Factors affecting translation of addressing terms from english into vietnamese

THESIS FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSLATION OF ADDRESSING TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc dịch từ xưng hô tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt LE THI NHUNG Field: Eng

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSLATION OF ADDRESSING TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO

VIETNAMESE

(Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc dịch từ xưng hô

tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt)

LE THI NHUNG

Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01

Hanoi - 2019

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

M.A THESIS

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSLATION OF ADDRESSING TERMS FROM ENGLISH INTO

VIETNAMESE

(Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc dịch từ xưng hô

tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt)

LE THI NHUNG

Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr HO NGOC TRUNG

Hanoi - 2019

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report

entitled: Factors affecting translation of addressing terms from English into

Vietnamese submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Hanoi, 2019 Author’s signature

Le Thi Nhung

Approved by SUPERVISOR

(Signature and full name)

Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung

Date: ………

My special thanks go to the lecturers and staffs of Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University for their valuable lectures and support

I am deeply grateful to my family who always give me warmth and support Thanks also go to my friends who helped me a lot with my data collection Thanks to all

ABSTRACT

The study is about the factors affecting translation of addressing terms from English into Vietnamese It investigates the strategies adopted in the translation of the addressing terms and the degree to which these strategies are

effective in conveying the rich nuances of the terms It was found that both

the source language (SL)-oriented and target language (TL)-oriented approaches were utilized However, the translations of all the texts adhered more extensively to the principles of the TL-oriented translation approach This resulted in a substantial loss of the socio-cultural meanings and pragmatic implications of the richly nuanced Vietnamese terms of address and reference Those meanings and implications were found to be essential for an adequate understanding of the original texts In rare cases, however, where the translators adopted the SL-oriented strategy to transfer the linguistic and socio-cultural elements of the original terms, it was successful in conveying the meanings and implications intended by the original writers through their use of the terms, thus helping the target readers develop a similar understanding of the target texts as the original readers would have of the source texts

The study use descriptive and contrastive analysis methods to point out:

the Vietnamese translation equivalents of English ATs, factors affecting the translation of addressing terms from English into Vietnamese

The implication of the study would propose some pedagogical implications for teaching in a broader sense, covering the field of addressing terms between members in the communities The study also raised the need for translators of English-Vietnamese literary texts, especially in treating terms of addressing terms, to pay close attention to the linguistic and cultural elements of the source texts

Keywords: Translation factors, equivalence, addressing terms, contrastive, Vietnamese terms of address, qualitative, data collection, English terms of address

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate of originality……….……… ………i

Acknowledgements ……… …… ii

Abstract ……… ………iii

Table of contents……… ……… iv

List of abbreviations used in the thesis……… vi

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2

1.2.1 Aims 2

1.2.2 Objectives 3

1.3 Research questions 3

1.4 Methods of the study 3

1.5 Scope of the study 3

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Structure of the study 4

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Review of previous studies 6

2.2 Review of theoretical background 8

2.2.1 Theories of translation 8

2.2.2 Systems of addressing terms in English and Vietnamese 12

2.2.3 Factors affecting translation 18

2.2.3.1 Linguistic factors 18

2.2.3.2 Cultural factors 19

2.2.3.3 Personal factors 22

2.2.4 Factors affecting English-Vietnamese translation 24

2.2.5 Summary 28

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 29

3.1 Research question revisited 29

3.2 Methods of the study 29

3.3 Data collection and analysis 29

3.4 Data collection procedures 30

3.5 Summary 30

Chapter 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 31

4.1 The Vietnamese translation equivalents of English ATs 31

4.1.1 Differences in the way of addressing between the original (English) and the translation (Vietnamese) 32

4.1.1.1 Differences in the number of pronouns and nouns in use in English and Vietnamese 33

4.1.1.2 Addressing terms in translation 35

4.1.2 Similarities in the way of addressing between the original (English) and the translation (Vietnamese) 43

4.2 Factors affecting the translation of addressing terms from English into Vietnamese 44

4.2.1 Language (or linguistic) competence 45

4.2.2 Textual Competence 49

4.2.3 Subject Competence 52

4.2.4 Cultural Competence 54

4.2.5 Transfer Competence 57

4.3 Implication of the thesis 59

4.4 Summary 60

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 62

5.1 Recapitulation 62

5.2 Concluding remarks 63

5.3 Limitation of the research 64

5.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for further research 64

REFERENCES 66

APPENDIX 67

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE THESIS

AF: addressing forms ATs: addressing terms NA: nouns of addressing PPs: personal pronouns SC: source culture SL: source language TC: target culture TL: target language

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

One of the earliest sociolinguistic studies of speech behavior among speakers of English concerns the way people in the English speaking countries address one another Addressing forms are important for effective and successful communication and have long been considered a very salient indicator of status of relationships One can use different forms of addressing to show his respects or fondness towards other people, or to insult or depreciate them How to address people appropriately needs the taking of several factors into consideration, such as the social status or rank of the other, sex, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy transactional status, race or degree of intimacy There do exist general rules of addressing forms in English, but because addressing forms are social phenomenon, it varies on different occasions and the rules do not always take effect, just as Philipsen and Huspek said: “Personal address is a sociolinguistic subject par excellence In every language and society, every time one person speaks to another, there is a host of options centering around whether and how persons will be addressed, named, … to those who interpret them, are systematic not random Such systematicity in language behavior, whether of use or interpretation, is universal, although what elements comprise the personal addressing system and what rules govern its deployment, vary across context And such variation in structure is, according to the extant empirical literature, correlated with social ends and social contexts of language use From this view, personal address is a systematic, variable, and social phenomenon, and these feature of it make it a sociolinguistic variable, and social phenomenon, and these features of it make it a sociolinguistic variable of fundamental importance.” (Philipsen and Huspek 1985:94)

In Vietnamese and English language, addressing terms (ATs) are the reflection

of the hierarchical relationship among participants of the conversations as well as their attitudes and emotion In order for the translation to go smoothly, the translator should choose suitable ATs basing on the relationship The choice and usage of suitable ATs with the context and content will depend on this interpersonal relationship; these ATs also have impacts on the development of the translation It

is, therefore, meaningful and important to conduct a research into the respective expression of forms of addressing in the two languages (English - Vietnamese)

In Vietnamese, ATs are diversified and they carry different connotations in different circumstances; the same role may have different ATs with different shades

of emotions ATs in English are, however, different in both quantity, kind of speech (addressing) and structure of ATs The difference between the two languages has created confusion for translators when choosing the equivalent ATs, especially when translating work from English into Vietnamese

In English, personal pronouns (PPs) are used more frequently than nouns to address people, meanwhile, in Vietnamese, PPs are not as popular as nouns to address people, especially kinship nouns Therefore, in translating ATs that appear

in conversations between characters from English into Vietnamese, there are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of the use of

PP, addressing nouns (name and full name, kinship nouns, nouns expressing feeling, nouns expressing gender, nouns showing politeness, objectification noun, occupational titles…) as well as emotion and culture and so on It is essential and practical to point out the similarities and differences among these issues for the teaching of English and Vietnamese

In actual fact, both Vietnamese learners of English and foreign learners of Vietnamese encounter many difficulties in using ATs in learning as well as in translating from English into Vietnamese and vice versa They make many mistakes

in usage because of a lack of clear understanding of the functions, semantics, pragmatics and culture of each terms (whether to use PPs or nouns to address)

For these reasons I have decided to conduct the thesis entitled “Factors affecting translation of addressing terms into Vietnamese.”

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims

This study aims at identifying factors that affect the translation of English addressing terms into Vietnamese, thereby making contribution to the theories of ATs in general, and to the theories of translating ATs from English into Vietnamese

in particular

1.2.2 Objectives

The study is conducted to fulfill the following objectives:

- investigating how English ATs are translated into Vietnamese

- analyzing the factors affecting the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese

- offering some implications for better translating ATs from English into Vietnamese

1.3 Research questions

In order to achieve the above objectives, the thesis will answer the following questions:

(i) How are English ATs translated into Vietnamese?

(ii) What are the factors affecting the translation of ATs from English into Vietnamese?

(iii) What are some suggestions for the translation of ATs from English into Vietnamese?

1.4 Methods of the study

The thesis employs the following methods:

i) Contrastive analysis method

Characteristics and use of ATs which are suitable with communication role, context and functions of ATs used in the translation were compared from the English original into Vietnamese translation The similarities and differences were found in the use of ATs between the two languages Apart from the above methods, the thesis also used some other methods, such as systemization, modeling the use of ATs in the two languages (English and Vietnamese), using both qualitative and quantitative methods to have appropriate results

ii) Descriptive method

Descriptive method is used to describe the characteristics of using ATs in the two languages, orienting for the transition from English to Vietnamese

1.5 Scope of the study

The thesis focuses on discussing the factors affecting translation of ATs, in addition to giving ATs in English and Vietnamese The translator’s knowledge about the Vietnamese and English linguistic and culture, the transfer are main competences will directly affect the translation of addressing terms from English into Vietnamese

The data were collected from an English novel “Gone with the wind” by Margaret Mitchell and its Vietnamese translation version “Cuốn theo chiều gió” translated by Vu Kim Thu There are 108 addressing words are collected through only the novel and its translation

1.6 Significance of the study

Translating from one language to another is a complex issue because it is not only a linguistic knowledge but also a cultural and psychological concern This study is hoped to be useful for both theoretically and practically use Studying this issue not only contributes to understanding language and culture but also useful for recognizing the factors affecting of translating from English ATs into Vietnamese in teaching, learning and communicating as well For a long time, the problem of language translation has been concerned by many researchers in many different angles, including the study of translated texts Through describing and analyzing the conversations of the characters in the novel “Gone with the wind” by Margaret Mitchell and the translation “Gone with the wind”, this thesis can contribute to the study of how to translate ATs from English into Vietnamese

1.7 Structure of the study

This study is organized into five chapters

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION: presents the rationale for the research, the aims, the objectives, the scope of the research, the significances of research as well as the structural organization of the thesis

Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW: discusses some previous studies on translation of ATs from English into Vietnamese and the theoretical background Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY: discusses issues of methodology and outline the research design, data collection instruments, procedure of data collection

Chapter 4 - FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSLATION OF ATs FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE

Chapter 5 – CONCLUSION: makes conclusions on each of the research objectives, implications, limitations and suggestions for further research References come at the end of the study

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of previous studies

There have been some studies into ATs, the issue of ATs in English has been

studied for a long time: In 1961, Brown, Roger W and Marguerite Ford in their

article Address in American English analyzed addressing forms (AF) in

conversations between two participants in many different contexts Thai Duy Bao in

Contrastive analysis of etiquette in English - Vietnamese dialogue mentioned PPs

and nouns of addressing (NA) in English The author wrote: “In English

conversation, the use of PPs is compulsory and traditional such as PPs I, we for the first-person pronoun, interlocutor (the addressor) and PP you for second-person

According to Murphy (1988), ATs reflect a relationship’s nature and status, also the degree of affection They are, moreover, a kind of projection that helps to reflect the feelings of the speaker towards one another and to project the speakers’ perception or belief on their relationship onto their partner These words or phrases used for the purpose of identification and expression of ideas (Manjulashi, 2004) turn out to be an indicator for power, difference, solidarity, social relationship, affective distance, degree of intimacy and communicative distance This role of an indicator of ATs has been elaborated in detail in some inter-language studies of Poynton (1989), Brown and Ford (1964), Nguyễn Quang (2002), Wardhaudh (1986), among others with the five sub-roles of ATs in general:

1) The markers of social relation and family relation within a particular society

2) The markers of attitude and feeling

3) The occupants of statuses

4) An attempts to manipulate social relations

5) The implifiers of attitude towards genders, age, relationship and so on Being classic sociolinguistics in the area of ATs across cultures, Brown and Gilman (1960) has concluded that the choice and the use of ATs are determined by two aspects: power semantic (formality and distance) and solidarity semantic (familiarization and intimacy) Since then, a good number of studies on the same field but in a broader scope and depth have been offered namely the study of Brown

and Ford (1964), stressing on the intimacy and status, Hymes (1974) with social distance, Price (1971) accessing to the subject matter from level of formality and so

on The outcomes of these papers have indicated a variety of factors affecting the choice of different ATs, which is synthesized and presented comprehensively by Wardhaugh (1986) Wardhaugh points out that this variety of social factors include the particular occasions, social status or rank, gender, age, family relationship, occupational hierarchy (employer-employee relationship for instance), race, degree

of intimacy and settings (at home or in puplic) Consequently, the same person may

be addressed in various ways regarding the specific context that person is put into

A math teacher named Mai Hà Lan is expected to be addressed as “cô” (Miss Lan)

by her students’ parents, “Lan” by hear colleagues and if in the communicating

environment there exists another person with the same name, teacher should be

called by nicknames like Lan A or Lan toán (math) Similarly, in English, Doctor

John Smith would be addressed as “Doctor” by his patients, “John” by his friends,

“honey” by his wife, sir by a policeman who fines him for dangerous driving

These PPs appeared in all communication and social relationships despite differences in social positions, ages and intimacy level between speakers In other words, it reflects relationships between communication partners, between interlocutor and addressee

According to “PPs in Vietnamese and American English (from cultural perspective)” by Nguyen Thi Thu Ha in 2009, the author studied on PPs in Vietnam and America The author only focused on PPs, kinship terms and status terms which used between colleagues in the office In this study, firstly, Vietnamese people appreciated “age” when having conservation because factor “age” plays the most important role in the way they address colleagues By contrast, the American informants do not mind much about “age” factor because individualism is highly considered in their culture In communication, everyone seems to have the same power so that individual characteristic can be expressed the most clearly Secondly, 100% informants say that they never use last name, full name and title + last name, title without last name while communicating with colleagues Most Vietnamese informants use kinship terms to address the colleagues often (97%) The result from American informants is a bit different from that of Vietnamese ones About 95% American informants choose “first name” to address higher position

In “Use of addressing forms to express informality in English and Vietnamese”

by Trinh Thi Viet Huong (2011), the author studied major similarities and differences in ATs to express informality in English and Vietnamese, particularly in the company In this study, the majority of Vietnamese people use pronouns to express informality, this is followed closely by “bare kinship term” and “first name terms” “Manner of communication” is the most dominant factors affecting the choice of ATs The other factors that have impact on the choice of ATs are “social status” and “finance power” Addressing forms are more commonly used in English are “public settings” and “home” “Workplace”, “library” are less likely to be suitable settings for informality “Age” is the settings that do not affect much on the choice of addressing forms of English native speakers respondent In both English and Vietnamese languages “first name terms” are used to address people In Vietnamese, “first name terms” do not only signal familiarity but also some kind of respect Vietnamese people never use names to address superior persons, such as parents or older people, when in English speaking cultures people often call their

family members names such as “Mary, David”

In “A Cross – Cultural study on using kinship terms as ATs in English and Vietnamese” by Ha Hai Hong (2003), the author focused on studying kinship and kinship terminologies The number of Vietnamese kin terms is 89, including 45

terms in consanguinal relationship (ông nội, bà ngoại, bố…) and 34 terms referring

to affinal relationship and 12 terms showing afflictive kin

Although there have been many studies related to English ATs, so far there has not been any topic of translating ATs from English into Vietnamese based on

bilingual corpus Gone with the wind

2.2 Review of theoretical background

2.2.1 Theories of translation

One reason for the great variety of translation theories and subtheories is the fact that the processes of translating can be viewed from so many different perspectives: stylistics, author's intent, diversity of languages, differences of corresponding cultures, problems of interpersonal communication, changes in literary fashion, distinct kinds of content (e.g mathematical theory and lyric poetry), and the circumstances in which translations are to be used, e.g read in the tranquil setting of

one's own living room, acted on the theatre stage, or blared from a loudspeaker to a restless mob

The wide range of theories and the great diversity of problems in translation have been treated by a number of persons interested in translation theory and practice, e.g Güttinger (1963), Vazquez Ayora (1977), and Wilss (1988)

These four different perspectives could be regarded as essentially philological, linguistic, communicative, and sociosemiotic These four major perspectives on the problems of interlingual communication should not, however, be regarded as competitive or antagonistic, but as complementary and supplementary They do not invalidate one another but result in a broader understanding of the nature of translating

The philological perspective

The philological perspective on translation in the Western World goes back ultimately to some of the seminal observations by such persons as Cicero, Horace, Augustine, and Jerome, whose principal concerns were the correct rendering of Greek texts into Latin In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe the philological orientation in translating focused on the issue of "faithfulness," usually bound closely to the history of interpretation of the text For the most part, arguments about the adequacy of translations dealt with the degree of freedom which could or should be allowed, and scholars discussed heatedly whether a translator should bring the reader to the text or bring the text to the reader Some of the most important early contributions to the philological aspects of translation were made by Luther (1530), Etienne Dolet (1540), Cowley (1656), Dryden (1680), and Pope (1715), but Luther's influence was probably the greatest in view of his having directly and indirectly influenced so many Bible translations first in Western Europe and later in other parts of the world This philological perspective is still very much alive, as witnessed by the important contributions of such persons as Cary and Jumpelt (1963), George Steiner (1975), and John Felstiner (1980) A number of the essential features and limitations of the philological perspective on translating literary works are helpfully described and discussed by Paz (1971) and by Mounin (1963) Octávio Paz has the special gift of being able to discuss issues of literary translation with the touch of a literary artist, which indeed he is And Georges

Mounin has a way of delineating diverse opinions and judgments so as perform an elegant balancing act Those who have followed primarily a philological orientation toward translating have increasingly recognized that other factors must be given greater attention In the volume On Translation, edited by Brower (1959), and in the volume Translation: Literary, Linguistic, and Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Frawley (1984), these broader factors of linguistic and cultural matters are introduced and point the way to a more satisfactory approach to some of the crucial problems confronted by translators

The linguistic perspective

Since translating always involves at least two different languages, it was inevitable that a number of persons studying the issues of translation would focus upon the distinctive features of the source and receptor languages Important studies

of diverse linguistic structures by such persons as Sapir, Bloomfield, Trubetskoy, and Jakobson laid the foundation for a systematic study of the functions of language Then the analysis of languages outside of the Semitic and IndoEuropean families by linguist-anthropologists provided the creative stimulus for seeing interlingual relations in new and creative ways Chomsky (1965, 1972) and his colleagues added a dynamic dimension to language structure through the use of transformations All this led to the publication of a number of books on translating which have focused primary attention on the correspondences in language structures Some of the most important of these books were by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Nida (1964), Catford (1965), Tatilon (1986), Larson (1984) and Malone (1988) These developments provided an important stimulus for developing a less naive approach to epistemology in translation theory It also encouraged greater interest in the ordinary uses of language in dialogue and helped to undermine false confidence in the reliability of natural language A number of psychological insights about translating have been contributed by Ladmiral (1972), who has treated a variety of psychological factors which influence the ways in which linguistic and cultural elements in communication are processed by the mind And Lambert (1978) has distinguished two different types of bilingualism based on a speaker's degree of integration of the 24 respective language codes This should prove very useful in understanding certain marked differences in the manner in which translators and interpreters perform

The communicative perspective

The volume from One Language to Another (de Waard and Nida, 1986) reflects

the importance of a number of basic elements in communication theory, namely, source, message, receptor, feedback, noise, setting, and medium It also treats the processes of encoding and decoding of the original communication and compares these with the more complex series in the translation process Linguists working in the field of sociolinguistics, e.g Labov (1972), Hymes (1974), and Gumperz (1982), have made particularly important contributions to understanding principles

of translating which focus upon various processes in communication This relation between sociolinguistics and translation is a very natural one, since sociolinguists deal primarily with language as it is used by society in communicating The different ways in which societies employ language in interpersonal relations are crucial for anyone concerned with translating Any approach to translating based on communication theory must give considerable attention to the paralinguistic and extralinguistic features of oral and written messages Such features as tone of voice, loudness, peculiarities of enunciation, gestures, stance, and eye contact are obviously important in oral communication, but many people fail to realize that analogous factors are also present in written communication, e.g style of type, format, quality of paper, and type of binding For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning, although in Suzanne Langer's sense of "presentational" rather than "discoursive" truth (1951) This joining of form and content has inevitably led to more serious attention being given to the major functions of language, e.g informative, expressive, cognitive, imperative, performative, emotive, and interpersonal, including the recognition that the information function is much less prominent than has been traditionally thought

The sociosemiotic perspective

The central focus in a sociosemiotic perspective on translation is the multiplicity

of codes involved in any act of verbal communication Words never occur without some added paralinguistic or extralinguistic features And when people listen to a speaker, they not only take in the verbal message, but on the basis of background information and various extralinguistic codes, they make judgments about a

speaker's sincerity, commitment to truth, breadth of learning, specialized knowledge, ethnic background, concern for other people, and personal attractiveness In fact, the impact of the verbal message is largely dependent upon judgments based on these extralinguistic codes Most people are completely unaware of such codes, but they are crucial for what people call their "gut feelings."

These types of codes are always present in one way or another, whether in oral

or written communication, but there are certain other accompanying codes which are optional and to which the verbal message must adjust in varying ways, e.g the action in a drama, the music of a song, and the multiple visual and auditory features

of a multimedia essay These optional codes often become the dominant factors in a translation, especially when lip synchronization is required in television films

2.2.2 Systems of addressing terms in English and Vietnamese

a Addressing terms in English

Brown and Ford (1961) remark that in English proper names constitute a nearly universal language of relationship; the semantic dimensions involved serve to relate

to one another or all of the members of the society

People address one another reveals their relationship, attitude and feelings towards each other English ATs shows a strong tendency of socialization To express solidarity semantic or intimacy the English speakers often call the hearer with first name, call each other with title and last name in formal situation

In English people do not use any ATs at all when they are in doubt how to

address another, for example, Good morning or good afternoon … However, in

other language when we avoid using in order that which is impolite, for instance, in

France you can not say Bonjour, Au revoir without attaching an ATs

Firth (1972) said that addressing forms do not only vary across culture but also according to specific type of social situation: individual or group confrontation; formality or informality of the occasion; prior acquaintance or not of the party; conventional emotional quality ascribed to the occasion; face - to - face or distant communication

According to Evans-Pritchard (cited in Hymes, 1964) remarks that the ways a speaker addresses people around him, “symbolize his social position in the relation

to the people around him, so that, by the use of one or other of them, the status of the speaker to the person addressed is readily recognized”

Under the influence of individualism, English people think highly of personal ability and achievement more than relationship They seldom use kinship terms to refer to non-family members because it may be considered quite rude For example, addressing an older woman “grandma” might cause offense, because in English

culture, “old” means aged and useless On the contrary, they usually use general

social addressing forms to refer to those non-family members

With I-You we can communicate without knowing the age, gender, social status

of the hearer, the relationships between the hearer and speaker, attitude and feelings that speakers need to show through addressing forms Besides, people also avoid using personal pronouns, title, names, addressing forms, kinship terms, kinship terms with first name… They use these addressing forms to show the different emotion and attitude

Basically, the following terms are used as popular ATs:

Title alone: Mr., Mrs., Dr., Professor; Madam… Title with full name: Dr Michael, Mrs Mary : used in formal introduction only

Full name: Chip Bader : used in more casual introduction, for example,

introduced to friends

Title with last name: Ms Noor, Professor Cameron

Last name alone: Sarah Sharp, David Cuming

First name: used in informal communication Actually, it is used in most of the

conversations When English people ask you to address him or her by first name, she or he wants to make friend with you, in other words, to be close and friendly to you

Diminutive: It is kind of linguistics For instance, Rebecca is reduced to Beck, Elizabeth to Liz This form is used mostly among family members (grandparents,

older brothers, sisters call the younger), or among close friends

Addressing forms of endearment: Parents call their children and lovers call each

other in this way For example: Tommy, darling, honey, sweetheart… However,

there are only two main selections: first name and title with last name When people want to show the solidarity semantic, they usually address the partners by first name When they want to show the power, they used title with the last name to address the hearers

Kinship terms According to E.R.Leach (1958), “category” words by means of

which an individual is taught to recognize the significant groupings in the social structure into which he is born” (p.143) All languages have kinship terms, which are clearly highlighted in addressing forms of a language Without exception, all kinship terms make use of such factors such as age, sex, generation, blood and marriage in their society English people use this kind and kindship terms + first name in family and social address According to Schneider & Hormans, “addressing forms are kinship terms in English used to show mutual in reciprocal relationship Kinship terms are used as addressing forms in family and in some addressing cases

in society”

Title with husband’s: Mrs Vermier, Mrs Ford… After marriage, all of the

English women are called by this way

Multiple names They are commonly real or invented personal names which

anyone can take on as an identity Brown & Ford (1964) also explained that when talking with an object “sometimes using title with last name, first name, nick name, sometimes creating variables of phonetics of first name or nickname” They are used in close relationships

b Addressing terms in Vietnamese

Vietnamese has a system of vocabularies which are very abundant, specially addressing system Like English language, Vietnamese language has complicated addressing forms It may be said that addressing system in Vietnamese is one of the most interesting phenomenon of this linguistics

Title: comrade, director… has the equivalent usage with title in English For

instance: ông giáo, bà luật sư, ông bí thư… Title with proper name: used in formal communication, for example, chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh, giáo sư Ngô Bảo Châu…

First name only: used in most cases (both formal and informal) to show

intimacy: among friends, people of elder generations call their children, the boss can call the staff

Kinship terms with first name: used as following structure

Anh, chị, em, bác, cô, chú, chú, dì, ông, bà ect + first name

For example, anh Chí, chị Hà, em Lan… this is the most usual case in

Vietnamese addressing system It shows the strong tendency of familiarization of Vietnamese culture

Middle name and first name: is not the way of addressing formally When many

people have the same first name in the same place, for instance, Đức Anh, Thùy

Anh, Vân Anh…

Last name + first name: used to distinguish two people having the same middle

and first name, for example, Nguyễn Nhung (Nguyễn Thùy Nhung); Trần Nhung

(Trần Hồng Nhung); Lê Huyền Nhung (Lê Nhung) in formal situations such as in

exam or interview

Scornful terms with proper name: “Thằng cha, con mẹ, thị…+ first name”: this

way is used when addressing a person that the caller scorns

In Vietnamese addressing system, there is no equivalent to I-You The selection

of addressing forms in communication depends on the factors: age, gender, social status, occupation and solidarity

Firstly, Vietnam is a family-centered traditional country Vietnamese people always have the close family relationship strongly and they usually live in a family with many generation

Secondly, Vietnamese kinship follows patrilineal relationship Vietnamese people often attach more importance to consanguineous relations and affinal ones

Thirdly, Vietnam culture emphasizes “superior control junior”, the pair of kinship terms is used to address actively According to Nguyen Quang (2002), in the Northern areas, there are 34 kinship terms as following:

Table 1: Kinship terms as address terms

KINSHIP TERMS AS ADDRESSING TERMS

According to Jack C Richards, J Platt and H Platt (1999) addressing systems (addressing forms, addressing terms) are understood as, “The word or words used to address to somebody in speech or writing The way in which people address one another usually depends on their age, sex, social group and personal relationship” (p.6) kinship terms to call the above generation, use the first name to call the below generation In Vietnam, people use almost the kinship terms to address in family

According to Nguyen Van Khang (2008), “addressing terms are words used to call self and others, the hearer or speaker in the communication In comparison with English terms, the use of Vietnamese ATs in actual communication is more intricate”

If in English “you” is used as second PP in singular and plural, for example, sir,

Mr Michael, Daisy In Vietnam, second person singular forms are used “bạn, anh, chị,…” in singular, but in plural we have to add numerals before them, for instance, các bạn, các anh, các chị… In some languages, such as Chinese dialects and

Japanese, words expressing relationship, for example, father, mother, aunt are used

as address forms to show respect

2.2.3 Factors affecting translation

Translating, as I.A Richards claims, “is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos” (Nida 1993: 1) Many factors are crucial to the process of translating and no explanation of translating can claim to be comprehensive if these factors are not systematically considered Owing to the great subtlety and complexity of the factors in question, this thesis will not be able to cover all of them exhaustively, so we will focus our attention on key factors in the three most important areas: language, culture and the translator’s personal

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2.2.3.1 Linguistic factors

Language is one of the symbols of a nation It is probable that originally each racial stock evolved a different language which expressed the mental character of the tribe and reflected the features of their natural surroundings and activities All human races possess this tool of expression which distinguishes them from the animals, but not all languages have developed in the same way and various groups of languages have marked differences in their structure, grammar and syntax The fact remains that each tribe or group of tribes had an original language of its own which suited its environment and its stage of cultural development Each succeeding generation grew to adulthood through the medium of that language and with it imbibed the tribal experience Through the language they became members of their tribe and

continued tribal traditions It appears that language is more important in the building

up of national character than any other factor

Linguistic factors exert a direct and crucial influence upon the process of translating Each of the linguistic factors, phonological, lexical, syntactic and textual, can interfere with translation It can safely be assumed that interlingual differences constitute a main source of translation difficulties

i) Phonological factors

Literary translators sometimes do try to create a certain kind of equivalence when they encounter poetic or rhetorical phonological features

ii) Lexical factors

Lexical factors that involve the kind of words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc A word is chosen to express the idea by using different words in different situations

The most problematic and time-consuming aspect of translation is achieving an

accurate lexical rendering The marked differences between English and Vietnamese in this respect present significant difficulties for translators

iii) Syntactic factors

Syntactic factors are the grammatical structure of an expression or the rules of well-formedness of a formal system

English and Vietnamese belong to different language families and systems This difference is directly reflected in the way people think, in their syntactic organization, and unavoidably comes up in the process of interlingual transference

iv) Textual factors

A text is constructed on the basis of individual sentences, so translation problems in realizing thematic structure and connection are similar to those

encountered at the syntactic level

2.2.3.2 Cultural factors

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, different linguistic communities have different ways of experiencing, segmenting, and structuring reality (see Gorlée 1994:105) Translating works to bridge the cultural gap between two worlds and make communication possible between different linguistic communities Bassnett likens language to “the heart within the body of culture,” pointing out that “the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril” (Bassnett 1992: 14)

No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached Translating, which involves two languages, is unavoidably influenced by two cultures, the source culture (SC) and the target culture (TC)

i) Intercultural Factors

According to Catford (1965: 94), instances of untranslatability can arise from two sources: one is linguistic, and the other is cultural A translator who fails to take the cultural context into account is likely to commit some ridiculous errors The very existence of a cultural gap can act on the process of translating by interfering with the translator’s logical judgement and linguistic selection

ii) Culture-specific expressions

Lotman claims “No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of

culture” (see Bassnett 1992: 14) In Language, Culture and Translating, Nida

expresses the same idea in another way (1993: i)

The role of language within a culture and the influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idioms are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background It is true that different peoples live on the same planet in relatively similar material surroundings and that each language contains expressions to describe this material world—sun, river, rain, mountain, father, etc But through long and unique evolution, each culture develops distinct conceptions about the world As well as the common core expressions which are mostly conceptual or denotative, each

language has myriad of culturally-specific expressions that are full of associations for that people

iii) Aesthetic differences

People of different cultures see beauty in their own unique ways What is beautiful to one culture may not be especially beautiful or may even appear ugly to another

The aesthetic norms of a given culture reflect how people think

iv) Political interference

The “political culture” (Hulpke 1991: 71) of a specific society always exercises certain constraints on the process of translating These constraints, however, vary from society to society and from period to period The more political tension there

is, the more the translation of politic texts is constrained, either by government censorship or by the translator’s own political awareness

v) Ethical influence

Every society has an inherited ethical system which guides people’s behaviour and shapes their moral standards Usually, the ethical culture of a specific society is characterized to a certain degree by exclusiveness, and cannot tolerate threats from what it regards as unethical or immoral elements introduced by a foreign culture The degree of ethical tolerance varies between cultures and even between subcultures and different periods

vi) Intracultural Factors

Cultural differences between regions of a country, or between time periods can also act significantly on the process of translation Intracultural factors often lead to stylistically or even semantically distinct translations of the same source text The most influential factors in this case are the strategic orientation and period style within the TL culture

Strategic orientation

With the progress of science, people’s understanding of the real world becomes

more and more effective Each step of scientific development is accompanied by some more thorough understanding and hence a set of more efficient problem-solving strategies

Period style

Styles of writing differ from period to period What we call a period style results from the prevailing stylistic orientation in writing during a specific period of history In some cultures, changes in period style are conspicuous, while in others, they are less obvious

2.2.3.3 Personal factors

What we are discussing here are translations done by human beings, not machines The translator’s professional and psychological conditions may therefore have a direct influence on the translated text The personal factors in question, which account for many of the differences between various translations of the same source, are subtle and complex They play a crucial role in translating and can be classified into two main types, i.e personal competence and personal attitudes

i) Personal competence

It is a given that a translator has to be competent in source language (SL) interpretation and target language (TL) representation, and has to have special knowledge and experience in the field concerned In terms of SL interpretation, a translator must be sufficiently competent to understand the various conceptual, associative or thematic meanings of the original Accurate translation demands perfect interpretation that is based on the translator’s command of the SL and understanding of SL culture Many cases of mistranslation have resulted from the translator’s inaccurate interpretation, which are attributable to his or her limited competence in the SL and SC

ii) Personal Attitudes

Attitudinal factors involve the individual translator’s subjective orientations within acertain historical and cultural context Even with the same personal competence, two rent attitudinal orientations, whether aesthetic, communicative, strategic, political, ethical, or professional, will produce very different translations

Aesthetic attitudes

Aesthetic attitude is reflected in the way the translator interprets the SL text and thenrepresents it in the TL Some translators may focus their attention on the aesthetic value of the original content, others on its form; some may represent their interpretation through archaism, others through more modern expressions One may give precedence to the writer’s artistic style, another to his or her own aesthetic preferences An original text will assume different forms and take on different aesthetic values in different versions

Attitude toward recipients’ response

The attitude in question refers to how the translator responds to readers’ needs, editors’ requirements, critics’ comments and the like Most translators claim to care primarily about their readers’ needs There are still some who refuse to let readers’ demands steer them away from pursuing fidelity to the original artistic and cultural significance Different attitudes towards the reader will no doubt encourage different strategicorientations, one target-oriented and the other source-oriented, and produce distinct versions of the text with different social and aesthetic values

Strategic attitudes

Strategic attitude refers to how the translator responds to the predominant or traditional strategic orientations of his or her culture The history of translation theory reveals that “there are certain concepts of translation that prevail at different times” (Bassnett 1992: 41) These “concepts” almost never give rise to a single, unified and consistent strategy to prevail at a given time

Political and ethical attitudes

Political and ethical attitudes can be described as the translator’s active or passive response to the predominant political and ethical atmosphere in a given historicalcultural context When the translator encounters an SL text with political

or ethical viewpoints that do not conform to the TC political or ethical atmosphere, his or her own political or ethical attitudes will determine how it is treated Those who agree with or feel forced to follow the established political or ethical norms of the TC would adapt their translation to these norms at the expense of the original political, ethical, and unavoidably, semantic significance By contrast, translators

who are defiant of or indifferent to the political or ethical norms of the TC will be more faithful to the SL text even if it were hostile or threatening to TC political or ethical values

Professional attitudes

Professional attitudes simply refer to the translator’s sense of professional responsibility towards his or her work Mistranslation often results from the translator’s irresponsible approach to work Such a translator may display reluctance to make a careful and serious analysis of the original and to consult dictionaries, encyclopedias and experts for help in solving problems

In conclusion, there are quite lots of factors affect translation but linguistic and cultural factors play an important role Linguistic factors exert a direct and crucial influence upon the process of translating Each of the linguistic factors, phonological, lexical, syntactic and textual, can interfere with translation It can safely be assumed that interlingual differences constitute a main source of translation difficulties Translating works to bridge the cultural gap between two worlds and make communication possible between different linguistic communities The thesis’s survey limit is refined to focuse on cultural and linguistic factors

2.2.4 Factors affecting English-Vietnamese translation

Below are the factors affecting English-Vietnamese translation, according to a

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a Grammatical structure and vocabulary

These are the first two factors that contribute up to 50% to improving your translation skills In other words this is an extremely important factor To become a good translator, we need to be familiar with these two factors Identify grammatical structures and cultivate lots of vocabulary for both SL and TL

When we translate a long document or document, using the correct word to express is not enough, but we also need to use different sentence structures to convey certain content that is consistent and smooth For English, a word may have many separate meanings unrelated to each other Therefore, mastering all the

meaning of each word is extremely important and necessary to help us become fluent in the language, thereby improving our translation and writing skills It can be said, vocabulary and grammar are the foundation, the framework for all the remaining problems If this factor is good, we can achieve other things

b The difference in style between the two languages

Deciding 30% of the success of translations is the difference in style between the two languages This difference includes differences in the use of words, words, tone and especially cultural differences between countries This requires us to understand the two languages as well as the customs and practices between the two countries to use the words accordingly In other words, many words, phrases or sentences in this language seem to be very easy to understand in the other language but are not easy

to translate in a straightforward way Just like in Vietnamese, one of the top notes always mentioned when translating English to Vietnamese documents is the translation that is "pure Vietnamese", that is, the listener does not think it is a Westerner who translates in the style of westernization, not in accordance with Vietnamese customs and habits

c Experience and knowledge

The remaining 20% determine the perfection of the translation in the experience and knowledge of the translator The experience here includes life experiences, operational experience in the field of translation services Simply when we have no experience with a certain problem, for the first time we hear it, we will certainly not

be able to understand, let alone translate into another language properly It is knowledge that will help us handle situations more easily, and only experience will help us access knowledge so quickly Knowledge includes both basic knowledge and in-depth knowledge Everyone has areas of their forte directly related to work

If we have only basic knowledge, we will not be able to easily deal with areas that require in-depth knowledge Therefore, we need to try to cultivate knowledge to keep active in all situations

d Vietnamese and English cultural differences

In considering the term culture, scholars and linguists have based their conclusions on many different criteria and arrived at different definitions which can

be classified into one group or more

To a language teacher and in this thesis also, theories and definitions of culture which identify culture on grounds of establishing and emphasizing on one or more constituting factors of culture itself are believed to be the fittest working definitions because they illustrate the relationship among social members or social groups, their communication and behaviour

In the first place, UNESCO (1996:108) launches the formal definition focusing

on the character of culture as follows ‘Culture is a set of symbolic systems which regulate the behaviour and enable the mutual communication of a plurality of people, establishing them into particular and instinct community.’

Ferrando (1996:18) considers Culture according to the nature of human beings’ possession, perception and action: Culture is everything that one has, thinks, and does as a member of a society

The Vietnamese focuses on the concerns on the family and maintaining inner harmony A Vietnamese is always addressed by his given name and referred to by his full name, but never by his family name alone Family structure is complex and roles and relationships are clearly defined Family and social relationships are based

on mutual respect The Vietnamese language is composed of three different dialects The economy is essentially agricultural The Vietnamese relates to nature on an emotional level The value system is based on allegiance to family, yearning for a good name, love of learning, and respect for others

The culture of England is defined by the idiosyncratic cultural norms of England and the English people Humour, tradition and good manners are characteristics commonly associated with being English England has played a significant role in science, drama, literature, technology, democracy, music, and folklore Many of the world's most important technological advancements and inventions were made in England by English people English culture has had a profound impact across the world

In accordance with the definitions of culture, it is clear that culture is composed

of many elements It is very conducive to look at the elements of culture as a way of studying culture and translation

Historical aspect

The historical culture refers to the culture settled and formed during the development of society This kind of difference impedes the communication

between languages For instance, the Vietnamese allusion “con Lạc cháu Rồng”

must be translated in a direct way with some explanations, for there are lack of such historical background in western countries

Geographical and psychological aspect

Different nations’ geographical and psychological culture is also a main barrier

in translation Because of the different geographical environment and different nation’s mentalities, the same word will have totally different meanings in two different cultures For instance, words like “fire, sea, Roland, Oliver, shepherd…” cause a different mental responding among Vietnamese readers while words like

“giang sơn, núi non, biển cả, rừng vàng, biển bạc…” in Vietnamese have their particular imaginary meanings, but they could not be experienced by the western readers

The material aspect

The material aspect of culture refers to the material achievements of a social group The following elements of culture belong to this aspect economy, science, technology, food, clothing, shelter, transportation, tools and other artifacts that characterize a group of people

Success in translating information or messages about artifacts or other distinctive material achievements of a person will contribute much to the intercourse in this respect and will enable other people in the world to share the material achievements, which will bring about faster development of material culture

In term of food, some traditional Vietnamese food can not translated directly as

“Chung cake”, “Day cake” because “bánh Chưng”, “bánh Dày” referred to

Vietnamese philosophical legend, and Vietnamese people only eat these foods on these special occasions with their wishes of prosperoury, health, happiness and family reunion while “cake” is just a daily food to English people tasting sweet for a tea break

The customs and traditions aspect

The communicative system, verbal and non-verbal, distinguishes one group from another This aspect of culture includes verbal language and non-verbal behavior (body language) Through translation, people speaking different languages can communicate with each other and exchange their opinions Translation will also accelerate the exchange of different non-verbal behavior, thus making different communication systems known to each other

The above aspects of culture are different parts of a whole and they interact with each other Success in translation is to a great extent, success in translating these aspects or transferring these cultural messages

2.2.5 Summary

The chapter has briefly described and examined related studies on the same field Some basic points of culture-language-communication relationship, family and its basement: members in the families, ATs and their typical features, English and Vietnamese addressing systems have been made clear of The chapter is hoped

to have properly provided the background knowledge of the subject matter, on the basis of which data collection instruments are constructed and described in more details in next chapter

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research question revisited

At this point, the three research questions are:

1 How are English addressing terms translated into Vietnamese?

2 What are the factors affecting the translation of English addressing terms into Vietnamese?

3 What are some suggestions for the translation of English addressing terms into Vietnamese?

3.2 Methods of the study

The methods are used in this study include descriptive and comparative analysis

The descriptive analysis will be used for listing the number of addressing terms including personal pronouns, sub-groups of nouns and expressing of addressing in specific contexts in the novel, classifying into groups and subgroups to draw general observations It also use for describing the factors affecting the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese

The comparative analysis will be used for comparing the ATs use of English and Vietnamese and indicating the suitable translating it from English into Vietnamese

3.3 Data collection and analysis

As the objects of the study were two groups: English original novel “Gone with the wind” by Margaret Mitchell and the Vietnamese translation version “Cuốn theo chiều gió” translated by Vu Kim Thu It is possible that ATs and categories are used between members in both cultures through the novel and its translation It is also possible that factors affect the choice of ATs in the two cultures The data collection instruments can be collected through the original novel and its translation, applying translation in English theory The number of ATs was listed including personal pronoun, sub-groups of nouns and expressions of addressing in characters' talk in

specific contexts and classified into groups and subgroups to draw general

observations

3.4 Data collection procedures

The data collection procedures were conducted in five phases described as follows:

Phase 1: Collecting and reading the novel “Gone with the wind” (Margaret Mitchell’s work) and its translation by Vu Kim Thu “Cuốn theo chiều gió”

Phase 2: Searching for English and Vietnamese ATs used in the two publications

Phase 3: Investigating how the English ATs are translated into Vietnamese Phase 4: Finding the factors affecting the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese

Phase 5: Finding some suggestions for the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese

3.5 Summary

Chapter 3, with the focus on reading the two publications and search for English and Vietnamese ATs used in the two publications, has also made clear the procedures of selecting the factors affecting the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese and some suggestions for the translation of English ATs into Vietnamese All responses have been decoded and analysed In next chapter, all findings will be analyzed in detail and presented explicitly