabet, in Chapter 1, we have tried to gothrough the relatively complete, concise studies, necessary instructions on theresearch topic These are necessary consultations for us to explain more clearlythe conditions of formation and characteristics of the type of Confucian -Renovating authors in the new context of Vietnamese history and society in theearly twentieth century; It is also the premise for us to survey, describe andevaluate the novel in Vietnamese alphabet of this group of authors in both aspects

of content (through the system of topic - thought, character image) and art(through plot structure, tone, and artistic language) These are posed issues and wewill gradually solve them in the next chapters of the dissertation

CHAPTER 2 CONDITIONS OF FORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TYPE OF CONFUCIAN - RENOVATING AUTHORS IN THE EARLY

TWENTIETH CENTURY 2.1 Condition of formation of the type of Confucian – Renovating authors

2.1.1 Historical - social, ideological - cultural conditions

2.1.1.1 Vietnam social context in the early twentieth century

In the early twentieth century, especially after World War I, the Frenchcolonialists embarked on colonial exploitation to compensate for the losses in the

war Governor-general Paul Dumer has implemented a policy of “divide andconquer” in the three regions of North, Central and South of Vietnam The Southbecame a colony, and North and Central Vietnam under the Southern dynasty wasunder the protection title but it was also a colony because power was in the hands

of the French Urban is the environment for the birth of the novel in Vietnamesealphabet, including novels of Confucian - Renovating authors

2.1.1.2 The process of popularizing Vietnamese alphabet

The Vietnamese alphabet was created in the middle of the sixteenthcentury by the Western missionaries to serve the process of evangelization intoVietnam The Vietnamese alphabet will be used as an official means ofcommunication on paper documents instead of Han characters that have existedfor thousands of years On the other hand, the authorities wanted to use theVietnamese alphabet to separate the indigenous people from the influence ofChinese culture, but to create a closeness to them because the Vietnamesealphabet was similar to the French alphabet in the Latin system In literature, itprovides vivid and varied new expression tools for literary compositions thatmake popular readers more accessible Then, literature has really “returned to themajority and met the needs of the majority”

2.1.1.3 The origin and development of the press and publication

When the French colonialists, in general, pacified the South of Vietnam,along with that process was a plan to assimilate our country culturally For theforce of reign to be effective, apart from the macro-cultural policies, the press wasalso one of the French colonists’ interests Therefore, after only 5 years of settingfoot in our country, the French government immediately launched a newspaper inVietnamese alphabet in Southern Vietnam Along with bringing the press intoVietnam, the French colonialists also introduced printing technology andpublishing industry to supplement their assimilation process In just a short time,dozens of printing companies have been established, from government-ownedprinting houses to private ones Initially only printing press and documents of thecolonial government, but later, when the French colonists relaxed the regulation,the published literary works significantly contributed to the formation process.and develop literature in Vietnamese alphabet

2.1.1.4 New education system with French-Vietnamese school model

In the role of forming the contingent of Confucian - Renovating authorsand novels in Vietnamese alphabet in the early 20th century, the new education

has contributed to establishing a position of man in the world Writers havegradually abandoned the writing of traditional literature to learn the style ofmodern Western literature, as well as gradually abandoning the emotionalthinking of Eastern people to learn logical thinking like children Westerner Fromthis way of thinking led writers to change the perception and thinking as well asthe concept of writing in the spirit of the new influence of the West - as a premisefor innovations in composition, literary creation contemporary.

to the character image, etc However, space, time, beauty of the country andpeople of the nation as well as traditional cultural aspects are still silver in theworks These contents we will gradually clarify in the next sections of the thesis

2.1.2.2 The public and the role of the literary public in the early 20 th century

Looking at the overview, it can be seen that readers (public) literature inthe early 20th century was quite diverse This content we have mentioned abovewhen discussing the birth of urban and urban readers They are the direct and mostpopulous class of the literary period Here, we would like to emphasize anotherpublic class, the public class through two indirect channels, education and theliterary phenomena themselves at that time

2.1.2.3 The development of Vietnamese novel thinking: from autobiographic of chapter-based novel in Chinese characters to modern novels in Vietnamese alphabet

a) The tradition of autobiographic of chapter-based novel in Chinese characters

According to some researchers such as Tran Nghia and Nguyen Dang Na,the novel chapter in medieval Chinese characters was quite early with Hoan Chausigned by Nguyen Canh thi (1696), but really confirmed his existence It was not

until Nam trieu Cong Nghiep Dien Chi of Nguyen Khoa Chiem (completed in

1719) was followed by a series of other works such as Thien Nam Liet Truyen of Nguyen Canh Thi (born about 1756-1806), Hoang Le Nhat thong nhat chi of Ngo Gia Van Phai (early of the 19th century), Hoang Viet long hung chi of Ngo Giap Dau (1904), Viet lam xuan thu of Vu Xuan Mai (from the end of the 20th century

to about 1908), Tay Duong Gia To bi luc the records of Pham Ngo Hien, Nguyen Hoa Duong, Nguyen Ba Am, Tran Trinh Hien (1812), the Trung Quang tam su of

Phan Boi Chau (1921-1925), etc

b) Narrative thinking of Vietnamese novels from 1900 to 1930

In general, Vietnamese novels up to 1924 can be said to have had somesuccesses, forming a particular style of writing, a kind of narrative narrative whichwas quite clear and imprinted by the era at that time The Vietnamese novel from

1925 with the appearance of the novel To Tam (Hoang Ngoc Phach) was a

remarkable development In general, Vietnamese novels from 1925 to 1930 havemade great progress in both quantity and quality In terms of volume, according to

Le Tu Anh's statistics, the number of novels from 1910 to 1924 only had 69works; whereas from 1925 to 1930 there were 260 works In terms of capacity,novels at this stage also have more pages, etc

2.1.2.4 The process of the writers’ change in awareness and conscience

The entry of writers from Confucian and renovating writers formed in thelate nineteenth century and flourished in the early 20th century shows thetransformation of literature from the medieval category to modern category Inaddition, it is also necessary to mention the change in the perception about thegenre of fiction by Confucian - Renovating authors in the early 20th century If inthe history of medieval literature, fiction was inherently disregarded, here, theConfucian - Renovating authors have clearly seen the role of social improvement