Thế ứng xử văn hoá việt nam từ truyền thống đến hiện đại và việc ứng dụng vào du lịch

Viec tim ra can cot each the ling xu ciia cong dong ngudi Viet trong su phat trien lien tuc tCr truyen thong den hien dai nh^m ilng dung vao viec phat trien du lich a n\x6c ta vao liic n

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

T R U O N G DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

THE ITNG XLT VAN HOA VIET NAM TU TRUYEN THONG

DEN HIEN DAI VA VIEC ITNG DUNG VAO DU LICH

Ma so :QX.2002.12

Ho va ten chii tri de tai : Ths Tran Thuy Anh

HA NQI 2004

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

T R U O N G DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI vA NHAN VAN

THE UNG XV VAN HOA VIET NAM

TIT TRUYEN THONG DEN HIEN DAI VA VIEC

UNG DUNG VAO DU LICH

L6\ CAM ON

Suot hai nam trdi, hai cong sir than thiet ciia toi la Cir nhan Nguyen Thu Thuy ( Can bo giang day Khoa Du lich hoc - Truang DHKHXH & NV) va Cu nhan Nguydn Thi Anh Hoa ( Hoc vien Cao hoc Khoa 1 - Khoa Du lich hoc - Tru5ng DHKHXH & NV) da cung toi hoan thanh ban thao de tai khoa hoc nay Day la ket qua ciia tri tue tap the iTu diem, neu co, thuoc ve cac cong sir cua toi

Nhuac diem chSc chSn la co, tham chi c6 nhieu, toi la ngud'] hoan toan chiu trach

nhiem - vdi tir each chu tri de tai khoa hoc

Xin cam an six tham gia nhiet tinh ciia hai thanh vien de tai!

Ha noi, ngay 20 thang 06 nam 2004

Chu tri de tai

Ths Tran Thuy Anh

MUC LUC

• •

MUC LUC 1 BANG QUY DINH CHlT VIET TAT 2

P H A N M 6 D A U 4

PHANNOIDUNG 8

CHUONG I : MOT SO KHAI NIEM CO BAN DUNG TRONG

DETAI 8 I- Khai niem the irng xtr 10

II Khai niem nguai Viet cua van hoa Viet Nam 10

III Khai niem truyen thong va hien dai 10

IV Khai niem van hoa 11

V Khai niem du lich 12

VI Du lich van hoa va van hoa du lich Moi quan he giua du lich

va van hoa 14

VII Mot vai kinh nghiem gSn ket van hoa v6i du lich a nude ngoai 21

TIEU KET CHUONG 1 25

CHU^ONG II: UNG XIJ^ VAN HOA VIET NAM TIT TRUYEN

THONG DEN HIEN DAI 26

1 - Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thong 27

I - 1 Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thong - kho tang tri thiic ban dia 27

I 2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir tiep xuc giao luu v6i cac nen van hoa khac.30

1.2.1 Van hoa Viet Nam - nhiJng yeu to noi sinh 30

1.2.2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir giao lun v6i cac n6n van hoa khac 33

II - Chuy6n he van hoa tu truyen thong den hien dai 38

II 1 Nhirng xu huang phat trien ciia van hoa 38

II 1.1 Xu huang phat trien tij* mot cong dong nho mang tinh khep kin

den mot cong dong Ian han mang tinh chat ma 38

II 1.2 Xu hirang phat trien tu viec de cao vai tro ciia cong dong ho toe

den viec de cao vai tro ciia ca nhan 42

II 1.3 Xu huang chuyen iu nhung gia tri van hoa phi thi truang sang nhung

giii tri van hoa mang tinh thi truang gSn vai khai niem, tien te hang hoa 43

II - 2 Cac giai doan phat trien ciia van hoa tu truyen thong den hien dai 45

11.2.1 Giai doan van hoa trong nen kinh te tucung tucap 46

11.2.2 Giai doan van hoa trong n^n kinh te thi truang 46

11.2.3 Giai doan van hoa trong nen kinh te tri thuc 48

II - 3 Tinh chat phiic tap trong su chuyen d6i van hoa a Viet Nam 50

II - 4 Co mot nen van hoa truyen thong trong hien dai 52

II.5 Nhung gia tri van hoa m6i trong th5i dai phat trien KHCN 59

II 5.1 Tac dong ciia khoa hoc - cong nghe den van hoa va loi song

a Viet Nam 59 II.5.2 Khoa hoc cong nghe lam xuat hien nhung gia tri van hoa m6i 61

TIEU KET CHUONG II 65

CHl/ONG III: VAN HOA v A CON NGU^ClI VIET NAM V 6 l

SIT PHAT TRIEN DU LICH 68

I Khai quat v6 moi tuang quan giua cong dong dan cu va boat dong

dulich 68

II Cac chieu quan he trong the ling xuciia ngu5i Viet va boat dong du lich 71

1 Chi^u quan he giua con nguai v6i tunhien 71

1.1 Tac dong tich cue 71

1.2 Tac dong tieu cue 74

2 Chi6u quan he giua con nguai vai xa hoi 81

2.1 Tac dong tich cue 81

2.1.1 Tinh khong Choi tij 81

2.1.2 Tinh tich hop van boa 82

2.1.3 Ban dia hoa, Viet Nam boa nhung yeu to ngoai sinh 83

2.2 Tac dong tieu cue 84

2.2.1 Sued ket cong dong 84

2.2.2 Can tinh ti6u nong 85

2.2.3 Duy tinh ban duy ly 95

3 Chi6u quan he tam linh, con ngu5i ciia hien tai v6i qua khii 97

3.1 Tac dong tich cue 97

3.2 Tac dong tieu cue 98

III Di tim cau tra lai nbSm ban che nhung anh huang khong tich cue

ciia each the ung xu ngudi Viet doi vai boat dong du lich 99

1 TiJ" goc nhin ling xii' van boa ciia nguai Viet tre 99

2 Tu goc nhin moi quan he giua cong dong dan cu va boat dong du lich 102

TIEU KET CHUONG III I l l

P H A N K E T L U A N 112

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 115

Uy ban nhan dan Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van Dai hoc Quoc Gia

Tran Thuy Anh

(Tac gia chii thich)

PHAN MO DAU

I.DAT VAN DE

Cach the ling xu tijr truyen thong den hien dai cua ngucfi Viet Nam ducfc coi la mot trong so nhung di san phi vat the Oiig xir la triet ly song cua mot cong dong ngucfi, la quan niem song, quan niem ly giai cuoc song No cung tra thanh loi song, nep song, loi hanh dong cua cong dong ngudi do Bdi vay, no quy dinh cac moi quan he giua con ngu5i v6i tu nhien, giiJa con ngudi v6i con ngudi trong tinh chat quan thiet nhat la tinh xa hoi nh^n van ciia cac quan he

Dat nude Viet Nam dang chuyen minh tren nhieu phuofng dien, trong do

CO du lich Du lich con dong mot vai tro r^'t tot nham tao cau noi de giao luu van hoa Dich di den la gop phan tao nen mot the gidri phiic Igi cho toan the loai ngu6i, vuot qua cac hang rao da duoc dung len bai su canh tranh sinh ton, phan chia chiing toe, rao can ngon ngu, tap quan ling xu Viec tim ra can cot each the ling xu ciia cong dong ngudi Viet trong su phat trien lien tuc tCr truyen thong den hien dai nh^m ilng dung vao viec phat trien du lich

a n\x6c ta vao liic nay la viec can thiet

2 MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU

- Trong chung muc co the duac, di tai co gdng phac thao mot mo hinh

li'ng xii truyen thong ciia ngudi Viet

- Phac hoa mot so dac diem ling xii cua ngudi Viet Nam a thdi hien tai

- Tren co sd nhiJng van de da khao sat, tim ra each the ling xu tuong doi

hop ly di ling dung vao viec phat trien du lich Viet Nam hien nay

3 LICH SU'NGHIEN CUU VAN DE

Da CO nhidu cuon sach viet v6 van hoa Viet Nam V6 dt tai du lich,

cung da cd rat nhieu chuyen khao dugc xuat ban Khao sat ve cu xir cua ngudi Vi6t vdi moi trudng tu nhien mdi chi cd quy^n sach: "Van hoa ling xii ciia ngudi Ha Noi vdi moi trudng thien nhien"- Vien Van hoa va Nha xuat ban Van hoa Thong tin - Ha Noi, 2002, 471 trang - TS Nguyin Viet Chiic (chii bien) Tim hieu ling xu cua ngudi Viet Nam tren phucfng dien

xa hoi da cd chuyen khao: "The ling xir xa hoi co truy6n ciia ngudi Viet chau tho Bac Bo qua mot so ca dao - tuc ngii"- Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Qudc Gia - Ha Noi - 2000, 185 trang - Tac gia Tran Thuy Anh

Viec tim hieu nhung dac diem ling xii" van hoa cua ngudi Viet de tir

do phuc vu cho du lich dudi hinh thiic la mot di tai khoa hoc chuyen nganh

Du lich thi tu trudc den nay chua cd

4.PHU0NG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

Nghien ciiu xa hoi va con ngudi noi chung, sii dung phuong phap lien nganh la phuong phap nghien ciiu chinh cd tinh chat chi dao Chung toi cung dua vao cac phuang phap cu the nhu logic va lich su, phan tich va tong hop, doi chieu, so sanh

Phuang phap he thong la phuang phap khoa hoc chuyen nganh duac u'u tien sii' dung d de tai nay bdi tinh chat thich hop No ciang la phuang

phap cu thd, chi phoi moi thao tac lam viec trong khi xu ly di tai

5 PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU

Do khuon kho thdi gian va quy mo ciia mot d6 tai khoa hoc cap DHQG, chiing toi gidi han pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai nay d mot so noi dung chinh sau day:

- Ca sa van hoa Viet Nam ciia ling xir van hoa Viet Nam

- Mot sd dac diem tieu bieu ciia ling xir Viet Nam hien dai

- Budc dau ling dung nhung dac diem ling xu ay vao du lich

Trong ling xii Viet Nam truyin thong, chiing toi luu y van hoa nong

nghiep Viet Nam la cot loi ciia ling xir (ung xii vdi tu nhien bao gom an,

mac, d, di lai Ung xii vdi xa hoi bao gom yeu to van hoa noi sinh va ngoai sinh)

Trong ling xii* van hoa ciia xa hoi thdi hien dai , de tai hudng tdi thai

do tich hap van hoa, khong chdi tii van hoa, Viet Nam hoa nhiing yeu to ngoai sinh trong diln trinh van hoa dan toe; Tinh dung hap va viec ling

dung vao du lich di tim hieu mdi tuang quan giira cong ddng dan cu va boat

dong du lich; Nhung dac diem hap dSn khach du lich tir ling xii xa hoi cua ngudi Viet va mat trai ciia no (tiic la nhimg anh hudng khong tich cue) De tai ket thiic vdi sir mong mdi budc dau di tim cau tra Idi nhSm han che tieu cue, phat huy tich cue tu dac diem ling xu van hoa cua ngudi Viet de phuc cho boat dong du lich duac tot han

6 B 6 c u e CUA DETAI

Ngoai muc luc, thu muc tai lieu tham khao, phu luc (gdm nhiing bai viet ciia chii tri de tai cd lien quan den noi dung ciia de tai; Nhirng bai viet cua

cac tac gia khac va mot sd anh minh hoa), di tai duac chia lam 3 chuong

nhu sau:

- Chuong I : Mot sd khai niem ca ban ddng trong de tai

- Chuang II: LSig xii van hoa Viet Nam tir truyen thong den hien dai

- Chuang III: Van hoa va con ngudi Viet Nam vdi su phat trien du lich

PHAN NOI DUNG

CHUONG I : MOT SO KHAI NIEM CO BAN DUNG TRONG DE T A I

I- Khai niem the ufng xir

Doi vdi dong vat, khai niem nay duac cac nha sinh hoc Vi6t Nam djch la "tap tinh" hoac "hanh vi" Doi vdi con ngudi, ling xii duac coi la he thong cac quan he tuang tac, cac phan ling duac thuc hien bdi cac vat th6 song de thich nghi vdi mdi trudng The ling xir chinh la mot he thong quan

he tuang tac ay, la phan ling giira sinh vat (ke ca con ngudi) va mdi trudng (tu nhien va cong ddng) Con ngudi thuc chat la mot sinh vat nen viec nghien ciiu tap tinh hoc dong vat ciing gdp phan hieu them the ling xir ciia con ngudi

LTng xii cd the hieu nhu mot khai niem tam ly hoc Cd hai quan niem

v6 li'ng xii' la khuynh hudng chu quan, tren ca sd ca nhan va cong dong dua

vao tu duy, tinh cam, cam xiic.ban than va cong dong ma tim hieu tam ly rieng - chung Cd the mieu ta nhirng cai dd - hoac bang true giac hoac suy diin tij' cai rieng ca nhan cho chung moi ngudi, ghi nhan tat ca cac hien tugng tam ly, coi dd la that tat ca Khuynh hudng thii hai la khuynh hudng

kluu'h quan Hanh vi ling xu duac nghien ciiu bang cong cu: phuang phap

dieu tra bang cau hoi, sir dung kich thich (am thanh, tieng ndi, thudc ngii),

so sanh (ngudi va vat, cac liia tuoi) va phan tam hoc

Uiig xu cung cd the duac coi nhu mot khai niem nhan hoc van hoa, Doi luong ciia nhan hoc van hoa rat rong nhung chii yeu la nghien ciiu con ngudi, coi nhu la nhirng sinh vat cd tinh xa hoi va tinh van hoa Nd nghien

ciiu nhiing m6 hinh ling xu, nhirng tue le tin nguong Nhan hoc van hoa chiing minh rang, tdi mot miic nao dd, van hoa anh hudng den sir hinh thanh nhan each Nhirng ling xii binh thudng hay khong binh thudng thay doi tuy theo mdi nen van hoa Nhan hoc van hoa khong chii trong den hanh dong ling xu cd tinh chat ca biet ma nghien ciiu moi trudng tu nhien va

xa hoi da anh hudng the nao den ling xii con ngudi, de tir dd giiip da cho nganh du lich tren moi phuang dien ling xii Dieu dd rat thich hap vdi muc dich cua chiing tdi trong de tai nay

Mot dac diem ndi bat ciia ling xu - hanh vi con ngudi khac han nhung con vat khac, la miic do cao khi con ngudi song trong mot the gidi BIEU T R U N G va UOC LE ma nhiing nha nhan hoc goi la van hoa Van hoa

la toan bo nhung tin didu, truy6n thong hudng dSn hanh xir ma cac ca nhan trong mot xa hoi duac xa hoi dd trao truyin qua nhieu hinh Ihiic hoc tap va lao ddng Ca tam ly hoc va nhan hoc van hoa deu cho rang con ngudi duac nhap than van hoa tii khi cdn nam trong bung me Trong khung canh van hoa, con ngudi cd kha nang gan cho nhirng vat (vat chat song va v6 sinh trong thien nhien) va cho nhirng ling xu mot y nghia udc dinh ma ho bat buoc phai theo nhu la mot bo phan ciia the gidi hien thuc O nhung mi6n van hoa khac nhau cd chiia nhirng bieu trimg va udc le khac nhau, khien va buoc ngudi ta can ling xii khac nhau cho phii hap R6 rang la, ling xii con ngudi d cac nude, cac vung khac nhau thi khong gidng nhau do cac nen van hoa khac nhau Cdn ling xii ciia con vat d khap nai thi hau nhu gidng nhau

VI chiing khong cd van hoa nhung dieu dd khong ban la chiing khong cd tu duy Bdi vay con ngudi mdi la sinh vat dac biet va theo dd, ling xii ciia con ngudi cung duac xep la ling xir dac biet Oig xii nay duac goi ten la ling xii van hoa

II Khai niem ngudi Viet cua van hoa Viet Nam

Chii the van hoa ciia nude Viet Nam - doi tuang khao sat tren van de ling xii ciia de tai nay la ngudi Viet Viet Nam trong bdi canh Dong Nam A

la mot nude da dan toe Ngudi Viet viia la chii the, viia la khach the ciia van hoa Viet Nam, la linh hdn qui tu cac toe ngudi nhd thanh qudc gia dan toe Ngudi Viet la toe ngudi chiem cii viang chau tho ciia cac con song Idn, nai khong ban sinh thanh (cd le la d cac thung liing) nhung la nai phat trien cac nen van minh nong nghiep, dac biet la cac ruong dong liia nude Ngudi Viet

CO da dieu che ra mot he tri thuy (dap de) va thuy lai (muang mang, ngdi lach) Tir ngudi Au Lac Viet cd den ngudi Kinh (Viet) la ca mot chang dudng tiep bie'n van hoa va ngdn ngir, chung toe ngan nam Bac thuoc thdi dai tach doi Mudng (thung liing ria Tay Nam chau tho) va Viet (chau tho)

Cd mot tinh each chau thd ciia ngudi Viet la rat thich da't dai (tac dat tac vang) ma lai "xa riing nhat bien" (chii diing ciia GS-TS Ngo Diic Thinh)

III Khai niem truyen thong va hien dai

Cd nhieu each hieu khac nhau trong phan loai xa hoi nhung ngay nay, ngudi ta thudng lay tieu chi boat dong ciia con ngudi de chia lich sir nhan loai thanh:

- Xa hoi thu lugm (hai lugm va di san)

- Xa hoi nong nghiep (trong trot va chan nuoi)

- Xa hoi cong ngiep (ca gidi hoa)

- Xa hoi hau cong nghiep (thdi dai tin hoc)

O Viet Nam, xa hoi co truyen la xa hoi nong nghiep, van minh c6 truyen la van minh thon da (xdm lang), van hoa Viet Nam truyen thdng thudng dugc xem la nen van hoa xuat hien tir liic hinh thanh qudc gia dan

toe, qua nhieu budc phat trien noi sinh va anh hudng ngoai sinh cho den khi van hoa phuang Tay (chii yeu la van hoa Phap) tac dong den mot sd linh vuc Nhu vay khoang thdi gian keo dai tCr xa xoi cho den nhirng nam dau ciia the' ky 20 - trong de tai nay - tam dugc coi la gidi ban cua van hoa truyen thdng Tu" thdi diem dd den nay, chiing tdi tam thdi goi dd la phan van hoa hien dai Doi khi ngudi ta cung cd su Ian Ion giira khai niem co truyen va truyen thdng Chiing tdi tam cho la khai niem co truyen bao gdm

ca cai khong tich cue Khai niem truyen thdng la tap quan da dugc sang Ipc Truyen thdng dugc diing d day la tinh cho den thdi diem trudc cong cuoc giao thoa truyen thdng van hoa Ddng - Tay, Viet - Phap

IV Khai niem van hoa

Van hoa la mot khai niem khong dan gian Nhieu hoc gia tren the' gidi va trong nude da dua ra nhirng khai niem khac nhau Cd the xe'p van hoa theo hai each hieu sau day:

- Van boa hieu theo nghia rgng la toan bg cuoc song (loi sdng, loi suy nghi, loi ling xir ) ca ve vat chat xa hoi va tinh than ciia tiing cong ddng

- Van hoa hieu theo nghia hep nhu van hoc, van nghe, hoc van Tuy timg trudng hgp cu the ma cd nhung dinh nghia tuang ling Ndi dung cua van boa phong phii nhung rdt cuoc cd the xac dinh trong bdn mat: thanh tuu thuoc van minh vat chat, cac thanh tuu ciia van hoa nhan thiic (nhan sinh quan, the' gidi, triet hgc, my hoc, van hgc, nghe thuat ), cac thanh tuu ciia van boa ling xir (bao

gom cac thang gia tri trong each ling xir vdi thien nhien va ling xii vdi con ngudi, vdi gia dinh, vdi xa hoi ), va nhirng thanh tuu cua van hoa to chiic ddi sdng (cua gia dinh, cong ddng, xa hoi) Ndi den van hoa ciia mot dan toe la ndi den ban sac van hoa ciia dan toe dd Nd khong chi la nhan to lam nen ve dep, siic manh ciia mot dan toe, khong chi lam nen ddng lire xa hoi, kinh te' ma cdn la van de chinh tri, van de ton vong cua mot qudc gia LSig xii la mot yeu td cau thanh ban sac van hoa dan tgc Bat cii dan toe nao cung

cd hien tugng tiep nhan nhieu ye'u td van boa ngoai sinh nhung van cd ban sac rieng phong phii Nhd ban sac dd ma hinh thanh su khac biet giua van hoa dan tgc nay va van hoa dan tgc khac Dieu nay giiip chiing ta khong lam iSn giira pham cha't tinh than dan tgc

va ban sac van hoa Bdi vi cai quyet dinh va chi phoi ban sac van hoa khong chi la tinh than dan tgc ma cdn do ye'u td dia ly, dieu kien kinh te, dieu kien sinh sdng

Ban sac van boa la sir tong hoa cac khuynh hudng ca ban trong sang tao van hoa dan tgc Va ciing la mdi lien he thudng xuyen, cd dinh hudng rieng vdi van hoa khu vuc va nhan loai

V Khai niem du lich

Du lich ( Mm ) la mot tii, mot khai niem Han Viet, tat nhien cd gd'c

Hoa - Han Tra cuu cudn "Han tu td nguyen" (ban dich ciia Nha xuat ban The gidi - Ha Noi, 1997 (trang 151) ciia hai tac gia Ly Lac Nghi va Jim

Waters ) thi chir Diii^jff ) ( cd nghia goc la la cd hoac tua cd de trang tri,

sau them bg Thuy la ham y chuyen dong nhu nude chay, nhu chan di Ta

tam djch la Choi, Di chai, Rons cliai Chir Lich {)v^)c6 giap cdt van gidng

nhu mot ban chan di qua riing va cd vach da sau dd Ta cd the dich la Trdi cjua hoac Trdi nghiem Vay Du Lich nhin chung la Di chat va Trdi nghiem Con ngudi biet di tii thdi tien sir, khi da diing dugc tren hai chan Liic diu di

la de kiem cai an, sau la di cong chuyen, di chai hoac ket hgp ca hai Vay

du lich cd tii bao gid?

HSu he't cac nha du lich hgc deu tra Idi du lich cd tir thdi tien sa - su, thdi CO dai, trung dai, can hien dai : di kiem an, di chai, di tham ban be, di cong chuyen, di ngam canh la sdng niii, non nude, bien ca hoac di xem hoi, di hanh huang (cd y nghia tam linh) hay di tham quan, hanh le d den chiia, mie'u mao Con ngudi cd tam ly budng xa, tam ly chuong la, thich tim hieu, hgc hoi cai mdi Du lich dap ling nhirng yeu cau dd Du lich thuc sir dugc cac nha nghien ciiu quan tam, dac biet la Nhan hgc van hoa quan tam den la vao thdi diem nhirng nam 70 ciia the' ky trudc Nhirng diem dang luu y nhat ddi vdi du lich la:

1 Lam sao dua dugc du khach budc ra khdi cuoc sdng thudng nhat, nham chan ciia minh de budc vao mot cuoc sdng khac biet hoan toan

d nhirng nai khac Tiep xiic vdi cu dan ban dia d nhirng nai dd, nai cd mot cuoc sdng hoan toan khac biet, mdi la va hap dan

2 Ngudi di du lich luon ludn mudn kham pha su khac la d cac dia phuang, cac dan tgc khac vdi minh, viia de thoa man tri td md, vira mudn de tim hieu nhirng viing dat mdi d nhirng thdi gian nhat dinh

ma khong bi lap di lap lai cai ma minh da bie't

3 Nai den du lich cang khac la bao nhieu ve phong tuc, tap quan, tin ngudng, ton giao, van hoa, ngdn ngir va cac gia tri cuoc sdng thi cang hap dSn du khach bay nhieu Cdn phai ke de'n cac san vat dia phuang hay dd thii cong ma ngudi dan ban dia tao ra se la nhiing mdn qua quy gia ddi vdi ngudi di du lich

The' gidi bien ddi va phat trien, ddi sdng cang ngay cang dugc nang cao thi du lich cang dirge thiic day Du lich la nganh kinh te tong hgp, cd lien

quan den nhieu nganh, nhieu linh vuc, nhat la lien quan tdi linh vuc van hoa Ngay nay, du Ijch da trd thanh mot nhu cau trong ddi sdng van hoa xa hoi ciia con ngudi Cd the ndi d dau van hoa phat trien va giir dugc ban sac thi d

dd du lich cd siic hap dan Idn ddi vdi du khach

VI Du lich van hoa va van hoa du Hch Mdi quan he gi&a du Hch va

Van hoa du lich tam hieu la khai niem ndi ve "dan tri" va "quan tri" (chu diing ciia GS Tran Qudc Vugng), ve the' ling xii cua ngudi Viet Nam ndi chung, ling xii ciia cac can bg cong nhan vien nganh du lich ndi rieng Khach du lich bg mudn gi? Hg mudn Idng hie'u khach, chii nha hd bdi ddn

khach, tao cho khach mgi su di dang, khong phien nhieu, tii khau xuat nhap

canh, ddi tien di lai, an d, dSn khach tham quan, thuye't minh Khach du lich khong mudn gi? Hg khong mudn tre con an may leo deo theo hg, chia tay xin tien, cd ngudi keo hg, ep hg phai vao quan an nay, mua mat hang ng

vi hg da cd cac guide book, ban dd du lich va da cd nhirng chii dinh ciia rieng minh Hg khong mudn nhin thay an may dat tre con le la ben ve dudng Idi vao chua Huang hay nai hanh huang nao khac, hg khong mudn bi bat chet, hg sg ban, tii phdng ngii, khach san, ra ngoai phd, cho tdi cac di tich van boa - lich sir Hg sg lay nhiem HIV/AIDS, SARS ke ca nhirng dieu nhd nhat la hg khong mudn diing dua nhua, khong mudn bi dua

thiic an qua d^u, danh do, danh rdt xud'ng bg quan ao dii la xoang xinh hay sang trgng cua hg

Trudc bet la mdi quan he giira du lich va cac di san van boa dan gian

Su khai thac di san va truyen thdng van hoa cac dan tgc nhu mot dang tiem nang cua du lich la mot cong viec quan trgng, ket hop vdi sir giii gin va phat huy gia tri nhan van cung ban sac dan tgc ham chiia trong di san dd Thuc

te la, trong kho vd'n di san van hoa, cd nhirng boat ddng, nhirng hien tugng khong the, khong nen khai thac cho du lich hoac ne'u khai thac thi can than trgng va cd nhirng bien phap bao dam pham chat von cd cua nd Trong quan

he van hoa dan gian va du lich cd ca sir tuang hd, cd ca su ddi dSu (Vi du: mot nir chuyen gia du lich ngudi Zimbabue ke rang d nude ba ngudi con gai

cd dieu miia udn lugn ca the trudc ban thd than linh trong le trudng thanh Dieu miia nay da dugc hien dai hoa bdi cac cong ty du lich ma thuc chat la khai thac cac dong tac va tu the ciia phan ca the ngudi con gai tinh tii bung trd xud'ng vdi nhirng dieu bg cong hong, udn bung, ggi ra nhirng bieu thi xac thit Dieu miia dugc cac khach nam gidi rat tan thudng, hg chup anh, quay video va cdn nem ca tien thudng cho vu cong Theo ba, nganh du lich Ig'i vi thu hiit dugc nhieu khach Vu cong cung dugc Igi Nhung hinh anh day tinh nhan van ciia nude ba da bi bop meo va xuyen tac Luu lai trong tri nhd khach du lich chi cdn la nhirng an tugng ve su bieu thi thap hen ma dieu miia cai bien da trinh ra)

O Viet Nam, tinh trang chua de'n miic nhu vay nhung tir goc nhin du lich cung da cd mot sd van de can phai luu tam va trao doi lai nham lam rd hon sir lien he can phai cd giira van hoa va du lich Nhung nhat thiet phai nhin mdi quan he nay d gdc do tich cue, trong sang va lanh manh, cd Igi ve

ca linh than kin vat chat cho ca hai ben, du lich va van hoa Vi du d Hue, trong mot khach san, ngudi ta danh mot phdng, thiet ke nhu mot nai ciia vua va hoang hau ngii cho khach thue Khach nam se dugc khoac ao hoang bao, doi mu mien, di hia hoang de Vg khach hay ngudi cap ddi vdi khach

se mac xiem y ciia hoang hau Hg ngdi an vdi sir hau ha ciia ciia nhirng ngudi ddng vai thi ty, thi ve, ddi liic cd ca vai quan hoan diing chau Dac biet top nhac cu cac bai Nha nhac trong liic hg an udng ndi chuyen Sau bira an, ca doan tuy tiing dSn doan khach vao phdng hoang de' trong tieng Nha nhac reo rat Ve hien tugng nay cd hai y kien: Phia phan ddi thi cho rang dii trieu Nguyin dugc danh gia the' nao ve mat lich sii thi cac vi vua va nhirng gi gan bd vdi hg, nhu Nha nhac chang ban, van la nhiing bieu tugng thieng lieng, khong the dem ra lam trd mua vui cho khach dugc Hg cam thay Idng tu ton dan tgc bi xiic pham Thii van hoa cao dep nhu Nha nhac

bi dem ban rao cho nhirng cai "tai trau" ciia khach Phia ung hg thi lai cho rang bay gid la thdi budi thi trudng, cai gi thu dugc tien thi lam bdi cii giir mai nhiing thii dd trong kho hay trong bao tang khong cd ich gi Mot trudng hgp khac la "Chg tinh" bi hieu theo nghia tieng Kinh la "mua ban tinh" Nd cung la mot phien chg nhu mgi phien khac thdi, nhung ngudi ta di chg

^khdng phai de mua ban ma la de gap nhau Nd la cai cd chii khong phai la muc dich Ggi la chg tinh lam sai lac ban chat ciia su vat Van de dat ra d day - ranh gidi giira van boa va du lich cung la day - la chg tinh cd nen trd thanh ddi tugng quan sat ciia khach du lich hay khong? Ne'u cd thi lieu cd xiic pham den chieu sau tinh cam va tinh nhan van cao dep ciia nhan dan cac dan tgc khong? Lieu nd cd dung tuc hoa khi dem nhiing cuoc gap gd, chuyen trd kin dao giua hai ngudi thanh mot man trinh diln du lich khong? Lai cdn tiet muc lam dam cudi gia cho khach xem, cd rude dau, trang diem,

le bai, dan dau va tham chi ca tiet muc dong phdng nira

6 ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long, cac nghe sy ddn ca tai tii riit rugt ca cho mill mfm sau cau vgng co thi khach nhdm nhoam an udng va on ao ndi cudi Van hoa va du lich se xii ly the nao khi dem cai vd'n am nhac rat muc hao hoa, phong nha ciia cac tai tir di phuc vu va lam nen cho nhirng biia an

xd bd?

Nhirng cuoc trinh diln gia tao nhu the rd rang cd anh hudng den tam

ly van hoa ciia chinh ngudi chu nhan chiing Trinh dien theo each dd la

da tach boat ddng ra khdi mdi trudng va bdi canh ciia nd, tua nhu la cat canh hoa dem cam vao Ig Do vay, nhirng boat ddng dd ciing ddng thdi mat ludn y nghia nhan van ciia chiing, chi cdn la nhirng trd lap di lap lai nhieu Ian cho khach xem Dan dSn nd khong dugc ngudi ban xii coi trgng va hg se loai chiing ra khdi tong the nen van hoa cua hg va xep vao loai nhiing boat ddng de thu nhap Thii nira, mot khi da khong cdn la bieu tugng tinh than dan tgc va trd thanh mot mdn hang dugc dua vao luu thdng thi ngudi dan cung sSn sang udn nan nd theo nhirng gi ma khach du lich mudn cd Nhieu nai tren Tay Nguyen, ngudi ta ludn cudng dieu de trinh ra mot con ngudi Tay Nguyen hoang sa, hat day tieng hii, miia thi toan than rung qua miic,

chieng cong dugc gd lai theo loi "hien dai" cho "bdc lira" Do det thd cam

xud'ng cap, cac mdi ndi chua diing da tugt, mau vai gap nude mua vai Ian la phai nhat Dii ban rat re ma mdn tho cam vSn vdng khach Cd nguy ca la chinh ngudi ban xii dang ha thap chat lugng hang hoa tham gia du lich ciia minh va danh mat ngay cang nhieu ham lugng van boa chiia dung trong dd

Ca che' phan phdi Igi ich den cac thanh phan tham gia van hoa du lich ciing rat biic xiic Thuc te la ngudi thu Igi it nhat chinh la ngudi ban xii, chii nhan

va la ngudi san xuat ra thii hang boa van hoa dd Hg khong cd vd'n, khong

cd cira hang, ban lang thang tren dudng phd- hoac ban lai cho nhiing ngudi

cd cira hang hoac cac quay hang luu niem ciia khach san, va nhan lai sd tien rai re Ham lug*ng van hoa, ndng do va tai nang ciia tri sang tao, nghia la ban quyen van hoa chira trong san pham thi khong ai tra tien ca Le ra hg phai dugc bdi dudng thich dang de tai san xuat tri tue va ky nang trinh dien Rdi cdn sir dfiu tu cho ca sd ha tang ciia nha d, dudng di, Idi lai den lang ciia cac dan tgc Nhung dieu nay dugc dat ra rat gay gat trong hoi nghi UNESCO nam 2000 tai Tokyo To chiic Sd hiru Tri tue The gidi (World

Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO) dang nghi^^^SuAn^'mn^V^c

qudc te' nham bao ve quyen sd hiru sang tao ciia cac dan tgc, cac cong ddng khong thudc gidi chuyen nghiep

Rd rang mdi lien he giiia van hoa dan gian va du lich rat chat che Dac biet, viec bao ve di san van hoa - nhat la di san van hoa phi vat the cang la van de phai luu tam thuc sir Dd la phong tuc, tap quan, nghe thuat, ngdn tii nhu ca dao, hd, ve, truyen , nghe thuat bieu dien nhu ca, miia, nhac, san khau, miia rdi , nghe thuat tao hinh nhu hoi hoa, dieu khac, trang tri, kien triic , cac bieu hien tam linh, tin nguong, cac truyen thdng y hgc, cac nghe thii cong, my nghe Va'n de d day la xac lap dugc ranh gidi giiia hai ITnh vuc, rang nhirng hien tugng, nhirng bieu hien, nhiing boat ddng thudc linh vuc nao cd the khai thac de phuc vu du lich Khi khai thac nhu the can phai tuan thii nhirng nguyen tac gi de bao ve va phat huy nhirng gia tri va ban sac van hoa ciia di san, tranh nguy ca xam hai hay lam sai lac hinh anh va ndi dung ciia di san Can phai cd mot ty le phan phdi Igi ich thu dugc trong boat ddng van hoa du lich mot each rd rang, hgp ly Nganh du lich cd le can phai cd trach nhiem "nudi" van hoa, dau tu trd lai cho van hoa dugc phat huy lau dai va viing ben (vi du ngoai viec dau tu nang cap ca sd

ha tang, viec quan trgng la gdp phan xoa ddi giam ngheo cho cong ddng lang va gdp phan dao tao cac the' he tre de di san van hoa dugc tiep ndi ) Theo kinh nghiem d Indonexia, tren dao Bali cd man trinh dien miia hat Ramayana, ti le chia neu lay tong thu mot tdi dien la 100% nhu sau:

- 35% tra cho nghe nhan trinh dien

- 20% tra cho lang ( vi day la trinh diln do lang td chiic, khong phai

la doan van cong hay td chiic chuyen nghiep cua Nha nude)

- 20% danh cho quy dao tao lap nghe nhan tre

- 10% ddng thue doanh thu cho nha nude

- 15%> tra cho cac cong ty thdng qua viec giam ve (Khach di le hay du Ijch bald khong dugc hudng sir giam gia nay)

Con ngudi - chii / khach the ciia van hoa ciing cd nghia con ngudi la chii / khach the ciia du lich Con ngudi tao ra va hudng thu hau bet nhiing san pham van boa va du lich ling theo bdn chieu quan he trong sudt ddi ngudi se trai nghiem:

1 Neu ling vdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi tu nhien : khach du lich tham gia sang tao hoac bao ve va thudng ngoan nhdm diem du lich thudc ve canh quan thien nhien nhu vudn cay, hang ddng, sdng niii,

ao hd, sdng ngdi, bien ca v v

2 Ung vdi quan he tam linh ( hay lich sir) ciia con ngudi la nhdm diem

du Ijch thudc ve cac di tich lich su van hoa nhu chiia chien, den dai,

am phii, nha thd, thanh quach, lang tam, mie'u mg

3 IJrig vdi quan he xa hoi ciia con ngudi la viec hg sang tao, xay dung

va hudng thu cac diem du lich thudc nhdm tu tao nhu cong vien, vudn canh dan tgc, trung tam thuang mai, sieu thi, quang trudng trung tam, phd di bd

4 Quan he thii tu la con ngudi vdi chinh minh se bao phii len tren ca ba loai quan he kia, se tham thau sau sac khi ddng thdi tham gia vao phat trien van hoa va du lich vdi tu each kep viia la chu the sang tao, vira la khach the hudng thu

Tren thuc te, tai nguyen nganh du lich cd la toan bg the' gidi vat chat va toan bg lich sir van minh nhan loai Do vay tai nguyen du lich gdm:

- Tai nguyen du lich thien nhien gdm ba nhdm chinh la sdng niii, khi hau va sinh vat

- Tai nguyen du lich nhan van : la nhiing ciia cai vat chat va ciia cai tinh than do con ngudi sang tao ra, nd rat thu hiit mgi ngudi tien hanh boat ddng du Ijch

- Tai nguyen du lich xa bdi: la nhirng net rieng cd ve phong tuc, tap quan, quan niem va phuang thiic trong ddi sdng dan cu d mdi dan tgc

Van boa la nguon luc di phat trien du lich Trong cac tai nguyen du lich cd hai loai tai nguyen thudc ve van boa la nhan van va xd hoi

Tai nguyen du lich nhan van va xa bdi cd nhiing tinh chat chung la :

Da dans (lam phong phii san pham du lich), hap ddn (thu hiit khach), di hien ddi (thay doi do tac ddng ciia khach quan), doe dao ( la net rieng cd, sac thai dac trung) , khons dich chuyen (ngay ca khi cd cac san pham md phdng cQng khong thay the dugc) va dac biet la de ton that Trong khi tai

nguyen du lich thien nhien tam coi la vd ban (tat nhien, vd ban tuang ddi) thi tai nguyen du lich nhan van va xa hoi lai la hiru ban (can bao ve de khai thac lau dai) Tinh chat ciia tai nguyen du lich nhan van la tao nen sir hiing thu ddi vdi du khach ve nhu cau tim hieu lich sii Tai nguyen du lich xa bdi lai la diem loi cudn, la dieu kien de du lich phat trien theo chieu sau thdng qua viec hudng thu van boa ciia nude khac, dan tgc khac Su khac nhau giiia nhu'ng nen van hoa la do su khac nhau ve lich sir, ve dieu kien va mdi trudng sdng Nhirng cai dd lam nen su khac biet ve van boa , do dd, tao nen

su hiing thii, lam nay sinh ddng ca di du lich

Trong khi khai thac ngudn luc van boa de phat trien du lich can phai ton trgng ba nguyen tac sau day:

I Nguven tac thi trudng: Phai xuat phat tir nhu cau ciia du khach va tao

ra nhirng san pham thich hgp Phai tinh den cac tuyen, diem de hinh

thanh tour du lich Dam bao 3 hieu qua (kinh te - xa hoi - mdi trudng); 4 slid tri ( thudng thiic - lich sii - khoa hgc - thuc dung); 5 dieu kien (giao thdng - cd dudng di; kinh te - cd vd'n dau tu; tai

nguyen - ca sd ban dau de phat trien; kha thi - ve dieu kien dau tu; thi trudng - cd ngudn khach)

2 Nguven tac kinh te" : Phai bao dam Igi ich kinh te' cho ngudi kinh doanh du lich, cho ngudi dan dia phuang va cho ngan sach Dac biet gan Igi ich ciia ngudi dan vdi Igi ich kinh te' cd dugc tir du lich

3 Nguven tac bao ve: Ngudn luc van hoa la him hinh nen viia khai thac, vira phai bao ve va lam giau de khai thac dugc lau dai CSn tinh den kha nang ve siic chiia va cac giai phap ban che' sir mai mot, tham chi lam mat di vd'n van boa phuc vu du lich

VII Mot vai kinh nghiem gan ket van hoa vdi du lich d nude ngoai

Du lich van boa ngay cang phat trien do chat lugng ddi sdng ngay cang cao ban Mot loat trung tam lir hanh va cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia duoc thanh lap de phuc vu hang ty ngudi cd nhu cau du lich tren toan the' gidi Mot so trung tam nghien ciiu ve du lich da dugc thanh lap d cac nude

Cd mot trung tam kha ndi tieng d Anh la : " Trung tam ve du lich va thay ddi van hoa" ( Centre For Tourism and Cultural Change) thudc Dai hgc Tong hgp Sheffield Hallam ( mien Trung nude Anh) Day la trung tam nghien ciiu chuyen sau ve van boa va du lich Hg ludn ludn dat du lich gan lien vdi van hoa cua cac nude tren the gidi va sir quan tam ciia nd tdi su tac ddng tuang hd hiua du lich va van boa trong the gidi hien dai Cuoc hoi thao thii nhat gan day ( tir 20 - 23 / 7/ 2003) mang chii de " Du lich va nhiep anh: hinh anh tinh - cuoc sdng thay doi" da cho biet dieu dd Ndi dung ciia hoi thao bao gdm:

- Qua cac cudn phim va may anh, mdi quan tam ciia ngudi du lich lagi?

- Nhirng ngudi cam may anh trong sir tien trien ciia cac diem diing chan du lich

- Su sang tao va sang tao lai cac diem du lich ddi vdi khach du lich

- Nhiep anh trong chien luge tiep thi cac diem de du lich

- Nhiing ve dep ndi tieng ddi vdi khach du lich

- Nhiep anh thuang mai va cac tap anh du lich

- Nhirng biic anh nhu mot chudi su kien trong tam tri du khach

- Gidi thieu cac dia danh ( du lich), con ngudi va qua khii cua hg (d nhirng diem du lich)

- Ban sac van hoa noi trdi

- Sir tdn tai nhirng vien canh da mat

Tat ca nhirng cau bdi can phai dugc tra Idi tir nhirng ndi dung tren la : Khach du lich chup anh de lam gi? Tai sao chup anh nay ma khdng chup anh khac? Anh tao dung nen cac dia diem du lich ra sao? Diem du lich thay ddi nhu the nao theo gdc nhin ciia ngudi du lich? Cach hg nhin nhan nai hg den? Su tudng tugng cua ca nhan hg ddi vdi ngudi dia phuang? Ban than ngudi dia phuang nhin nhan the nao qua nhirng biic anh va nhirng ngudi chup anh hg?

Hoi thao thii hai se hgp vao thang 7 - 2004 tai Harrogate lai la chii de

"Du lich va van hgc:chuyen du hanh, sir tudng tugng va truyen thuyet" vdi cac ndi dung chinh:

- Tir thanh kinh den hanh tinh cd dan - van hgc nhu mot hanh trinh nghi le

- Ngudi du lich nhu mot ngudi dgc sach va ngudi dgc sach nhu mot lii khach

- Di san van hoa phi vat the vdi du lich lich sir

- Su sang tao tai the gidi qua cac chuyen du lich

- Bien san phiim du lich thanh hang hoa

- Hiinh huang va nghi le trong van hgc

- Ban sac \'an hoa cac nhdm ngudi qua cac chuyen hanh trinh du Ijch

- Nhirng trai nghiem ciia ngudi du lich

va'n de dat ra la lam the' nao de cac ndi dung van hgc hinh thanh trong khach du lich ban sac la lich sii nai hg de'n? Tac pham van hgc ve ra vien canh gi cho du khach? Du khach ling xu the nao khi diing giiia cac diem du lich va nhirng tac pham viet ve nd? Tai sao cac nha van lai giii chan va thu hiit dugc khach bang tac pham say dam cua hg viet ve dia danh

du khach lui tdi v v

Cac nha nghien ciiu, kinh doanh lir hanh, cac cdng ty du lich deu hao hire vdi cac ndi dung tren Nhu vay la ben canh su quan tam de'n tat ca khia canh ciia van boa trong viec khai thac du lich thi chi can mot khia canh ciia van hoa cung cd the trd thanh mot chii de Idn ciia nghien ciiu va to chiic du lich Day la kinh nghiem dang de chiing ta suy nghi

Ngudi nude ngoai da khai thac rat tot khia canh nay ciia du lich Vi nhu nhirng di vat dii nhd be ciia Lenin, Levtdnxtdi, Sdldkhdp (Nga) hay nhirng nai qua lai boat ddng ciia mot sd lanh tu each mang nhu DimitarBlagdev, Levski, Dimitrdp ( Bungari) deu la diem du lich vd cung

thu hiit khach Ngoai Co cung, Di boa vien hay Thien Dan ( Trung Qudc),

chi can ndi den Cdn Minh - mot tinh mien niii xa xdi phia Nam da la dang

ne Chir viet d Trung Qudc da cd til lau ddi nen d dau ciing ghi chep dugc cac giai thoai, truyen thuyet, huyen tich ciia nhiing sir kien, nhan vat, di tich nhu kieu chiia Ddng ciia Ngd Tam The, Ban qua cau, ngudi due da va con dudng da dgc dao do dng ta due tren niii Cdn Minh, Van Nam lam

du khach say me, ngac nhien, tham chi simg sdt vi van boa va each giir gin van hoa cua hg

Ca che phd bien cua nude ngoai khi lam du lich la thue Cac nganh kinh doanh cd Igi nhuan ke ca van hoa deu phai nop vao thue Thue la nai dieu chinh va cung cap cac phiic Igi cho cac nganh phi Igi nhuan de tao thanh mgt vdng tuan hoan hgp ly va cd Igi cho ca xa hoi ( tien thue se cap

cho nhung cdng trinh tdn lao van boa -^ thu hiit khach -^ khach san, dich

vu an udng, hang khdng thu dugc Igi—>ngp nhieu thue-^va lai tiep tuc vdng trdn nay)

6 cac nude phat trien, hg nhin ra tiem nang kinh te' cua san pham van hoa rat nhay ben Chi ke rieng mot cuoc dieu hanh ciia ngudi Ailen tai Canada vdi cac ban nhac, trang phuc cua mgi nhdm ngudi trong dam rude,

xe eg la mot vi du Trudc tien, ban to chiic bao cho canh sat khu vuc la

hg se td chiic bdi vao ngay, gid va dia diem nao cu the Canh sat biet de cd bien phap ngan dudng hieu qua Ban to chiic thdng bao cho ta't ca cac to chirc va cdng ty ve ndi dung cua le hdi va cac to chiic xa bdi, cdng ty , trudng hgc dang ky nhan nhirng bg phan nao ciia dam rude Ngudi ta keu ggi sir ddng gdp tir thien hay cd Igi qua lai bang each ne'u cho hg quang cao tren ddng phuc ciia ddi ken hay dugc dat bien tren mot sd xe rude thi hg

se chiu chi phi nude udng hay ddng phuc, hoac trang bi ciia mot bd phan nao dd trong dam rude Nhiing nhdm tu nguyen se xin nhan viec giir trat tu hay phuc vu hoac tham gia mot khau nao dd ciia le bdi Nhd vay, 11 hdi diin

ra bet siic hoanh trang va sudn se, thdng nhat va hgp ly dudi sir chap ndi la ban to chiic

Su chia se quyen Igi mot each hgp ly se lien ke't cac dich vu trong mot tour du lich cd the bet siic hap dan du khach ma vSn cd Igi cho ddi tac Trong dip dich Sars d Thai Lan vira qua, chi 300 USD cho mot khach tir Viet Nam ma tour du lich van lai, khach thi thay gia rat re Bdi vi hang khdng van phai bay, ma ghe lai khdng bi trdng, khach san vSn phai bao tri

ma phdng de lai khdng bi bd khdng, nha hang, cdng ty xe du lich vSn cd khach, cbd vui chai vSn ban dugc ve Khi xud'ng san bay, den bai bien, tham chua, tham cdng vien dau dau cung cd ngudi chup anh Sau dd anh dugc chuyen cho tirng ngudi, du khach cd lay anh hay khdng lay deu nhan dugc thai do vui ve, khdng phan nan Phan Idn hg deu lay anh vi it ai cam Idng dugc khi thay anh minh liic thi dat trong buu thiep, liic d tren dia gdm,

liic khac lai dat vao khung gd, hoac khung kim loai Thuc ra gia khdng he

re, vay ma ai cung vui Gan nhu cd su phan cdng hay chi dao nao dd rat hgp

ly ma lai khdng can ai dieu khien ca Gidng nhu mot cd may, mgi viec cii chay deu mot each nhip nhang

TIEU KET CHUONG I

Cac thuat ngir ca ban duoc diing trong de tai la khai niem ling xu, truyen thdng, hien dai, con ngudi Viet Nam, van hoa va du lich Chiing can dugc cu the boa ndi ham ngir nghia va ranh gidi du ra't mong manh giiia cac khai niem nham xac lap ca sd ly luan ve mat khoa hgc cho thuat ngir dung trong de tai Ndi dung ciia de tai thudc ve chuyen nganh du lich nhung lai lay van hoa ling xii lam ddi tugng khao sat de dung cac thao tac giai quyet ndi dung nen viec phan tich mdi quan he khang kbit giira van hoa va du lich,

ca yeu to tich cue lan nhirng bat cap da va dang nay sinh la dieu cSn thiet Mdi quan he ay dugc giai thich rd ban khi dung mot vai kinh nghiem lam

du lich cu the ciia nude ngoai dang lam sang td ndi dung cho nhirng phan sau ciia de tai, va ciing la nhirng kie'n thiic thuc te' ma theo chiing tdi -nhung ngudi thuc hien de tai la kha thii vi

CHUONG II

UNG X U V A N HOA VIET NAM Tl/TRUYEN THONG DEN HIEN DAI

Ndi tdi van hoa la ndi tdi thanh qua ma mot dan tgc hay mot con ngudi da dat dugc trong quan he vdi thien nhien, vdi xa hdi va trong sir phat trien ciia chinh ban than minh Ndi tdi van boa cung la ndi tdi thai do, trach nhiem va nhirng qui tac ling xii ciia mdi ngudi trong quan he giiia ban than minh vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh, gia dinh be ban, xa hdi, mdi trudng va giao luu qudc te

Gia tri van hoa ciia mot con ngudi hay ciia mot dan tgc la nhirng gia tri khdng phai cd dugc trong mot sdm mot chieu, song nd ciing khdng phai

la hoan toan bat bien Nd ludn phat trien ciing vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh

te, each thirc td chiic xa hdi va sir phat trien trong ndi tai ciia mdi con ngudi

ca ve vat chat iSn tinh than Nhung trong sir van ddng, ddi mdi dd nd khdng mat gdc va bien chat Su phat trien dd la su phat trien mang tinh ke' thira, chuyen tiep Cd mot sd yeu td dugc giir lai, mot sd ye'u td dugc bien doi, mot sd yeu td dugc sinh ra, mot sd ye'u td mat di Dd la phep bien chiing giua ke thira va phat trien Phat trien tren ca sd ke thira nhung cai tdt dep, tien len hien dai ma van bao tdn dugc nhiing gia tri iru tii ciia truyen thdng, ddng thdi cung gan Igc, loai bd nhirng yeu td lac hau, Idi thdi, khdng phu hgp Trong chuc^g nay chiing tdi mudn ndi ve sir phat trien ciia van hoa Viet Nam tir truyen thdng den hien dai Cu the la nhirng van de sau:

- Van hod truyen thdng Viet Nam - mot kho tang tri thuc bdn dia

- Van hod Viet Nam trong sU tiep xiic, giao luu ve// nhung nen van hod khac

- Nhung xu huang phat trien cua van hod

- Cac giai doan phat trien cua van hod

- Tinh chat dan xen phiic tap trong suphdt trien van hod

- Co mot nen van hod truyen thdng trong hien dai

- Nhung gid tri van hod mai trong thdi dai phat trien khoa hgc va cong nghe

- Van hod Viet Nam phat trien huang tai tuang lai

- Phac thdo chan dung cua mot nen van hod mai

I - Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thdng

I - 1 Van hoa Viet Nam truyen thdng - kho tang tri thufc ban dja

Mot trong nhiing gia tri to Idn ciia van boa Viet Nam truyen thdng dd

la mot kho tang qui gia ve tri thiic dan gian hay tri thiic ban dia Dd la nhung hieu biet cua con ngudi sinh sdng lau ddi trong mot mdi trudng dia

ly nhat dinh, nd dugc tich luy thanh nhirng kinh nghiem trong qua trinh ling xu' vdi thien nhien va vdi xa hdi, dugc ca cdng ddng thira nhan va dugc truyen lai cho the he sau Tri thirc ban dia la nhiing tri thiic mang tinh tgc ngudi va mang tinh dia phuang rd ret Tri thiic ban dia the hien d trong mot

sd linh vue chinh nhu:

Tri tlu'fc ve moi tri0ng tu nhien bao gdm tri thiic ve dat dai, ngudn

nude, ve ddng thuc vat ve thdi tiet, khi hau, vu tru Day la loai tri thiic vd ciing phong phii, nd tdn tai trong tri nhd cua lap ngudi gia va dugc the hien thanh nhirng cau ca dao, tuc ngii, thanh ngir de truyen lai cho con chau:

Can ddng dong vi(a trong vi(a chay,

Can ddng tay mUa day bao dat,

Can ddng nam vita lam vita chai

Gid dong Id ehong liia chiem,

Gid bdc Id diiyen liia mua

Tri thuc ve lao dong sdn xuat bao gdm nhirng tri thiic ve ky thuat san

xuat ndng nghiep ( chan nudi, trdng trgt, cdng cu san xua't )

Nhat nude, nhi phan, tam cdn, tu gidng

Nhat to la gidng gd ndu

Long day, thit heo ve sau de nhieu

Dua gang mot, chap thi trong

Chiem cay trudc tet thi Idng da lo,

Thdng hai di tdu trdii bd

Cay dat cho di mq miia ta gieo

Trdi ndm tdt mq,

Trdi gid tdt ran

Go kien anh de dong cay,

Go lim, go sen anh nay dong hica

Rang hifa tam cai con thua,

Ludi cay tdm tdc dd vira ludng to

I\4udn cho Ida ndy bong to

Cdy sdii, bii'a ky, phdn tro cho nhieu

Ngay nay cho dii nen san xuat ndng nghiep da dugc hien dai boa nhung nhiing ye'u td ky thuat eo truyen van phat huy tac dung tich cue

Nhiing tri thirc ve y hgc: Co the ndi day la nhiing tri thiic cd tir rat xa

xua trong lich sir vi nd gan lien vdi sir sdng ciia con ngudi To tien cac tgc ngudi d nude ta da tich luy dugc mot kho tang phong phii ve viec dudng

sinh va tri benh, dac biet la tri benh bang thao dugc: " Nam duac than dieu''

- la tac pham dd so ciia Tue Tinh ve cac bai thudc dan tgc dugc luu truyen

rgng rai trong dan gian

Nhung tri thirc ve irng xu vd cdc quan he trong gia dinh, xd hoi:

Cac nguyen tac ling xii cua con ngudi trong cdng ddng thudng dugc the hien qua cac cau thanh ngir, tuc ngir, ca dao nhu:

DT hod vi qui

Ddng cUa bdo nliau

Dirng vqch do cho ngUdi xem lung

Trdu ta an cd ddng ta

Xdu deu han tdt loi

Ve cac kinh nghiem sdng:

Ddn dng ndng ndi gieng kliai

Ddn bd sau sac nhu cai dung trdu

Cd tuai thi xem lay mang,

Ngudi khon xem lay doi hang tdc mai

Cdn duy en ken cd chgn canh,

Het duyen ech due cua kenh cung va

Con duyen ken nlifrrig trai ta,

Het duyen dng Ido ciing va lam chdng

Ca dao tuc ngii chi la mot bd phan cua van hgc dan gian song dd la the loai van hgc dan gian truyen mieng de thudc, de nhd Thdng qua nhirng cau tuc ngir, ca dao ma ca mot kho tang tri thiic dan gian dugc luu truyen tir ddi nay qua ddi khac Nd ciing phan anh nen kinh te', chinh tri, xa hdi ciia nhieu thdi dai tren dat nude Viet Nam ta

I 2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir tiep xuc giao luu vdi cac nen van hoa khac

Mot trong nhung net dac trung ciia van boa Viet Nam la su dan xen ( hdn dung ), giao thoa vdi nhirng nen van boa khac Chinh vi vay van boa Viet Nam phong phii, da dang trong mot chinh the thdng nhat Trong sudt dien trinh lich sii, van hoa Viet Nam da trai qua rat nhieu bie'n doi, song sac thai dac thu cua nd la su hdn dung ve van boa

1.2.1 Van hoa Viet Nam - nhung yeu td noi sinh

Mudn tim hieu sir giao luu va tiep bien trong van hoa Viet Nam, trudc het c^n phai hieu nen tang tao ra nhung yeu to ndi sinh ciia van hoa Viet Nam la ca tang van hoa Ddng Nam A Van hoa Viet Nam - van boa cua dan tgc chii the la ngudi Kinh, chiu sir chi phdi cua mdi trudng thien nhien ciia vung dat nai hg cu tni Dd la viing ddi niii, viing ddng bang sdng nude va vung ven bien Dd la vung nhiet ddi gid miia, lut bao lien tiep hang nam Tdm lai la viing dat phiic tap, khac nghiet vdi nhieu khd khan cho cu dan Nghe chinh ciia cu dan d day la trdng liia nude, budc con ngudi phai dinh cu Ngoai ra Viet Nam cdn nam d vi tri ven bien tren con dudng giao luu van boa cua hai trung tam van minh Idn va lau ddi la van minh An Do

va Trung Hoa Trong lich sir, toan bd tam hdn, tri tue, siic sang tao ciia ngudi Viet deu tap trung vao viec giai quye't nhiing khd khan ciia thuc te' dd

la : chdng thien tai va chdng giac ngoai xam

Ve kinh te do dieu kien dia ly nang ndng, mua va nhieu sdng nude nen thuc vat rat phat trie'n, nganh kinh te chu dao la nghe nong nghiep trdng liia nude Ngoai ra do dia hinh nhieu sdng nude, bd bien dai nen cu dan cdn

thao nghe di bien

Trong each ling xii, de thich ling va tan dung mdi trudng tu nhien, ngudi Viet cd ca cau bira an thien ve thuc vat, va trong dd liia gao - san pham chinh cua nen san xuat ndng nghiep - diing dau bang Sau liia gao mdi la rau, Cci va thit Trong each mac, ngudi Viet ua dung nhirng dd thoang mat( vay, yem, quan la toa ) va dugc lam tir nhirng chat lieu thue vat, tu nhien nhu ta tam, diii, sgi day, sgi bong Trong viec lam nha d, ngudi Viet chgn lam nha hudng nam cho thoang mat, chdng lai khi hau nang ndng va thudng dugc lam bang chat lieu tu nhien nhu tranh, tre, niia la Do dia hinh nhieu sdng nude nen phuang tien di lai ciia ngudi Viet xua chii ye'u la bang dudng thuy (thuyen, be )

Ve to chiic xd hoi: Do dac diem cua nghe nghiep sinh sdng

ciia cu dan ngudi Viet ( Kinh ) la ndng nghiep liia nude, dan de'n con ngudi khdng the cu tni qua ddng vao mot khu vuc, ma phai trai ra theo nhung khdng gian da't dai, dii de mot cdng ddng ngudi cu tni va boat ddng san xuat Mdi don vi cu tni, san xuat ay ggi la lang Trong mdi lang thudng cd tir mot, hai hay nhieu ddng hg ( nhirng ngudi cd ciing huyet thdng ) Vi vay md

hinh to chirc xa hdi dien hinh ciia ngudi Viet truyen thdng la Idng xd vdi

linh cdng ddng ( mgi ngudi trong lang gan bd mat thiet vdi nhau trong lao ddng va trong quan he huyet thdng ) va tinh tu tri ( Lang nhu mot dan vi khep kin vdi tinh tdn ty tir tren xud'ng ciia hg tdc ) O miie do cao thi tinh cdng ddng va tinh tu tri ciia lang xa chuyen hoa thanh tinh than tap the va y

thuc dgc lap dan tgc Tren lang cdn cd nhiing dan vi huyen, tinh va nude

nhung nhirng dan vi nay chi cd y nghia hanh chinh de phan cap quan ly

theo lanh thd Cdn Idng la mot dan vi dugc to chiic chat che va hoan chinh

Ve mat nhan thiic: Trie't ly hdi hod dm duang la san pham ciia cu

dan ndng nghiep ( cau mong su sinh sdi nay nd ciia hoa mau, cay trai va con ngudi ) Triet ly am duang nay dugc bieu hien trong mgi mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi tu nhien, con ngudi vdi nhau

Ngudi Viet tir xa xua da quan niem sir sinh san ciia hoa mau la sir ke't hcrp hai hoa cua nhirng cap am duang nhu: dat ( am ) va trdi ( duang ); nude ( am ), nang ndng ( duang ); mua ddng ( am ), miia ha ( duang )

Trong quan he, giao tiep xa hdi ngudi ta cung hudng tdi mot sir hai hoa am duang the hien d viec trong cuoc sdng cd gang khdng lam mat Idng

ai: DT hod vi qui: Mot sir nhin, cliin su ldnh ih'dm chi ngay vdi ke thu ciing

khdng di den cbd tuyet tinh

Nhung sir hai hoa nay cung khdng phai la tuyet ddi ma thien ve Am tinh ( de hai hoa vdi dieu kien khi hau nang ndng - duang tinh ) Trong

cuoc sdng ngudi Viet ua sir on dinh ( am tinh ), vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir dugc de cao ( am tinh ), trong giao tiep trgng tinh ( am ) ban ly ( duang ):

Mo/ bd cdi ly khong bang mot ty cdi tinh ( ca dao )

Viec chii trgng cac mdi quan he dSn den mot loi ling xir mem deo, linh boat cua ngudi Viet, dac biet trong viec tiep xiic, giao luu vdi nhirng nen van hoa khac Ngudi Viet da biet tong hgp mot each nhuan nhuyen cac yeu td ngoai sinh tren ca sd nen tang cua mot nen van hoa truyen thdng

Ve ton gido: Ngudi Viet the hien ra't rd tinh cha't linh hoqt bang viec

ke't hgp giira nhiing tdn giao du nhap tir nude ngoai ( Dao, Phat, Nho ) vdi tin ngudng dan gian ciia ngudi Viet (thd MSu, thd than ndng nghiep ) tao nen mot sir dung boa va khac biet so vdi cac tdn giao d cac nude trong Cling khu vuc

1.2.2 Van hoa Viet Nam trong sir giao luu vdi cac nen van hoa khac

Mot con ngudi, mot dan tdc chi cd the tdn tai va phat trien dugc trong

qua trinh trao ddi giira ban than minh vox the gidi xung quanh Ciing nhu

vay, mot nen van hoa bao gid ciing ra ddi va van ddng tir trong Idng dan tgc, phan anh dieu kien chinh tri cua dat nude nhung ddng thdi tie'p nhan nhirng thanh tuu cua nhimg nen van boa khac

Xet ve thuc chat, giao luu van hoa chinh la sir tac ddng qua lai bien chu'ng giira cac ye'u td ndi sinh va ngoai sinh ciia qiia trinh phat trien.Trong

dd cac yeu td ndi sinh giir vai trd chii the, cd y nghia quyet dinh trong viec dinh hudng mdi quan he cua chiing vdi cac yeu to ngoai sinh Ngugc lai, cac yeu td ngoai sinh cd the tac ddng tich cue hay tieu cue ddi vdi sir phat trie'n cua cac yeu td ndi sinh

Giao luu van boa la mot hien tugng pho bie'n cua xa hdi loai ngudi, nam trong qui luat phat trien ciia cac dan tdc va ciia mgi nen van boa Giao luu van boa mang mot ndi dung cue ky Idn Nd phan anh sir tiep nhan va

hgc hdi lan nhau giiia cac dan tdc, giiia cac qudc gia ve the' gidi quan, ve he

tu tudng, ve phong tuc, tap quan, tdn giao, tin nguong dac biet la nhiing thanh tuu khoa hgc cdng nghe va nhiing kinh nghiem to chiic, quan ly dat nude

Trong thdi dai ngay nay, nhieu qudc gia kem phat trien d chau A, chau Phi, chau My la tinh da dat nhieu by vgng vao con dudng bien dai hoa theo md hinh cua cac nude Au, My Trong dd van boa ciing phat trien theo hudng phuang Tay hda Hang loat cac chuan muc va gia tri van hoa tii ben ngoai xam nhap vao lam cho nhiing gia tri van boa truyen thdng bi bie'n dang Chinh sir suy yeu ciia nhirng ye'u td ndi sinh lam cho nen van hda cua cac qudc gia dd trd nen rdi loan va kiem che sir phat trien ciia ca he thdng chinh trj va kinh te cua cac qudc gia dd Ngay nay hau he't cac nha khoa hgc

xa hdi deu phai thira nhan that bai cua ly thuye't phat trien ngoai sinh Hg deu khang dinh: Sir phat trien cua mot xa hdi, mot nen van boa trudc het la sir phat trien van ddng cua nhirng yeu td ndi sinh Song sir phat trien ndi sinh khdng tach rdi khdi anh hudng ciia cac yeu td ngoai sinh Dieu quan trgng la lam sao xir ly diing dan mdi quan he bien chiing giira cac ye'u td ndi sinh va ngoai sinh cua phat trien Cach xir ly dd cho phep mot xa hdi, mot nen van hoa bien chuyen ma khdng mat di tinh dgc dao va ban sac rieng ciia minh, vira bie't tiep thu nhirng yeu td mdi tii ben ngoai ma khdng de minh bi tha boa bien chat Ngugc lai, ne'u tie'p nhan vd dieu kien cac yeu td ngoai sinh den mii'c tir bd cac gia tri truyen thdng thi se mat gd'c ve van hoa, dan den cbd bi ddng boa Vdi y nghia to Idn dd thi danh mat ban sac van hoa dan tdc ddng nghia vdi mat dgc lap va chii quyen

Trong thdi dai ngay nay, giao luu van boa cd mot y nghia vd cung quan trgng Nd dien ra rat pbirc tap, tren nhieu linh vuc khac nhau trong nhieu hoan canh va dudi nhieu hinh thai Giao luu van boa khdng dien ra dan thuan ve mat van hoa ma ludn ludn gan lien vdi giao luu ve kinh te va

chinh tri Cac boat ddng ddi ngoai se dat dugc hieu qua cao khi phdi hop dugc ca linh vuc chinh tri, kinh te' va van hoa

Giao luu van boa cd the dien ra trong pham vi mot qudc gia, giira cac dan tdc va cac vung lanh tho trong nude Dieu nay tao ra sir gan bd, doan ke't, hieu biet iSn nhau giira cac viing mien, tao dieu kien thuan Igi chung cho sir phat trien kinh te va van hoa ciia ca nude

Giao luu van boa cd the diln ra giiia cac nude trong cung mot khu vuc cd su tuang ddng ve dia ly, cd nhirng quan he gan giii ve chinh tri, kinh

te, van boa Sir giao luu van hoa trong khu vuc thuan Igi se dem lai sir phdn vinh cho ca khu vuc Tuy nhien khai niem khu vuc khdng chi ddng khung trong pham vi dia ly Nd cdn mang tinh tdn giao: vi du nhu khu vuc ciia ngudi Hdi giao, Phat giao, Kitd giao Trong lich sir the' gidi da cd khdng it nhirng trudng hgp cd nhirng nude di xam luge nhung lai bi ddng hoa vao van hoa cua nude bi xam luge nhu trudng hgp ngudi La Ma vao HyLap, ngudi Mdng Cd, ngudi Man Thanh vao Trung Qudc

Nhin chung, xu hudng ciia nhan loai ngay mot xich lai gan nhau ban tren nguyen tac hoa binh, hiiu nghi, tu nguyen va hiru ich cua tat ca cac dan tgc Nhung do tham vgng ve kinh te' va chinh tri, mot sd nude Idn da dung van hoa lam phuang tien de nd dich, mot vii khi de tan cdng, mot mdn an dau dgc ddi sdng tinh than cua cac nude khac Trong tinh hinh dd mdi nude can phai cd nhirng dudng Id'i ddi ngoai va nhirng bien phap thich hgp de giao luu van boa dem lai nhirng dieu kien can thiet cho sir phat trien phdn vinh, hanh phiic ciia dan tdc ma vSn giir dugc nhirng gia tri van boa truyen thdng - he gia trj tinh than cdt loi ciia dan tgc minh

Trong lich sii" phat trien cua minh, dan tgc Viet Nam da cd nhiing thuan Igi la sdng tren mot dia ban ludn ludn cd sir giao thoa giiia cac nen van minh, cac trao luu tu tudng va cac nen van boa khac nhau: Giiia Ddng

nam A va Nam A, giua An Do va Trung Hoa, giira xu hudng tu ban chu

nghTa va xu hudng xa hoi chii nghia.Dan tdc Viet Nam tir xa xua da bie't

khai thac nhiing thuan Igi ndi tren de phat huy siic manh ciia ban than minh, ddng thdi tiep nhan dugc nhiing nhan to tich cue cua nhieu nen van boa khac, tur dd xay dung cho minh mot ban sac van hoa ben virng va ddi dao sLi:c sdng

Ve he tu tuang, nha nude phong kien Viet Nam trudc he't dua vao

Phat giao, sau dd la Nho giao trong mdi quan he Tam giao dong nguyen

6 mot sd trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam nhu: nha Ngd, Dinh, Le, Ly Phat giao dugc coi la qudc giao Cac vua chiia da trgng dung cac vi cao tang

trong viec cai tri dat nude: De- Tang ciing cai tri thien ha Tuy nhien, Phat

giao khi vao Viet Nam da cd ngay sir tie'p xiic vdi cac tin ngudng truyen thdng ciia ngudi Viet: dd la nhirng tin ngudng thd Than cua cu dan ndng nghiep He thdng chua " Tii Phap" d Viet Nam tuy ggi la chiia nhung thuc

ra van chi la nhirng den mie'u dan gian nai thd cac vi than tu nhien nhu: May, mua, sam, chdp - cac vi than bao hd ndng nghiep Ld'i kien triic pho bie'n ciia cac chiia chien d Viet Nam la theo ld'i " tien Phat hau Than" Ma dien hinh la viec thd Mau, thd cac vi anh hung dan tdc, than thanh d trong khdng gian ciia chua

Phat giao Viet Nam ket hgp chat che viec dao vdi viec ddi Cac Phat tu" Viet Nam thudng hang hai tham gia vao cac boat ddng xa hoi Trong thdi

ky My - Diem, Phat tir Viet Nam da nhieu lan xud'ng dudng tham gia vao phong trao dau tranh ddi boa binh va dgc lap dan tdc Dien hinh la vu boa thugng Thich Quang Diic tu thieu tai Sai Gdn nam 1963 de phan ddi nen chuyen che' dgc lai tay sai cho My cua gia dinh hg Ngd

Mot dac diem ndi bat ndi len xu hudng Viet Nam hod Phat giao d

Viet Nam dd la xu budng bai boa am duang thien ve nii tinh - dac trung ciia nen van hoa ndng nghiep Ngudi Viet Nam cd nhirng " Phat ba" ciia rieng ngudi Viet: Phat Mau Man Nuang, Phat ba Quan am Thi Kinh, Phat Ba Chiia Huang ( Ba chiia Ba )

Dd la su du nhap va Viet nam boa Phat giao d Viet Nam Ngoai ra vdi tinh dung hgp rgng rai, Viet Nam eon tiep nhan nhieu he tu tudng va tdn giao khac nira nhu Nho giao, Dao Giao, Kitd giao, Hdi Giao

Cd the ndi viec truyen ba Nho giao da gdp ph^n phat trien van hoa Viet Nam d nhieu linh vuc, trudc het la viec nang cao dan tri Tinh than hie'u hgc va tdn su trgng dao ciia Nho giao cQng anh hudng bet siic sau sac de'n tang Idp tri thiic ngudi Viet Cho den nay, ngudi Viet vSn quan niem de cua cho con khdng gi bang ta'm chir Tinh than dd cdn dugc the hien rat rd trong nhieu cau thanh ngii, tuc ngir, ca dao:

Nhat tu vi sir, hdn tu vi sU;

Khdng thdy dd mdy lam nen;

Mdng mot tet cha, mdng hai tet me, mdng ha tei Thdy

Ngay nay trong Van Mieu Ha Ndi, nai ban thd chinh cd treo biic hoanh phi :

Van the'su bieu ( Mudn ddi bieu duang ngudi Thdy )

Nhu vay viec tiep xiic giao luu van hoa vdi cac nen van boa khac la mot qua trinh khdng the thieu trong sir phat trien cua bat ky mot nen van hoa nao Song su giao luu ay can phai diln ra theo nguyen tac: gan due khdi trong Chi tiep thu nhirng gi tien tien, hien dai va phu hgp Mgi thai do tiep thu bi ddng, mii quang hay thai do khep kin tir chdi mgi anh hudng tu ben ngoai deu la nhirng sai lam dan den sir suy yeu ciia dat nude ve mgi mat trong dd cd van boa