Phương tiện biểu hiện nghĩa tình thái ở hành động hỏi tiếng anh và tiếng việt tt tiếng anh

The scope of the study of the relationship between the modality of the questions and the imperatives, the modality meaning of syntactic affection in the languages, however, in the scope

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN ANH

THE MEANS OF EXPRESSING MODALITY IN SPEECH ACT OF QUESTIONING IN ENGLISH AND

The work was completes at:

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE-GRADUATE ACADEMY OF

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Full name of supervisor:

Reviewer 1: Prof.Dr Nguyen Van Khang

Reviewer 2: Prof.Dr Hoàng Van Van

Reviewer 3:Ass.Priof Dr Tran Kim Phuong

The work is supervised at the Graduate Academy’s Board of Members, meeting at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi

At……/ ./ 20…

The work can be found at:

- Vietnam National Library

- Library of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences

LIST OF THESIS BY AUTHOR DISCLOSURE RELATED TO THE WORKS

1 Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: “Nghĩa tình thái ở kiểu hỏi chính

danh thể hiện ở câu trần thuật”, Tạp chí Từ điển học và bách

khoa thư, số 2 (58) 3/2019

2 Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh: “Tình thái trong kiểu hỏi chính danh

tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt”, Tạp chí Nhân lực khoa học xã hội, số 2(69)

- 3/2019

3 Võ Đại Quang- Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh “Nghiên cứu về một

số phương tiện biểu đạt tình thái trong câu hỏi tiếng Anh”, Tạp chí

ngôn ngữ và đời sống, số 9 (239) 2015

4 Võ Đại Quang- Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh “Một số đặc điểm

ngữ dụng của các kiểu câu hỏi chính danh tiếng Anh”, Tạp chí Khoa

học ngoại ngữ, trường ĐH Hà Nội, số 45/2015

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

The emotional nuances, the different emotional levels of the speaker and the listener in the process of communicating in the language are modality Modality tin language is a very wide array of knowledge and in any language, modality with the ways to express the modality are very various and rich

In the world and in Vietnamese linguistics, there have been many scientific studies on modality field and the means of conveying modality, especially in the view of pragmatics Modality is a category with which associated the expression of the imperative , permission, prohibition, necessity and possibility It is impossible to create the meaning of words if in that we cannot find any expression of modality’s temperament Modality is not only the soul of the sentence, the text, but also the communicative activities Communication will achieve the optimal efficiencies when we know how to use the means of modality expression Applying the means of modality expression will help the speaker build his speech as well as for the listener to receive and correctly grasp the speaker's intention in communicative process Therefore, the study of the modality and the means to express modality

is an interesting topic, which has been increasingly focused and developed to help us towards success in behavior and communication

Through research, we have found that there have been domestic and foreign topics focusing on the field of modality and revolving around the definition as well as the classifications of modality, means of modality expression The scope of the study of the relationship between the modality of the questions and the imperatives, the modality meaning

of syntactic affection in the languages, however, in the scope of the literature we have not been successful whichever is directly systematically interested in researching how to express the modality of the speech- acts in English and Vietnamese, manifested not only by questions but also by other types of sentences such as command, narration at doctoral thesis

For the reasons stated above, the study of the means of expressing modality in question of this thesis is necessary, helping to provide a broader view of the modality in language This study is not only to meet

the academic needs but also to meet the practical needs The doctoral thesis may to some extent contribute to the compilation of references for intensive teaching and learning, improving understanding for those who are interested in the research field of the thesis

2 Aims of the research

This doctoral thesis was carried out to serve the following aims: To study the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese questions in order to learn about the similarities and differences of means of modality expressing in terms of semantics- pragmatics in both languages Through the research, the author may cultivate the necessary understanding, raising the level of service for the teaching and translation of foreign languages

The research task of the doctoral thesis focuses on understanding the following issues:

1 Speech act theory, the act of asking, the modality and the means of modality expressing in languages

2 Identify direct and indirect speech acts in English and Vietnamese

3 Describing means of modality expressing in direct and indirect speech acts in English and Vietnamese

4 Finding out the similarities and differences of speech act modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality and means of modality expressing

in English and Vietnamese questioning

3 Object, scope of research and scope of linguistic sources

The object of the thesis is the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech acts of questions that means within the scope of this doteral thesis, we focus on surveying the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese direct and indirect speech acts of questions This doctoral thesis is serveyed on sources such

as English - Vietnamese questions, sources of narration, and statements used by a group of natural language authors of Stanford University (The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group) conducts voice recordings in TED talks videos (English-Vietnamese bilingual corpus: http://nlp.stanford.edu/project/nmt/ ), literary works such as Margaret

Mitchell's "Gone with the Wind” by Margaret Mitchell","The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown, the collection of Nguyen Hao Hai short stories, the collection of Chu Lai short stories, the collection of Ngo Tu Lap short stories named "Month with 15 days", the collection of Nguyen Huy Thiep, the collection of Nam Cao short stories, Ngo Tat To novels and the short stories printed on newspapers and magazines of the People's Army from 2000 to 2016

Currently, there are many types of modality that are established according to different criteria The scope of this thesis's research focuses on the attitude and means of modality expressing the attitude of verbal action, epistemic modality and deontic modality in direct and indirectspeech act of questions in English and Vietnamese The means of modality expressing attitudes in rhetorical English and Vietnamese are beyond the scope of this doctoral thesis

The speech act of question is an act that the speaker performs through the language, a type of illocutionary that tries

to elicit a certain information in the form of an answer In other words, this is the action the speaker takes to gather unknown information to know The speech act of question can have many means of modality expression and the same way of expression can perform many different speech act Questioning uses interrogation and other structures to request information or carry out communication purposes The speaker may use the questionnaire (or other sentence structure such as narrative or imperative) to perform an act of verbal inquiry The speech act of question expressed by the question is the direct speech act The speech act of question performed by narative or imperative is called indirect speech act

Thus, there are many different ways to perform the same speech act, because there are many different sentences performing the same speaking purpose From the analysis mentioned above, we suggest the following questions in English and Vietnamese:

(1) The act of asking directly in English and Vietnamese is the questioning action expressed by a question;

(2) Indirect questioning of English and Vietnamese is the act

of asking, expressed by narrative and imperative

4 Method of the research

Research methodology: To research the topic, we use the main research method which is the descriptive and collation method The descriptive method is aimed at clarifying the types of modality and the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech act of question In the descriptive one, we have applied the same tactics such as statistics, classification and tactics of contextual analysis on the specific linguistic sources we collected

In addition, we use a comparative method to find out the similarities and differences between the emotional units, the means of modality expressing, and the effect of using them in reality, thereby

we are better in understanding the modality , and the means of modality expressing in English and Vietnamese speech act of question to improve the efficiency of verbal communication

5 The contribution of the thesis

The thesis has identified the direct and indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese The research focuses on the means of expressing the speech act modality, the means of epistemic modality expressing, the means of deontic modality expressing in direct and indirect speech act of questions with specific characteristics of content and the corresponding relationship between form and content Through analysis, the research has initially recognized the similarities and differences in means of expressing the speech act modality, means of expressing epistemic modality, means

of expressing deontic modality in directly and indirectly speech act of questions in English and Vietnamese

6 Theoretical and practical meanings of the doctoral thesis

In the theory: Through the comparison of the modality and

the means of modality expressing of speech act questions in English and Vietnamese, the thesis helps to get more awareness of the expression of speech ach modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality in English and Vietnamese act of asking directly and in the act of asking indirectly as well as to find the similarities and differences of means of expressing modality in English and Vietnamese act of asking

In practice: Although the modality status has not been new, it

has always been an interesting topic that attracted the attention of many linguists In the spirit of inheriting and promoting the research results of many previous authors on the issue of modality and means

of modality expression , in this thesis, we focus on research to highlight internal issues: how to use the modality and how to convey modality in direct and indirect speech act questions in English and Vietnamese There are not many studies on the means of expressing modality in illocutionary types in the speech act of question of both languages: English and Vietnamese The results of the thesis will serve for the further teaching foreign languages, or a reference for those who are interested in the research area of the topic

7 The design of the doctoral thesis

The doctoral thesis is organized into three chapters and is concluded the Introduction and Conclusion

Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation and the theoretical basis of the thesis

Chapter 2: Means of modality expressing in direct speech act

of question in English and Vietnamese

Chapter 3: Means of modality expressing in indirect speech act of question in English and Vietnamese

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE THESIS

1.1 Overview of the situation study and the means of expressing modality in English and Vietnamese

1.1.1 Abroad research

Foreign linguistic researchers such as Ch.Bally (1905), O Jespersen (1949), V Wright (1951), N Rescher (1968), J Lyons (1995), J.R Searle (1969), T Givón (1993), F Palmer (2001) have made significant contributions to the development of a general theoretical framework on modality and modality classification In it, Ch.Bally was the first to distinguish Modus (status part) as one of two essential and important components of the meaning structure of the speech attached to

the psychological aspect, showing the factors belonging to the offense micro-emotions, wills, attitudes, and assessments of the speaker on what

is being said, in relation to reality, to the interlocutor and to the context

of communication Most of the researchers on the modality in foreign countries such as O Jepersen (1949), V Wright (1951), N.Reacher (1968), Quirk et al (1972), T Givón (1993), M.A K Halliday (1994), J Lyons (1995), F Palmer (2001) discuss about two main types of states: linguistics modality and logic modality

1.1.2 Domestic research

In Vietnam, the linguists such as Hoang Phe (1989), Cao Xuan Hao (1991), Ho Le (1992), Le Dong (1996), Nguyen Thi Luong (1996), Nguyen Duc Dan (1998), Diep Quang Ban (2000), Hoang Tue (2001), Pham Hung Viet (2003), Bui Manh Hung (2003), Nguyen Van Hiep (2001, 2004, 2007, 2015) directly concerned about the modality of affairs The researches are very detailed and there are many in-depth interpretations of the emotional issues in various aspects Cao Xuân Hạo (1999) distinguished two types of attitudes: the modality of speech acts and the modality in statements Nguyen Thi Luong (1996) applied the linguistic action theory to the study of ten end-use verb phrases to ask in order to find out the verbal actions that end-to-end participle has the ability to express in the specific context in which they appear, describing the validity of those actions” Pham Hung Viet thinks that in order to express the modality of a sentence, there must be facilities such as phonetic means (intonation, stress), vocabularies (verbs, adverbs, adverbs, exclamations, etc.) the context

of the situation, grammar (reversing word order, changing sentence structure ) and Vietnamese adverbs that can participate in expressing

a number of different types of illocutionary including direct and indirect speech act of question Nguyen Van Hiep (2007) addresses the main modality categories in language based on the opposites of

modality pairs such as (the epistemic modality and deontic modality ),

the contrast between the epistemic modality and the root modality, the opposite of agent-oriented modality and speaker-oriented modality , the opposite of the modality of the speech purpose and the state of the statement The emotional contradictions he points out show a wide range of modality studies

The study of the modality and means of modality expressing

in speech act of question in English and Vietnamese initially helps

us to identify what is the speech act of question in English and Vietnamese; to identify the direct and indirect speech act of question , speech act modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality and the means by which they are expressed

1.2 Overview of the speech act of question research in English and Vietnamese

The speech act of question research is not a new issue and is very interested in linguists, but the attitudes of researchers are also different For English, special attention is paid to the work of J Austin (1969) and J Searle (2001) when researchers refer to the theory of verbal action Researchers like A.ierzbicka, J Sadock, G Gazdar, RM Harnis, G Yule share the same attitudes with J Pearle about criteria for classifying speech act, which are the main characteristics, important of speech act However, the difference in the authors' study of linguistic action lies in the complementary criteria for the characteristics determining the linguistic action such as the conditions of use, or the conditions of satisfaction and orientation Sort small criteria under big criteria in the classification The works of J Austin (1969) O Ducrot (1972) J.Searle (1979) directed research on the issues of semantics, pragmatics of the question J Searle is the initiator of the study of indirect speech act O Ducrot with a view to studying the question in the relationship between a sentence-utterance For Vietnamese, research by Nguyen Kim Than (1979) shows that the identification of a question is based on the purpose of speaking Ho Le (1992), Cao Xuan Hao (1995), Diep Quang Ban (2000) identify question through criteria of question marks and signs of questions Inverting the order, changing the structure of the question may indicate the speaker's intention to focus on a certain point in the speech of the question On the pragmatic level, it is noteworthy that Le Dong's (1996) study of the question is questionable He considers the question in question in interpersonal relationships such as communicator, communication role, context, speaking purpose, attitude of the speaker Lê Đông researched deeply on the pragmatic semantics of proper questions, sub-types of questions, complementary pragmatic information, and modality in proper questions Nguyen Thi Thin (1996) focused on 11 types of unused

questions, indirect questions, non-proper questions in the relationship between grammatical structure and usage, relation of structure and function Therefore, this research is only limited to describing the purpose and syntax characteristics, usage characteristics of 3 types of questions among typical types of questions that don’t use to ask Vo Dai Quang (2000) studied the characteristics of the English and Vietnamese proper questions on the pragmatic aspect with the views that classify them into explicit, implicit and alternative questions From which the authour gives out similarities and differences in pragmatic semantics of the proper question in English and Vietnamese Nguyễn Việt Tiến (2006) give research on act of questioning and questions based on pragmatics on French evidence with specific analysis of Vietnamese and French questions and actions in their specific positions Nguyen Phuc Trung (2011) studied the questioning action in the language of television interview (on channels of VTV, compared to TV5 channel of France) from a pragmatic point of view The study focused on studying about act

of questioning and other speech acts with the purpose of exploiting the necessary information that speakers want in the form of responses in terms

of voice pairs and dialogues, the politeness and appearance of linguistic actions in television interviews

CHAPTER 2 MEANS OF MODALITY EXPRESSING IN DIRECT SPEECH ACT OF QUESTION IN ENGLISH AND ENGLISH 2.1 Overview of the direct speech act of question in English and Vietnamese

2.1.1 Definition of direct speech act of question

Speech act of quetion that perform their functions directly and literally are called direct speech act of question That is, the function that the sentence implements in the discourse is its literal meaning Direct speech act of question can be taken in two ways:

1) By creating a literal, direct statement;

2) By using an action verb call the action verb name

Thus, the act of asking directly is a verbal act performed by a questionnaire with a question expression in order to search for unknown information to know We can use interrogative questions to perform direct questioning

2.1.2 Identify direct speech act of question in English

Direct speech act of question in English is done by questioning The form of a question in English is as follows:

1 The first position of the verb as the predicate (also known

as the predicate) in English

2 Question with question words begin with what, when,

where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how

3 Question s with the question words what, who, which or

whose is the subject or part of the subject, this question has no

auxiliary verb

4 A question with a negative word is formed by adding ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb

5 Question has negative meaning words

Thus, the direct speech act of question in English is identified

as follows:

(1) The action is taken with a question such as (Overview questions or Yes-No questions), Part questions (Wh- questions), Selection questions using OR (Questions) with OR) or use the action verb

(2) The question pronoun in the question plays a role as a means of conveying modality

(3) Intonation questions

In English intonation, the commonly used question is

glide-up in the general questions (yes-no questions, tag questions) and the

tone in the partial questions (Wh-questions )

(4) Adverbial expressions in the question

(5) At the end of the question, there is a question mark (?) in written form

2.1.3 Identify direct speech act of question in Vietnamese

The direct speech act of question is the action in which its

validity is consistent with the form and function of the type of question being used to indicate it

Direct speech act of question in Vietnamese is identified as follows:

- Question is done by questioning

- The questioning action is used in accordance with the conditions of use

- The speech act of question is correct to use their target

language

The form of a question in Vietnamese is as follows:

1 Questions often use pronouns such as ai, gì, nào, sao, tại

sao, đâu, bao giờ, bao nhiêu, à, ư, hả, chứ,, specific participle in

question such as (có)… không ,có phải không (đã,… chưa…)

2 Specific participle in question such as such as (có)… không

,có phải không (đã,… chưa…) with hay (connecting the related

parts of choice)

3 The participle of modality participle (à, ư, nhỉ, nhé )

4 The end of the question is the question mark (?) In written

form and the glide up intonation in spoken form (usually glide up intonation on the voice at the end of the sentence)

In Vietnamese, direct speech act of question is the action performed by overview /general question,Wh- question, alternative question, and echo question

2.2 Means of expressing modality in the direct speech act

of question in English

2.2.1 Means of expressing speech act modality in the in the direct speech act of question in English

The modality in the direct speech act of question in English is

questionable modality The questioning attitude is used by the speaker to express the desire to learn the unknown or doubtful and to expect the answers and explanations of the listener to the speaker The means of conveying the questionable modality is the question According to synthesized questionable speech sources in English-Vietnamese corpus bilingual corpus (http://nlp.stanford.edu/project/nmt/), literary works such

as "Gone with the Wind" written by Margaret Mitchell, "The Da Vinci Code" written by Dan Brown , we statistically included 545overviewed questions, 525 partial questions/Wh- questions , 485alternative questions,

465 echoed question on a total of more than 2020 questions

Questionable modality expressed by means of interrogative sentences often contain modality predicate verbs (look like, suppose, think, would of ask, may, will, must, should, .), question structure

with or / or maybe, the question words such as what, why, how,