Research objectives Study the role of the nation in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC, from that, offer some solutions to promote the role of the state f
Trang 1INTRODUCTION
1 The urgency of the topic
Vietnam is a country with advantages of natural resources and cultural
resources for tourism development, with a large market in terms of the size of
domestic and international tourists, moreover, Vietnam is considered a safe and
friendly destination In 2014, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) ranked
Vietnam 16th in the 184 countries with long-term potential for tourism development
In 2017, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) rated Vietnam as the 6th of the
top 10 safe destinations, friendliness and fastest-growing in the world In 2018, for
the first time, Vietnam was awarded the "Asia's Leading Travel Destination" award at
the World Travel Awards (WTA) in Asia and Oceania in 2018
According to the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, if taking 1990
in the first year of launching Vietnam Tourism Year with 250,000 international
visitors, in 2010 reached 5 million visitors, by 2014, there were nearly 8 million
visitors and by 2018 it reached 15.5 million visitors; Domestic visitors from 28
million in 2010 increased to 38.5 million in 2014 and 80 million in 2018 In 2014
tourism contributed about 6% of the country's GDP to VND 230,000 billion, in 2018
tourism contributed about 10% of the country's GDP to VND 620,000 billion
(Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2018) Recently, foreign currency
revenue from tourism in our country is only behind 4 sectors: crude oil, textiles,
footwear, fisheries and tourism, which have contributed to increasing foreign
exchange reserves, preserving and consuming handicraft products of traditional craft
villages; restoring traditional arts and culture In reality, Vietnam's tourism has
affirmed its position as an important economic sector in the country's socio-economic
development
However, the reality also shows that the achievements of Vietnam's tourism
industry are still modest, not commensurate with the potential and advantages of
the country, Vietnam tourism development still faces difficulties and inadequacies,
containing unsustainable factors: according to the General Statistics Office in
2014, Vietnam had only 7.8 million international visitors while Singapore had
15.1 million, Thailand 24.8 million and Malaysia had 27.4 million guests, in 2016,
the number of international visitors reached more than 10 million, equaling 61% of
Singapore (16.4 million), 31% compared to Thailand (32.6 million) and equal to
37% of Malaysia (26.8 million) According to the Institute for Tourism
Development Research, Vietnam's tourism products are still lacking typical
products bearing Vietnam's own identity; there are no outstanding brands yet; competitiveness in the region is still low, so it is difficult to attract high-paying customers
Thus, a question is raised: In the current context, Vietnam is increasingly open
to integration, actively and deeply into the world economy, especially, ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been officially established, Vietnam tourism has now afforded to integration yet? It can be affirmed that Vietnam's tourism is facing many difficulties and challenges: low quality of human resources, weak infrastructure, fully aware of the challenges and opportunities of Vietnam's tourism when meeting International imports are also limited, Vietnam tourism will face fierce competition from tourism in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, these challenges will show more clearly Because:
According to experts, the AEC creates a broader market and has a high level of similarity in ASEAN economies However, there are currently quite large differences
in development level between Vietnam and other ASEAN countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc Hence, when AEC is established, for Vietnam's tourism, competition pressure will increase dramatically Because AEC countries not only have a wealth of experience in tourism development, but they also receive a great deal of support from the Government, clearly showing the budget for tourism promotion in the international market while Malaysia spent USD 69 million, Singapore spent USD 80 million, Thailand spent USD 105 million, Vietnam was very low at about USD 2 million/year (Institute For Tourism Development Research, 2018)
Human resources are a key factor in tourism development, but in reality, the quality of human resources is being evaluated as one of the worst factors in tourism
in Vietnam Vietnam tourism not only lacks good marketing executives, managers (senior staff) but also direct labour force such as tour guides, restaurant waiters, sellers, room attendants are not up to standard, from the service attitude, working manner As such, the ASEAN Economic Community has formally established, tourism is one of the 12 priority industries for integration and is 1 of 8 areas that are free to move workers under mutual recognition agreements on occupations Vietnam will have to participate in the implementation of the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement on Tourism Professionals (MRA-TP) Implementation of this agreement is both an opportunity and a challenge for Vietnam tourism This agreement allows workers in ASEAN to work in Vietnam and vice versa Therefore,
if Vietnam's tourism human resources do not raise their qualifications, Vietnamese
Trang 2tourism will lose at home Besides the long experience, the strong financial potential
of tourism of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam's tourism not only
loses market but also has the potential to lose high-quality human resources, while
ASEAN tourism enterprises attract skilled Vietnamese workers with professional
working conditions and high-income levels This status of the brain drain will impair
the development of tourism in Vietnam
Many reasons are limiting the development of Vietnam's tourism in terms of
integration, including the role of the nation as one of the important causes
It can be seen that, from the perspective of integration, the development of
Vietnam's tourism still faces many difficulties and challenges Therefore, to enhance the
competitiveness and sustainable development of Vietnam's tourism, the role of the State is
essential
With that approach, the PhD student chose the research direction: "The role of the
State in tourism development in Vietnam after forming the ASEAN Economic
Community (AEC)" to implement the doctoral-thesis
2 Research objectives and research questions
2.1 Research objectives
Study the role of the nation in tourism development in Vietnam after the
establishment of the AEC, from that, offer some solutions to promote the role of the
state for Vietnam's tourism to develop effectively under the conditions of AEC
formation
2.2 Research tasks
Explaining the theoretical basis for the role of the state in tourism development
in Vietnam when participating in the Economic Community
Analyzing and assessing the status of the the role of the state in tourism
development in Vietnam after establishing the AEC, indicating the achievements,
limitations and the cause of the limitations
Analyzing the opportunities and challenges of Vietnam tourism after forming
the AEC Proposing views, directions and solutions to enhance the role of the state in
Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC
2.3 Research questions
To achieve the research objectives and tasks, the dissertation will focus on
solving the following research questions:
Understand what is the role of the state for tourism development?
What is the content of the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam? What is the status of the role of the state, the successes and limitations of the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC?
What are the solutions need to enhance the promotion of the role of the state in
Vietnam's tourism development after forming the AEC?
3 Research object and the scope of research
3.1 Research object
The research object of the dissertation is the role of the state for tourism
development in Vietnam
3.2 The scope of research
Regarding the content: The dissertation focuses on studying the role of the
state in tourism development in Vietnam including (i) developing tourism development strategies and plans; (ii) developing a system of laws and policies on tourism development; (iii) building organizational structure and managing tourism development; (iv) promoting international cooperation in tourism development; (v) assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development
Regarding time: The dissertation attends surveys and collects data from 2013 -
2018
Regarding space: The examination was conducted throughout the whole of
Vietnam but concentrated in the major tourist centres, Hanoi, Danang and Ho Chi Minh city
4 The scientific and practical significance of research
Firstly, the dissertation has identified and analyzed the role of the state for tourism development in each country when participating in the Economic Community Specifically: (i) developing tourism development strategies and plans; (ii) developing a system of laws and policies on tourism development; (iii) building organizational structure and managing tourism development; (iv) promoting international cooperation in tourism development; (v) assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development
Trang 3Secondly, the dissertation also explains the completion of the factors: building
appropriate and progressive institutions, increasing the state's financial resources for
tourism, raising social awareness about tourism development as well as develop the
qualification capacity of management agents and enterprises, and be proactive;
creativity in joining agreements and deals when joining the Economic Community
will ensure the good implementation of the state's role in tourism development
when participating in the Economic Community
Thirdly, the dissertation carries an analysis and assessment of the influence of
the the role of the state on the conditions Vietnam's tourism development before and
after the formation of the AEC, the analysis results show that after the formation of
the AEC, the influence of the the role of the state on the conditions of Vietnam's
tourism development has been rated higher before the formation of the AEC This
shows that, in the new context, the state has initially shown better performance in
perfecting tourism development policies Survey data also show the higher role of the
state after the establishment of the AEC in the matter of increasing tourism scale,
restructuring the tourism industry, improving tourism development efficiency, raising
the Vietnam tourism
Fourthly, based on the research findings, the thesis also proposed groups of
direct solutions and supplementary solutions to complete the role of the state in
tourism development in Vietnam after forming AEC In particular, the key solutions
are: (i) building appropriate and progressive institutions, undertaking a deep
administrative reform, with a focus on public administration reform, improving the
quality and efficiency of the public authority respect and develop talents (ii)
formulating tourism development strategies and planning must take into
consideration the appropriateness with the context of the establishment of the AEC,
specifically: following the objectives and orientation of the Tourism Agreement as
well as the 2016-2025 Tourism Strategy, (iii) the system of laws, mechanisms and
policies must facilitate tourism development, (iv) continuing to improve the
organization of tourism management and coordination in state management to
develop tourism, (v) the State is active and proactive in issuing and implementing
policies to pave the way for tourism enterprises to effectively participate in the
ASEAN tourism market
5 The structure of the thesis
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the thesis consists of the following 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview document and research methodology
Chapter 2: The rationale on the role of the state for tourism development when participating in the Economic Community
Chapter 3: Current status of the the role of the state for Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC
Chapter 4: Orientations and solutions to enhance the state's role in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW DOCUMENT AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Overview Document
1.1.1 About tourism development
The tourism industry, the development of tourism it has been paid attention
by many scientists in different perspectives such as conditions and solutions to develop Vietnam's tourism into a key economic industry as studied by Vu Dinh Thuy (1996); The meaning of tourism development for socio-economic development by Reid (2003), Boo (1991), Goh (2017) These studies are driven by arguments and prove that responsible community participation in planning and monitoring will be able to address the different needs of each community, regarding the livelihoods of local people, generating income for rural households and they are the people who would benefit from that in poverty reduction, thereby making a significant contribution to rural development
1.1.2 About ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Research on AEC is very much concerned and researched by many scientists, each study is unique to the issues the authors approach, as in the study of Ha Thi Huong Giang (2015), the author explains two basic content that will be affected by tourism integration in ASEAN: Firstly, the impacts on the product market; secondly, impact on tourism human resources Some researches focus on strengthening cooperation and tourism development links in ASEAN region such as Nguyen Quoc Hung (2010), Wong et al (2011), these two studies have used the method of synthesizing documents; data and aggregate methods; analysis, expert methods to
Trang 4analyze cooperation goals, content and the results of cooperation, thereby making
policy recommendations to enhance ASEAN tourism cooperation
1.1.3 About the role of the state and research gaps
The thesis has an overview of domestic and foreign research situation on the
role of the state in tourism development Since then the thesis has drawn the gaps that
need further research That is, the role of the state in tourism development after the
formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has not been researched
The previous studies were limited to make general arguments on the role of
the state, such as studying the role of the state in international economic integration in
general, to take advantage of opportunities and overcome challenges; research on the
content of the state's role in tourism development such as policy formulation and
planning; or the role of the state in something like infrastructure development It is
necessary to examine the role of the state in tourism development with
comprehensive contents belonging to the function of the state This study will help
the examination to more fully identify the role of the state in tourism development
when participating in the Economic Community It can be confirmed that up to now,
there has not been any systematic, holistic and comprehensive research on this issue
according to the 5 contents proposed by the author as follows: (i) the state develops
strategies and plans for tourism development; (ii) the state develops a system of laws
and policies on tourism development; (iii) the state builds organizational structure
and manages tourism development; (iv) the state promotes international cooperation
in tourism development; (v) the state evaluate, test, inspection of tourism
development Moreover, there are no studies to assess the situation, verified by
quantitative research on the influence of the role of the state on Vietnam's tourism
development after the establishment of the AEC In this study, the author focuses on
analyzing the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development, studying the status
of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of
the AEC, from that, proposed several measures to strengthen the role of the state for
tourism development in Vietnam in the context of the AEC formation
1.2 Research Methodology
1.2.1 Approaches
When studying the role of the state, the author focuses on the functional and
institutional approach, which is an appropriate approach to the political economy
Tourism is a comprehensive service economy with a high inter-regional and socialization Therefore besides the above two approaches, a systematic, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach is needed
1.2.2 Research framework
Figure 1.1 The research framework of the the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam after the formation of the AEC
1.2.3 Data collecting and processing method 1.2.3.1 Data collection methods
+ Secondary data collection
Secondary data is collected from officially published data of agencies and organizations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam At the same time, the thesis also uses the findings published in books and professional journals at home and abroad, the
website related to the content of the thesis
+ Primary data collection
To collect primary data, the author identifies the objects and scope to be surveyed and interviewed as tourism companies; state management officials at all levels on tourism development management and tourism research scientists
1.2.3.2 Determining sample size
Solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC
Content of state role
- Developing tourism development strategies and planning
- Developing a system of laws, mechanisms and policies for tourism development
- Building organizational structure and managing tourism development
- International cooperation in tourism development
- Checking and inspecting tourism development
Factors affecting the role of the state
- Domestic context
+ Political factor: Institutions, guidelines, views and policies of the state on tourism development + Economic factor: The state's financial capacity, people's income + Cultural factor: Social awareness about tourism development + The capacity and qualifications of the contingent of state management officials and enterprises
- International context
+ Agreements, strategies, commitments and agreements in AEC
Impact on tourism development conditions
- The production factors
- The conditions on demand
- Supporting and related industries
Tourism development
- Scale and development speed
- Structure Development
- Development
Trang 5+ Sampling survey objectives: Using survey questionnaires will help the author
collect quantitative data, assessments and comments of representatives of tourism
managers and tourism enterprises in Vietnam on the necessary contents to accomplish
the research objectives
+ Methods of implementing
Firstly, design a survey forms
The design of the questionnaire is done through the following steps: Based on
the research framework, the author uses an expert method through consultation with
instructors, consultation; advice from research experts related to the topic to
determine what information to collect, developing a survey form on the content and
scales to assess the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the
establishment of the AEC
Secondly, choose a sample and collect data
The sample size, in the study of socio-economic issues, the representativeness
and the magnitude of the sample is very important There are many different views on
the sample size selection, according to (Hair et al., 1998) the minimum sample size of
30 observations can apply statistical tools; According to (Nguyen Van Thang, 2017,
p.167): "Normal scale for regression, correlation, or group test analysis: 100 or more
observations" Therefore, to ensure the representativeness of the sample, the author
intends to select a sample size of 220 to ensure adequate relevance for statistical
analysis
Primary data was collected from the end of February to the end of May 2018
using direct survey methods such as: to work agencies, through conferences and fairs
of Vietnam International Tourism organized by the Vietnam National Administration
of Tourism; or send an email via email and some other means
1.2.3.3 The scale of the questionnaire
The author uses a 5-point Likert scale to research the content of the thesis
according to the gradual increase in rating from 1 to 5 (from very disagree to agree,
from very unimportant to most important when considering importance or influence)
Survey investigation area: The author focused on three typical cities of
Vietnam to investigate, namely Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City Because: 3
major tourist centres are representing the 3 most developed tourist regions of
Vietnam, are the leading localities in tourism revenue, growth rate, number of
international visitors, accommodation establishments At the same time is a large
concentration of tourism enterprises, with extensive experience in tourism business
activities
The survey questionnaire was sent to 108 government managers and 112
tourism companies in the area of Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City
Respondents are experienced, managerial and executive positions in enterprises The
list of tourism resources provided by the Vietnam National Administration of
Tourism should be accurate and orthodox All companies participating in the survey have been granted business licenses since 2012, so ensure at least 5 years of operation
in the field of tourism, in the context of before and after forming the AEC to be able
to give the necessary information for the research goals
1.2.3.4 Data analysis method
The data after collecting will be processed, cleaned, entered data, coded into the excel file, then the author uses calculations to process the data Descriptive statistical methods, comparative statistical methods, general analysis methods At the same time, applying and combining methods and logical reasoning; argue to make remarks and conclusions from the contents studied, clarifying the causal relationship between the factors This is also the basis for studying and forecasting Vietnam's tourism development trends in 2020 with a vision to 2030; also the basis for assessing the positive and limited aspects of the the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam before and after the AEC was established; is the basis for proposing directions and solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in
Vietnam under these new circumstances
CHAPTER 2 THE RATIONALE ON THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT WHEN PARTICIPATING IN THE ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY 2.1 Some issues on tourism development and the Economic Community
2.1.1 Overview of tourism and tourism development
2.1.1.1 The concept of travel and tourism classification 2.1.1.2 The nature and characteristics of the tourism industry
Although there are many different views on tourism, tourism still has the following specific characteristics: (i) the tourism industry is bearing economical, (ii) tourism industry bearing integrated, (iii) tourism industry is a service industry (iv) tourism is heavily affected by seasonal factors, (v) tourism industry bearing international
2.1.1.3 Content for tourism development
Although the concept of tourism is different, when discussing the content of tourism development, researchers often mention aspects such as (i) the scale of tourism, (ii) tourism structure, (iii) tourism quality and efficiency
2.1.1.4 Tourism development conditions
Each country has different conditions for tourism development However, conditions for tourism development still include (i) production factors, (ii) demand conditions, (iii) supporting and related industries, (iv) (iv) strategy; business structure and domestic competition
Trang 62.1.1.5 The significance of tourism development in socio-economic development
Firstly, in terms of economy, tourism will make important contributions to
economic growth, increase revenues for the state budget, create jobs for workers, and
contribute to building technical and material facilities for the country
Secondly, through politics, through tourism development, it helps tourists
understand the economic potential of countries and localities, thereby building and
developing external economic relations between countries
Thirdly, in terms of culture and society, the development of tourism plays an
important role in expanding and strengthening the mutual understanding and
friendship of people of other countries
2.1.2 Concept, characteristics, impact of the Economic Community
2.1.2.1 Concept and characteristics of the Economic Community
The thesis has mentioned the forms, expressions, corresponding to each step of
regional economic integration, which is: Free Trade Area (FTA), Customs Union (CU),
Common Market, Economic - Monetary Union Since then, the concept of economic
community has been introduced
2.1.2.2 Impact when participating in the Economic Community
Some positive effects: Joining the Economic Community provides a new
impetus for member countries to implement policy reforms: competition, consumer
protection, intellectual property rights, infrastructure development, tax policy, in
the direction of information transparency and facilitating the free flow of goods,
services and production factors This ensures that member states will fulfil their
commitments, contributing to improving the competitiveness of the economy,
narrowing the development gap
Some negative effects: When participating in the Economic Community,
countries with lower levels of economic development will face many difficulties in
the process of integration into the regional economy
2.2 The role of the state in tourism development when participating in the
Economic Community
2.2.1 Substantive role of the state for tourism development
The concept of the the role of the state for tourism development
The role of the state in tourism development is the concretization of its
functions and duties, is the role of macro-management, through tools, including law,
organizational structure, strategy, planning, plans, policies, that the government
implements in tourism to develop a tourism-oriented industry, the objective is to
ensure sustainable efficiency in the context of regional and international integration
2.2.2 The content of the state's role in tourism development when participating in
the Economic Community
2.2.2.1 Building strategies and planning for tourism development
Formulating a tourism development strategy is a long-term operation orientation for tourism development; is the basis for managers and businesses to actively implement their operations in practice, suitable for the environment based on taking advantage of opportunities, avoiding risks, promoting the advantages of local enterprises
2.2.2.2 Building the legal system, tourism development policies
The establishment, promulgation of the legal system or adjustment of laws for economic relations gives the State management the possibilities and ensure realism with a wide range of implementation of its economic policies (Hoang The Lien et al,
2001)
Participation in the Economic Community is the process by which the State and the nations in the region participate in international economic relations in the region and of course, will be affected by commitments and agreements when participating in the Economic Community Therefore, the legal system in general and the tourism law in particular in each country must have a certain compatibility with the principles and contents of the law in the economic community
2.2.2.3 Building organizational structure and managing tourism development
The organizational structure and tourism development management involve many factors as the nature of the political system, reasoning about the role of the state In the organizational structure and management of tourism development, there will be a core group of key agencies directly responsible for tourism, and a large number of relevant agencies with direct participation are not listed, but significantly influence tourism development through the policies for which they are responsible
In terms of joining the Economic Community, it is necessary to build a stable and unified state management apparatus for tourism from the central to local levels nationwide to create a favourable premise for tourism development management based on the goals of domestic and regional tourism strategies
2.2.2.4 Promoting international cooperation in tourism development
International cooperation in tourism development is the process of proactively linking a country's tourism to regional and world tourism The state is a subject join
in regional and international economic organizations that have an important task that
no other organization can replace: The State negotiates to sign bilateral and multilateral agreements on tourism and related tourism The signing of agreements of countries participating in the Economic Community is an important legal basis for enterprises to direct tourism activities When these documents are signed, the parties have committed to ensuring the legal rights and interests for tourism companies when conducting business activities abroad
2.2.2.5 Government to evaluate, test, inspection for tourism development
Coordination between state and local management agencies in specialized and interdisciplinary inspections, hotel service quality control, tour operators, tour guides
Trang 7and tourist service establishments in the field of tourism, proactively detect and
promptly handle violations to build a civilized, safe and friendly tourism
environment
2.2.3 Factors affecting the the role of the state in tourism development when
participating in the Economic Community
The thesis analyzes the following factors: (i) the degree of institutional
perfection, (ii) financial capacity of the state; the income of the people, (iii) social
awareness about tourism development, (iv) qualified competencies of managers and
enterprises, (v) agreements; commitment; agreement when joining the Economic
Community
2.3 Experience in promoting the role of the state in tourism development of some
ASEAN countries after the establishment of AEC and lessons learned for Vietnam
The dissertation has studied experiences on the role of the state in tourism
development of some ASEAN countries after the AEC was formed in Thailand,
Malaysia and Singapore (these are countries with many tourism development
conditions similar to Vietnam and the government has had many successful policies
to promote tourism development) On that basis, draw lessons learned for Vietnam:
(i) developing a strategy; zoning; planing and promulgating policies and solutions for
tourism development suitable to each period, (ii) building and developing
high-quality human resources, including tourism managers, experts, and staff, to meet the
growing and deeper integration, (iii) restructuring investment resources; strengthen
connectivity and rational use of resources, (iv) needing to be reasonable investment
for tourism promotion, promotion, market development, (v) close coordination
among the ministries involved in tourism to direct businesses to implement tourism
activities is critical
CHAPTER 3 CURRENT STATUS OF THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR
VIETNAM'S TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE AEC 3.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism development, ASEAN and the ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC)
3.1.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism development
3.1.1.1 The results of Vietnam's tourism development in the period of 1995 - 2018
The process of developing tourism in Vietnam is analyzed by the author very
clearly through time points
Table 3.1 The situation of Vietnam tourism development in the period
1995 - 2018
Years International visitors (visitors)
Domestic visitors (thousan
d visitors)
Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) Years International visitors (visitors)
Domestic visitors (thousand visitors)
Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND)
Source: Aggregating data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism -
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 3.1.1.2 Developing Vietnam's tourism according to the periods of ASEAN integration phases
The thesis examines the development of Vietnam's tourism according to the phases of ASEAN integration, it is accompanied by the policies of the state to see the role of the state through each period They are: (i) The first phase of integration (1995
- 2009), (ii) The period of proactive integration (2010 - 2015), (i) The period after the establishment of the AEC (2016 - 2018)
Table 3.5 Vietnam tourism development before and after the formation of
the AEC
visitors (visitors)
Domestic visitors (thousand visitors)
Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND)
All phases (1995 - 2018) 119.416.027 634.815 3.181.61
Source: Author synthesized, calculated from the data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Trang 8Achievements of Vietnam's tourism are shown in the data in Table 3.5
Moreover, the national tourism image is increasingly enhanced on the world tourism
map In 2018, for the first time, Vietnam was awarded the prize “Asia's leading
travel destination” at the World Travel Awards (World Travel Awards (WTA) in
Asia and Oceania in 2018)
3.1.2.1 ASEAN and the AEC formation process
The thesis has mentioned important milestones connected with the basic documents
in the development process of ASEAN and the formation of the ASEAN Economic
Community (AEC)
3.1.2.2 The framework document and the basic content of the AEC
The thesis also refers to the AEC framework documents such as: Declaring the
establishment of the ASEAN Community in 2015, ASEAN Economic Community
Building Blueprint 2025, ASEAN Vision 2020, ASEAN Community Vision 2025,
ASEAN Framework Agreement on the integration of priority sectors
(*)The basic contents of the AEC
AEC towards the goal ASEAN becomes: (i) A single market and a unified
production facility including the free flow of goods, services, investment, capital and
skilled labour, (ii) A highly competitive economic area, (iii) An area of uniform
economic development, especially the effective implementation of the ASEAN
integration initiative, (iv) An ASEAN region fully integrated into the global economy
3.1.2.3 Content of ASEAN integration in tourism development
The dissertation clarifies the content of ASEAN integration in tourism development,
expressed in documents such as The Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Manila Declaration
1987), ASEAN Tourism Strategy 2011-2015, ASEAN Agreement on Tourism (completed
in Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of Cambodia on November 4, 2012), ASEAN Tourism
Development Strategy 2016-2025
3.2 Analyzing the status of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism
development after the formation of the AEC
3.2.1 Regarding the role of strategy formulation, tourism development plan
The thesis has generalized the situation and conducted an assessment of the
success of the role of the state in developing strategies and planning for tourism
development in Vietnam before and after the establishment of the AEC Which the
criteria strategy, proposed tourism planning gets perspective; target; the solution is
suitable to reality and each development phase has the lowest average score of 3.14
This indicator also reflects the fact that the strategic and planning work has been
focused, but the achieved results are still not high
3.2.2 Regarding the role of building the legal system, tourism development policies
The thesis assesses the success of the role of the state in developing tourism
development policies of Vietnam before and after the AEC is formed
When comparing the achievement level of the role of "Building the legal system, tourism development policy" before and after the AEC is established, the average score of some criteria after AEC formation is rated lower than that before AEC was formed Specifically: evaluation criteria "Building and issuing standards and regulations in tourism activities to meet development requirements" the average score is 4.19 / 5 (before AEC was formed) The average score is 4.2 / 5) This is completely logical, because: When establishing the AEC, it is accompanied by treaties; commitments; cooperation agreements that Vietnam has signed, but tourism
in Vietnam is still slow to catch up these changes Moreover, compared to other countries, the construction and implementation of standards; Vietnamese standards are weaker; which standards; the norm is a tool for Vietnam to integrate tourism into the AEC Evaluation criteria with the lowest level of success are: The policy of training and developing tourism human resources with a success score of 2.51 (Before forming the AEC, the criteria for evaluating the success level with a score
of 4.14) This is also true because compared to other countries in ASEAN, Vietnam is a country with the quality of human resources being assessed as one of the worst factors of Vietnam's tourism Moreover, Vietnam will have to participate
in the implementation of the ASEAN Tourism Profession Agreement (MRA-TP),
if Vietnam's tourism human resources do not improve their professional qualifications, Vietnamese tourism will lose at home Overall research shows: regulators and enterprises both appreciate the success of this role of the state However, in the context of the establishment of the AEC, international cooperation
on tourism is increasingly in a wide-ranging trend, with commitments; the deal has been and will be implemented, so regulators and businesses expect more from the government's tourism development policies, truly creating a favourable environment for enterprises and the tourism development community
3.2.3 Regarding the role of building an organizational structure of tourism management and development
In the past time, the system of the organizational structure of state management
on tourism has been consolidated and stabilized nationwide has created favourable premises for tourism development management according to the objectives of Vietnam Tourism Planning and Strategy
Organizing the state management apparatus of tourism from the Central to the local levels smoothly The introduction of the State Steering Committee on Tourism and The Steering Committee for tourism development of provincial, cities is a shift to promote the linkage and coordination among sectors and localities in tourism development
Trang 93.2.4 Regarding the role of promoting international cooperation in tourism development
In the past time, Vietnam's tourism has actively and comprehensively
participated and made important contributions to ASEAN tourism Tourism
integration of Vietnam is implemented in the direction of promoting signing and
executes the agreement documents, government-level tourism agreements,
bilateral and multilateral sectoral levels, take advantage of the cooperation and
support of countries through programs and projects However, cooperation and
development activities of tourism in the past time still reveal limitations,
cooperation with many countries still stops in the form of conferences and
exchanges but not many forms of cooperation on development of tourism
products or attracting investment and attracting tourists
3.2.5 Regarding the role of assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development
State management agencies and localities should strengthen inspection, review,
reevaluation and quality control in the fields of tourism in the spirit of Decree No
1433/VBHN-BVHTTDL about Regulations on sanctioning of administrative
violations in the field culture, sports, tourism and promotion, aims to implement the
ASEAN tourism criteria set both a commitment and an action to contribute to
sustainable tourism development; building and positioning tourism Vietnamese
tourism brands
3.3 The impact of the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam after
the formation of the AEC
The thesis carries an analysis and assessment of the impact of the state's role on
Vietnam's tourism development conditions before and after the founding of the AEC,
analysis results showed that after the formation of the role of the AEC affect the
conditions of state to develop tourism in Vietnam are all rated higher before forming
the AEC This proves that the state has achieved much success in its role
Survey data also further appreciate the role of the state after forming the AEC
in the issue: increase tourism scale, restructure the tourism industry, improve the
effectiveness of tourism development, improve Vietnam's tourism position
At the same time, the thesis compares and evaluates the two groups of
managers and enterprises on the influence of the state's roles on tourism development
conditions after the establishment of the AEC, similarly, both surveyed groups
assessed the influence of the state's role on tourism development conditions after
AEC formation was higher than before AEC formation
3.4 The general assessment of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism
development after the establishment of the AEC
3.4.1 Achievements
Firstly, building strategies and planning for the development of Vietnam's tourism till to 2020 with a vision to 2030 has assessed the full potential, practicality, high feasibility, suitable for the context of Vietnam's tourism development, demonstrate the contents of the ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy 2016 - 2025
Secondly, in the trend of AEC integration, the system of laws and policies
on tourism is increasingly improved, creating favourable conditions for tourism
development and integration
Thirdly, to organize the state management apparatus for tourism gradually
stabilized, basically uniform nationwide to create favourable premises for
tourism development management according to the objectives of the strategy Fourthly, in the trend of AEC integration, the state has expanded its role in international cooperation activities on tourism
Fifthly, evaluating, checking, inspection and interdisciplinary coordination
be enhanced efficiency
3.4.2 Limitations
Firstly, the activity of strategy formulation; zoning; tourism development planning and investment are still inadequate, measures to ensure the implementation
of the Master plan on Viet Nam tourism development have not been synchronized, and some specific goals are not yet eligible for implementation
Secondly, although the Government is always strengthening the improvement of
the legal corridor for tourism development, the policy system is not open, some regulations are not appropriate and formal, so it is not the necessary applicable or difficult application
Thirdly, the organization of the state management system on tourism after many separations and lacks of stability, so it does not guarantee the continuity, inheritance and the shortage of officials; has not created unity from central to local
levels
Fourthly, the implementation of international tourism cooperation commitments in many areas remains less impressive, cooperation with many countries is still limited to conferences and exchanges but there have not been many forms of development cooperation on tourism products or investment attraction and
tourist attraction
Fifthly, inspection and examination activities on tourism activities also overlapped, duplicate content, much in frequency due to no coordination mechanism
3.4.3 The cause of limitations
3.4.3.1 The cause is related to the level of institutional perfection
The main reason is related to the level of institutional perfection is still limited, some mechanisms and policies on tourism, Administrative procedures related to
Trang 10tourism are slow to be researched, dealt with or implemented slowly and
inconsistently in sectors and localities The current public authority still carries many
nuances of bureaucracy, too bulky and ineffective That situation also creates
favourable conditions for the "giving" mechanism; this creates significant resistance
not only in tourism activities, in attracting foreign investment capital which is all
socio-economic development activities
3.4.3.2 The cause is related to the state's financial capacity and income of residents
Because the starting point of our country's economy is low, although the
socio-economy in recent years has achieved important results, it still faces many difficulties
Therefore, the state's financial resources are limited, difficult and not properly focused
GDP per capita of Vietnam is still very low, this also reduces the role of the state
in attracting capital from all walks of life to increase the effectiveness of the
implementation of the Government's target programs in tourism development
3.4.3.3 The cause is related to the society's awareness about tourism development
In recent years, social awareness about the role and position of tourism is
limited, tourism has not been recognized from the perspective of an integrated
economic sector, making an important contribution to the country's economic growth,
leading to the integration, the coordination of sectors, localities and communities in
tourism development is not tight Moreover, the level of awareness about
opportunities; challenges for Vietnam's tourism when participating in AEC of
participants in tourism activities are not adequate
3.4.3.4 The cause is related to the capacity and qualifications of state management
officials and enterprises
Staffs are still not professional
The policy-receiving capacity of enterprises' officials is still low,not meet
development requirements and following international standards
3.4.3.5 The cause is related to the agreements, commitments and agreements in the AEC
Organizational barriers such as the "Consensus" principle that AEC applies to
its activities have led to the fact that many of the AEC's programs cannot perform as
promised For example, the commitments of each ASEAN country on AFTA are
legally binding, but the AEC has no mechanism to introduce sanctions or penalties
for those who fail to fulfil their obligations In other words, commitment and
execution are optional
International cooperation on tourism is still passive, many international
agreements, agreements and commitments have not been implemented as scheduled;
has not attracted many international investors
CHAPTER 4 SOME SOLUTIONS TO COMPLETE THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR VIETNAM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF AEC 4.1 Orientation and perspective to complete the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC
4.1.1 International and domestic context
Analyzing the national and international contexts, forecasting world and domestic tourism trends, the thesis points out the advantages and difficulties for Vietnam's tourism development, to propose tourism development goals, at the same time, proposing views and solutions to promote difficulties to overcome difficulties
in fulfilling the role of the state in the coming periods
4.1.2 Opportunities and challenges after forming the AEC
The thesis has analyzed the challenges after AEC formation Those opportunities are: (i) promote the completion and strengthening of the state role in tourism development, (ii) opportunities to expand cooperation and market development, (iii) opportunities to improve the quality and diversify of tourism products, (iv) opportunities to improve Vietnam's tourism position on the world tourism map The challenges are: (i) pressure to adjust the law system, policies following AEC regulations and implement commitments as well, (ii) high pressure and competitive intensity, (iii) the risk of losing control of the market, (iv) challenges
of training tourism human resources, (iv) competitive pressure on the movement of
high-quality labour
4.1.3 Point of view about perfecting the role of the state in the development of Vietnam's tourism after the formation of ACE
Firstly, the state clearly defines the role and position of tourism development in socio-economic development and is paid due attention
Secondly, the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam
is a matter of basic and long-term to develop tourism in Vietnam towards professionalism, modern, competitive with other countries in the region
Thirdly, the state needs to focus on policymaking, creating a favourable institutional environment for tourism development
Fourth, consider each tourism enterprise to be an emissary representing the nation's tourism economy
4.2 Some solutions to complete the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC
4.2.1 Completing the building of suitable and progressive institutions