The thesis structure Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the dissertation consists of six chapters: Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Theoretical framework for agricultura
Trang 1INTRODUCTION
1 Reason for research
In recent years, the demand for fresh food of citizens has been increasing Especially when incidence of
incurable diseases due to consumption of unsafe products, residues of pesticides, and preservatives harmful to
consumers seem to be alarmingly increasing According to WHO (2018), Vietnam has about 1.500.000 new cancer
cases per each year One of the main causes of this situation is the consumption of unsafe products
In the world, consumers are also concerned about the unsafe food (Loc, 2006) The more extensive of
international economic integration, the more stringent the technical barriers in trade, food hygiene, and safety
requirements Vietnam's exported agricultural products face many risks of being unable to be exported, or being
returned due to failing to meet the requirements of food hygiene and safety (Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2015)
Therefore, the production and consumption of clean and quality products become more urgent than ever
Tea is a perennial industrial crop, with a lifespan of 50 to 70 years Tea contains up to 20 healthy micro
elements, cancer prevention, cholesterol reduction, bactericidal, weight loss, stress reduction (Goto, 1993; Uno et
al., 2016) Demand for tea consumption in the world until 2024 is forecasted to increase by an average of 3.7%
per year (FAO, 2016); Safe tea production has great potentials for further development Tea is one of the main
export agricultural products in Vietnam, and it ranks 5th and accounts for 7% of the world's tea export market
Vietnam's tea products have been exported to more than 100 countries in the world, of which 90% are raw tea
products with low price (equal 1/2 average tea price in the world) (Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2017;
VIETTRADE, 2015)
One of the reasons for this situation is that Vietnamese tea has not yet met the technical barriers on food
safety and hygiene of the developed market like EU and US Safe and sustainable agricultural production is an
indispensable trend, receiving the attention of researchers around the world Sriwichailamphan et al (2008),
Canavari, Lombardi and Cantonre (2008), Pongvinyoo et al (2014), Vu, Nguyen and Santi (2016) studied
adoption Good Agricultura practices (GAPs) in different ways with different methodologies In Vietnam, the
previous researches have studied on GAP standards apllied in green vegetables, fruit trees, and cattle products
(Dinh Dung, 2009; Nguyen Hung Cuong and Nguyen Vo Linh, 2013; Duc Hiep, 2013; Hong Trang, 2016)
These studies mentioned how to increase the GAPs areas and the number of households producing under
GAPs, but did not mention how to maintain GAPs Production
Currently, Vietnam has less than 1% GAPs tea -producing areas of the total tea areas (MARD, 2018),
and the households who have been discontinuing GAPs adoption in tea production are popular Studying of
the determinants of adoption and continuing adoption GAP in tea production is an urgent issue to increase the
number of households participating and maintaining GAP tea production
Vietnam has 34/63 provinces growing tea, the large and main tea production are in NMM region, and
Lam Dong Province, with total area of up to 123,669 ha (MARD, 2018; FAO, 2012) In which, the NMM
region accounts for 79.2% area and 74.1% of the national tea outputs There are many localities applying GAPs
for tea production early (from 2009), so the time is long enough for the selection and maintaining GAPs behavior
can be observed and verified This is an important characteristic that allows research on the adoption and
maintaining GAPs for producing tea
NMM region is a region consisting of many localities with similarities in tea production conditions and
socioeconomic conditions in rural areas in terms of average income per capital/month in agricultural production
areas (GSO, 2016) The findings of the selection decision on GAPs tea production in the NMM region have the
prospect of expansion for similar tea producing provinces throughout the country thus will increase the practical
significance of the study
Therefore, the topic "Decision on applying Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) standard in tea production of
households in the Northern Midlands and Mountains region" is selected for the doctoral thesis in agricultural
economics
2 Research objectives and questions
The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate the factors that affect decision on applying GAP standard in
tea-producing households in the NMM region Particularly, it studies factors that affect both GAP adoption and GAP
remains decisions of the tea-producing households Base on the empirical results, the thesis proposes some
To achieve the research objectives, the thesis goes to answer the following questions:
- What are the different characteristics between producing GAPs tea and tradition tea?
- How is current status GAPs tea production in NMM region?
- What are the factors and their impacts on adoption of GAPs standard in tea -producing households in NMM region?
- What are the factors and their impacts on remaining GAPs standard in tea -producing households in NMM region?
- What recommendations can be proposed to promote tea-producing households adopting and maintaining GAPs standard in tean production?
3 Subject and scope of research
3.1 Research subject
The research subject is the decision on applying GAP standard in tea- producing households, with a focus
on determinants of adopting and remaining GAP standard in tea production
3.2 Scope of research
Time scope
The primary data were collected from June 2017 to June 2018 The secondary data were collected from
2015 to 2018
Spatial scope
The study was carried out in the NMM region, focusing on the provinces with large areas producing GAPs tea: Thai Nguyen (21.361 hectares), Phu Tho (approximately 16,000 hectares), and Yen Bai (approximately 11.000 ha) The findings are the evidences for proposing recommendations to promote GAPs tea production in Vietnam The research sample selection is discussed in detail in Chapter 3
Scope of content
The study focused on factors that affect decision of household on adopting and remaining GAP standard
in tea production the NMM region In fact, almost tea-producing households are applying VietGAP for producing tea, some other standards like UTZ, Rainforest Alliance however, they are insignificant and only adopted by companies Therefore, within the scope of the thesis, the content of the GAPs process analyzed in this study is the VietGAP process
4 Research methodology
Quantitative and qualitative methodology are used in this thesis
Desk study
Interview
Survey Description Regression
5 The thesis structure Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the dissertation consists of six chapters:
Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Theoretical framework for agricultural production technology selection of farmer households in GAP tea production
Chapter 3: Research methodology Chapter 4: GAP tea production in Northern Midland and Mountainous region Chapter 5: Empirical result of adoption and continued adoption GAP standard in tea production Chapter 6: Recommendations to promot adoption and continued adoption GAP standards in tea production
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Agricultural production in the direction food hygiene and safety
Trang 21.2 GAPs Production adoption
1.2.1 Studying factors determining production selection according to GAP standards
(i) The research identifying the factors affecting to the technology application in general and agricultural production
according to GAP standards of households in particular; (ii) The research focuses on the adoption dynamics of the
food safety controls; and (iii) The study focuses on farmers' perceptions and attitudes toward production good
agricultral practices (GAPs)
Results from previous studies have shown that there are two groups of internal and external factors that influence
farmers' decision to adopt GAP standards Each group of factors can be divided into two specific groups of factors:
(i) Internal factors: The characteristics of household head and household and Technical requirement and (ii)
External factor: Market and government policies
1.2.2 The main approaches in studies of GAPs selection determinant factors
In order to carry out studies related to identifying factors affecting farmers' choice, the main methods used
in the previous studies were qualitative and quantitative methods Qualitative approach through interviews, group
discussions to study the factors affecting farmers' awareness and motivation when applying GAP standards for
the litchi (Truong et al., 2002) or production food (Zhou & Jin, 2009)
Quantitative methods were used in Doss and Morris (2001), Tran (2009), Sriwichailamphan (2008), Josph
(2002), Kassiousmis et al (2004), Abdulai et al (2008), Chouichom et al (2010), Pongvinyoo (2014), Saengabha et al
(2015) The logit or probit models with dependent variables being binary variables are often used In addition, some
studies use a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify and estimate the impact of factors
affecting household choices (Mudalige and Henson, 2006; Hong Trang, 2016)
1.3 Theory of the household decision
There are two main approaches for studying technology selection decision of household The first approach
is based on the theory of Peasant economics (Ellis, 1980) The second approach, based on sociological theories,
where psychological structures are used to explain farmer behavior
1.4 Researching gaps
Many previous researches have mentioned and researched on agricultural production in the direction of food
hygiene and safety in general and production according to GAP standards in particular But, there have no research
focused on explaining the household's decision to maintain GAP for agricultural production
The thesis focuses on: (i) studying the factors that influence the adoption / continued adoption decision of
GAP standard for producing tea of farmer households; ii) estimating the influence of factors on two decisions
(adoption /continued adoption) of tea production according to GAP standards of households; (iii) three new factors
can affect to two decisions of tea farmers are added in to the research model: technical requirements of GAP
production process; GAP certification fee; received support of government
CHAPTER 2: THEORITICAL BASIC FOR SELECTION DECISION OF FARMER HOUSEHOLD IN
PRODUCING AGRICULTURE ACCORDING TO GAPs 2.1 Basic theory of selection decision
Peasant economics theory of Ellis (1980) is main theory used in this thesis
2.2 Characteristic of production selection decision of farme
The main characteristic of famer's decision are: pragmatic; anxiety (fear) when making decisions to choose
production innovation due to risk aversion psychology; decisions were made at a low level, due to the low assets
and the risk fearing; seldom changed by afraid to innovate, working by experiences; crowd psychology, affected
by the phenomenon of psychological spread; flexibility due to small-scale production; the person who has power
decision of a farmer household is usually the household head or the elderly in the household and is usually male;
The decision to select a household's production depends on the household's goals, production resources, demand,
technical requirement and technologies, and government policies
2.3 Agricultural production of household according to GAPs
GAP is a standard, a process that consists of the principles, procedures and standards established to address environmental sustainability, socioeconomic, aims to create safe food or agricultural products for both producers and consumers, as well as protecting the environment
Manufacturing according to GAP standards contributes to create products that ensure safety for both producers and consumers, traceability; improve knowledge for producers, increase production productivity; increased producer responsibility; raise consumer's believe; protect the ecological environment
2.3.2 Selection decision of households according to GAPs
Farm households' selection decision on production is the process and outcome of their conscious choice
of activities in agricultural production The selection decision on GAPs production of the household is the decision
to choose whether to apply / maintain GAPs for the household's production
2.3.3 Some GAPs are adopted for agricultural production
Some GAP standards that are currently applied to agricultural production include “GlobalGAP, AseanGAP, QGAP, JGAP, ChinaGAP, VietGAP, Rainforest Alliances certified, UTZ Certified…” In which, some standard have been applied to produce tea such as: VietGAP, Rainforest Alliances certified, UTZ Certified, GlobalGAP However, VietGAP standards are applied by most farmers to their tea production, standards such as UTZ, Rainforest, and GlobalGAP are applied and maintained by some enterprises
2.4 Producing tea according to GAPs
2.4.1 Conception
Good agricultural production practices for tea in Vietnam are the principles and procedures to guide organizations and individuals to produce, harvest, preserve and certify tea to ensure food hygiene and safety, improving product quality, ensuring social welfare and health for producers, consumers and protecting the environment, as a basis for traceability of products
2.4.2 The content of producing tea according to GAPs
According to the regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2008), tea production according to VietGAP standards will include (i) Assessing and selecting tea production areas; (ii) Seed and rootstock; (iii) Land and material management; (iv) Irrigation water; (v) Fertilizers and additives; (vi) Planting protection and chemical use; (vii) Harvesting, preserving and transporting; (viii) managing and treating waste; (ix) Workers; (x) Working conditions; (xi) Documentation, record and traceability; (xii) Internal inspection; (xiii) Complaints and resolve of complaints
2.4.3 The different between GAPs tea and tradition tea production
With traditional tea production, it does not follow specific regulations, does not trace the origin of products, production by experience, habits of the producers, food hygiene and safety are not been committed and monitored the implementation by any process
2.4.4 Factors affecting to GAPs tea selection decision of households
Household economic behavior is influenced by internal factors and external factors (Ellis, 1980) Internal factors include household factors such as household characteristics and technical factors such as production conditions, technical requirements External factors are market factors and governmental factors
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Conceptual framework and variables
3.1.1 Conceptual framework
Trang 3Figure 3.1: The production selection decision of household
Source: Author synthesized and adjusted
Selection decision of household is researched in two stage: The first adoption GAPs for producing tea and continued
adoption/give up producing tea following GAPs
3.1.2 Research variables
Table 3.1: Explaining scale, bases and hypotheses the impact of variables
adoption
gender
Gender of household head
= 1 if household head is man,
otherwise = 0
Ellis (1980), Truong & Ryuichi Yamada (2002), Doss & Morris (2000), Kumar (1994)
Ellis (1980), Truong & Ryuichi Yamada (2002), Sriwichailamphan et al (2008), Quyet Thang (2018)
Ethnic
The ethnic of household head, = 1 if
household head is Kinh, otherwise =
0
education
The education level of household
head, = 1 if household head of high
school, otherwise = 0
Feder et al (1995), Truong &
Ryuichi Yamada (2002), Kassioumis et al (2004), Liu et al (2011)
Experience The years of tea production of
household head
Chouichom &Yamao (2010), Saengabha et al (2015), Wabbi (2002)
Political Household is member of political
organization = 1, otherwise = 0 Joseph (2013), Saengabha (2015) + +
Distance The distance from household to
center of district, km
Deng et al (2010), Karki et al
attitude The attitude of household with GAPs,
attitude = 1 if positive, otherwise = 0
Pongvinyoo (2014), Masahiro et
Benefit Awareness of household of GAPs
benefit, scale is likert scale
Holleran (1999), Hobbs (2003), Jayasinghe & Mudalige (2005), Zhou & Jin (2009), Hong Trang (2016)
Technical
Areas The areas of tea of household, unit:
Technical
requirement
Awareness of household about
technical requirement of GAPs ,
Likert scale
Fao (1993), interview (appendix
Registration
fee
The idea of household about the
Market
Technical requirement
Characteristic of household head and household
Selection decision (adoption/ continued
adoption) of producing tea
according to GAP of household
policies
Market requirement
Awareness of household about market requirement of GAPs tea, Likert scale
Holleran et al (1999), Jaya singhe Mudalige (2005), Sriwichailamphan et al (2008)
Government
Support Household who got support from
Government policies
Evaluation of household of GAPs production government policies, Likert scale
Zhou & Jin (2009), Deng et al
Source: Author synthesized
3.2 Research methodology
3.2.1 Method of collection data
3.2.1.1 Method of collection secondary data
Secondary data are collected and synthesized from published documents such as Statistical Yearbook, documents of MARD… In addition, secondary documents are collected through documents published in magazines, journals, mass media, internet
3.2.1.2 Method of collection primary data Indepth- interview method
The thesis interviews 30 people who are heads of households and district commune officials Including 3 commune officials, 3 district officials and 24 households head who planting tea in 2 provinces Thai Nguyen and Yen Bai This method is used to collect ideas, exploit information, explore additional factors to the research model, and add ideas to the questionnaire…
The interview questionnaire content consists of two parts: Information about the interviewee and the content
of interview (situation of tea production according to GAP standards in the locality, advantages and disadvantages
of GAPs tea production, the reason why households choose, maintain or abandon GAP, opinions of interviewees
on policies, state support for tea production according to current GAP standards, recommendations of interviewees .)
Survey method Sample
● Selection criteria The thesis selects research place based on the following criteria: (i) Farmers are planting tea according to GAP standards in the Northern Midland and Mountainous area; (ii) Farmers had applied GAP standards to tea production; (iii) The tradition tea production household in NMM region
● Sample selection method Research sample in the topic was selected by cluster random sampling method Specifically, the sampling procedure takes three steps as follows:
Step 1: Selection sample by the place and household The thesis selects research samples in localities where have large tea areas Three provinces are selected: Thai Nguyen, Yen Bai and Phu Tho In each province, two districts are selected and two communes in each districts are selected for the survey
Step 2: Determining the sample size The thesis conducts a survey of 450 households in 3 provinces, after collected and checked, 443 observations are accepted so the actual sample size of the thesis is 443 observations
Survey questionnaire
Based on the overview, research frameworks and results obtained from qualitative interviews, the content of the questionnaire surveying of the thesis is designed The content of the questionnaire included the research purpose and the contents of the survey in four groups of factors: (i) Characteristics of households and household heads, (ii) Technical
Trang 4Conducting data collection
The thesis collects survey data by face to face interview with traditional tea farmers, households are applying GAPs
and households that abandoned GAPs This method takes time and effort but gives good and reliable survey results
3.2.2 Method of analyzing data
3.2.2.1 Description methodology
This method is used to analyze the current production situation of tea production (GAPs tea and traditional
tea) of households in the NMM region and describe the factors affecting the household's decision to producing tea
according to GAPs
3.2.2.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis
Thesis uses the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA to calculate the scale of qualitative variables (likert scale)
in research model
3.2.2.4 Regression analysis
Based on the research framework, the thesis implements two research models:
Model 1: Whether adoption or not adoption GAPs for tea of household in NMM region;
Model 2: Whether continued adoption or abandon GAPs for tea of household in NMM region;
The different between two models
(i) The first decision (Y1, adoption decision, the first adoption, the first time tea households has to know
and apply GAPs, the second decision (Y2), the maintaining decision which happen after (the first decision) the first
stage end, the farmers have used to GAPs, have experiences and get some certain results;
(ii) The continued adoption decision affected by factors after experiences the first stage, so some new factors
may appear Specifically, if Y1= f(x), so Y2 = g(x,x2|Y1)
Figure 3.1: Decision of tea household with GAPs
In which: Xi are independent variables affected to GAPs household decision and can continued affected to
maintaining adoption GAPs decision of households; Zi are independent variables appear after households have
participated GAP in the first stage and only affected to continue adoption decision of households
The specific model
(i) The Probit model is used to estimate the factors affected to adoption decision of household in adoption
or not adoption GAPs for tea
(ii) The Bivariate Probit model is used to evaluate the factor affected to maintaining GAPs decision for tea of
household
3.3 Research data
Table 3.2: Data of research sample
Xi
Adoption decision
Maintaining adoption decision
Zi
Source: Results from survey
CHAPTER 4 GAPs TEA PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN MIDLAND AND MOUNTAINOUS REGION 4.1 Natural and socio-economic characteristics of NMM region
4.2 Overview of tea production according to GAP standards in NMM region
4.2.1 GAPs tea production in NMM region
Table 4.4 Area of GAPs tea in NMM region, from 2015-2018
Unit: ha
2018-2015 (%)
Source: IRC (2018), Mard (2015)
There is a sharp decrease in GAPs tea area As of February 2018, 6 provinces had no GAPs tea, 3 provinces lost over 99% of GAPs tea area, the province with the largest percentage of GAPs tea belonged to Thai Nguyen
4.2.2 Implement tea production process according to GAP standards
Implementing GAP process of farmers is not really serious, or halfheartedly applying GAP for producing tea quite popular Farmers household still feel difficulty when applying the GAP process to tea production
4.2.3 Investment cost for producing GAPs tea
The cost of GAP tea production is higher than the cost of regular tea production (mainly due to initial investment costs and labor costs), while households receive only partial support and have to invest first and then received the support later, this makes it difficult for households to choose GAP tea production
4.2.4 Productivity of GAPs tea production
Applying GAPs, the tea productivity has increased and higher than the traditional tea (the productivity of GAP tea producing households is approximately 120 quintals of fresh tea / ha, traditional tea reaches 110 9 quintals / ha) This result by the GAP tea producing households have applied the process from seed selection, soil treatment, tending, to harvesting, all based on the growth and development cycle of tea plants, since then tea has
a high productivity
4.2.5 The market sale of GAPs tea
The system of GAP tea consumption channels is similar to that of traditional tea, there is no system of GAP tea products Consumer awareness has not changed significantly, besides the GAP standard process is not strict in the supervision of harvesting, processing, and packaging , so it creates the low trust for consumers
Trang 54.4 Evaluation the results of GAPs tea production
4.4.1 The advantage results
In recent years, there have been new households registering to apply GAPs for tea production and a few
of households in the region have maintained GAP for tea production
Farmers who have been trained in the GAP process have changed their perceptions of the risks of
traditional production and the benefits of the GAPs to the health for both producers and consumers, thereby
changing in production
4.4.2 The disadvantage and its reason
The tea areas applying GAPs on the total tea area of NMM region is still too low (0.53%)
The obey GAP process of farmers is not really serious, the half-heartedly adoption has still quite popular
Farmers still have felt difficulty in applying GAP process for tea production
The market for GAPs tea products still faces many difficulties
The State's support policy has not been effective
CHAPTER 5 EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF ADOPTION AND CONTINUED ADOTION TEA
PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO GAP STANDARDS 5.1 Result of exploratory factor analysis
5.2 GAPs adoption decision for tea production
The result of Probit model is presented in Table 5.3
Table 5.1: Factors affecting to GAPs adoption decision of tea households
(dy/dx)
(0.2416)
0.0259 (0.0238)
(0.0208)
-0.0007 (0.0021)
(0.2541)
-0.0402 (0.0247)
(0.2557)
0.0389 (0.0252)
(0.0224)
-0.0025 (0.0022)
(0.2602)
0.0794**
(0.0246)
(0.0229)
-0.0011 (0.0022)
(0.3483)
0.2807***
(0.0255)
(0.2823)
0.0988**
(0.0263)
(0.3561)
-0.0201 (0.0351)
(0.1298)
0.0280**
(0.0125)
(0.1499)
0.0559**
(0.0142)
(0.1519)
0.0435**
(0.0141)
(dy/dx)
(1.111)
Note: The value in ( ) is standard deviation of each variables;
*, **, and *** present significant level at 10%, 5% & 1%
Source: Author calculated
Empirical results from the model provides evidence that the household's GAPs adoption decision for tea production is positively influenced by the following factors: (i) The attitude of household head with GAPs; (ii) GAPs tea benefit awareness of household; (iii) Household head is a member of political organization; (iv) Areas
of tea; (v) Market requirement awareness of household; (vi) State policies for producing tea The more household believe in GAPs, know to benefit of GAPs for production and consumption, household head is member of political organization, or the bigger area households have, the higher demand of GAPs tea and the more effective of GAPs production, the more GAPs adoption decision of households are made This result also explains the situation of applying GAP to tea production of the Northern Midland and Mountainous region It is (i) psychologically afraid that have ineffectively output; (ii) farmers still mainly have short-term thoughts (profits, selling prices) awareness
of safety issues for themselves and customers is not high; (iii) current tea production areas is fragmented which difficult to apply GAP standards; (iv) The market of GAPs tea has not developed, customers do not require or require very little GAPs tea, they do not care about safety production standards; (v) Policies for GAP tea production are still unclear and inaccessible to farmers This result is a suggestion for proposing to encourage households selecting GAPs for tea production in the NMM region
5.3 Continued adoption GAPs for tea production of household Table 5.4: Marginal effect of factors affection to continued adoption decision of household in producing tea
according to GAPs
(0.0605)
-0.0972**
(0.0295)
- 0.1117** (0.0310)
(0.0040)
-0.00005 (0.0020)
- 0.000135 (0.0020)
(0.0497)
0.0090 (0.0244)
0.01672 (0.0253)
The education level of household head
-0.0363 (0.0518)
-0.0150 (0.0256)
-0.02133 (0.0262)
(0.0035)
-0.0015 (0.0017)
-0.00136 (0.0018) Household head is a member of political
organization
0.0425 (0.0536)
0.0257 (0.0264)
0.01677 (0.0272)
The distance from household to district center 0.0171**
(0.0048)
0.0080**
(0.0024)
0.0091** (0.0024)
Trang 6The attitude of household head with GAPs 0.1381*
(0.0694)
0.0871**
(0.0336)
0.05094**
(0.0358) The household who got the support of
government
0.5343***
(0.0895)
0.2509***
(0.0435)
0.2834***
(0.0460)
(0.7534)
0.0843**
(0.3788)
0.0792*
(0.3746)
(0.0265)
0.0293*
(0.0131)
0.02848 (0.0134)
(0.0285)
0.0421**
(0.0141)
0.0373**
(0.0144)
(0.0279)
0.0153 (0.0135)
0.01096 (0.0144)
(0.0235)
0.0032 (0.0096)
0.00682 (0.0139)
(0.0001)
0.0004***
Awareness of household about registration fee 0.0785**
(0.0179)
0.0785***
Note: *, **, and *** present significant level at 10%, 5% & 1%
Source: Author calculated
At mean, the average marginal effects value of the factors belonging to characteristic of households and
household head, technology, markets and state policies have been calculated and decomposed into direct and
indirect effect
Thus, factors that directly, indirectly and positively influence a household's decision to maintain GAPs are
found: (i) The more confident the household head with the GAPs process, the higher the ability to maintain GAPs;
(ii) The more the household's awareness of the benefits of GAP to tea production, the higher the probability of
maintaining GAPs; (iii) The larger the tea production area, the further distance from the center, the more
households are able to maintain GAPs for tea production; (iv) Households received support to continue GAPs and
the more effective GAPs support policy is, the higher probability of decision to maintain GAPs
Factors found to have a direct and positive impact are revenue of GAPs tea and the registration fee GAP
certificate extension in proper level GAPs tea revenue increases, registration fee is proper, the ability to maintain
GAPs for tea will increase In contrary with the factors above, gender factor has negative to continue adoption
GAPs of household, it means the probability to maintain GAPs for tea of male is less than those of woman
Therefore, to increase probability of maintaining GAP for tea of household, need to care more with female
household head, beside that, GAPs tea market and support for continued adoption GAP also need to be solved
CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS TO PROMOTE HOUSEHOLD ADOTION AND CONTINUED
ADOPTION GAPs FOR PRODUCING TEA 6.1 The basic for proposal
6.1.1 Orientation and planning for tea production development according to GAP standards
6.2 Solutions to promote households adoption and continued adoption GAPs for tea production
Maintaining land fund and strengthening household linkages to increase the land areas for tea production according to GAP standards
Developin mechanisms to support households to maintain tea production according to GAP standards Strengthening the dissemination of knowledge and benefits on agricultural production processes according to GAPs and the successful applied production models
Focusing on solving the output market for tea products Regularly reviewing, developing and promulgating specific policies and circularing for tea production according to GAP standards, paying attention to policy implementation
Examining and supervising the implementation of tea production procedures according to GAPs Linking six parties in tea production according to GAPs
CONCLUSION
Base on Peasant economic of Ellis (1980), household decision framework (FAO, 1995), Selectively inherit from Ajzen's theory (1975), At the same time, after reviewd previous studies, interviewed with local officials and tea farmers in the NMM region, thesis identifies: (i) Research framework, (ii) Factors affecting to selection decision (adoption/continued adoption) of tea households, (iii) Building survey questionnaire, (iv) Collecting ideas from interviewees
The thesis uses secondary and primary information, using descriptive statistical methods, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis with two models: Probit and Bivariate Probit Some main research results are found:
(i) Tea production according to GAP standards must comply with many strict regulations from the preparation stage such as selecting land, water and seeds to processing, preserving and packaging to market When producing tea according to GAP standards, the responsibility of the producer is enhanced, the product has a clear origin allowing traceability and liability of producer if any problems occurs Meanwhile, traditional tea production
is often based on household experience, without a specific standard and it is difficult to identify responsibilities and traceability of product origin
(ii) The reality of GAPs tea production shows that: GAPs tea production area is very low and can not meet the plan; GAPs implementation of households still faces many difficulties; households are not interested in applying and maintaining GAPs; The market for GAPs tea products has not been developed, GAPs tea products have not yet competed with regular tea; There are still many inadequacies in management and implementation policies of government making the less believe for many households; The state supports for advertising and branding are ineffective; tea production inspection and supervision and quality control of the final tea products are not strict
(iii) The empirical evidences have shown that the characteristic of household and household head, technical requirement, market and policies of government have effect on households decision, these include factors that influence both adoption and continued adoption decisions: The futher the distance, the positive confident attitude towards GAPs, the level of awareness about the benefits of GAPs tea production, the larger the area, the more effective the policy for GAP application, the higher ability of household to adopt and continue adopt GAPs tea production In addition, being a member of political organizations and having higher market requirements for GAPs tea products will be a driving force for tea farmers to apply GAP Next, if GAP tea production revenue is better than regular tea production, households have continued to receive support for GAPs tea production, the percentage of households that maintain GAP will also be higher
The marginal effect of variables influencing both household adoption and continued adoption decisions (distance, attitude, benefits, area, policy) has been decomposed into indirect effects and direct effects This result provides evidence that first-stage experience increases the impact of factors on the continued adoption decision for tea production of households
(iv) Based on the research results, the thesis proposes 7 group solutions to encourage farmers to choose
Trang 7Today, safe tea production in general and tea production according to GAP standards in particular is an indispensable requirement of Vietnam's agriculture The implementation of GAP standards for tea production in the NMM region, the largest tea area in the country, is particularly important Not only preserving the ecological environment for the whole Northern region, ensuring the health of tea producers and consumers, but also contributing to building and improving the brand of Vietnamese tea products in the domestic and international market Therefore, it is necessary to continue persistently implementing and maintaining GAP standards for tea production in the NMM region in particular and Vietnam in general