Features of linking words in “jane eyre” novel by charlotte bronte and the vietnamese equivalents

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ THU PHƯƠNG FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS TỪ NỐI

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

NGUYỄN THỊ THU PHƯƠNG

FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

(TỪ NỐI TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” CỦA CHARLOTTE BRONTE VÀ NHỮNG TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT)

M.A THESIS

Field: English Language Code: 8220201

Hanoi, 2018

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

NGUYỄN THỊ THU PHƯƠNG

FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

(TỪ NỐI TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” CỦA CHARLOTTE BRONTE VÀ NHỮNG TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT)

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY CHARLOTTEBRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Hanoi, 2018

NGUYEN THI THU PHUONG

Approved by SUPERVISOR

Date………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Similar, profound gratitude goes to Andy Brower, who has been a truly dedicated mentor I am particularly indebted to Andy for his constant faith in my lab work, and for his support when so generously hosting me in Oregon I have very fond memories of my time there

My heartfelt thanks also go to my teachers at Hanoi Open University as well

as my family, friends and colleagues whose encouragement and support have made the completion of my thesis possible

Finally, but by no means least, thanks go to mum, dad and Steve for almost unbelievable support They are the most important people in my world and I dedicate this thesis to them

ABSTRACT

In this thesis, the writer will study about features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel by Charlotte Bronte and comparison with Vietnamese In fact, linking words have an important role in language grammar In 1976, the publisher of Lodon and Nework published “Cohesion in English”, an English - language book

by M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan In the book, the two authors discuss thoroughly the references: Substitution, Ellipsis, Lexical cohesion, Linking words About linking words, Halliday and Hassan emphasize that connections must be based on their semantic relationship

To do all these things, the writer use descriptive and analytic to the study Description is intended to follow a qualitative approach The data are collected, the description of the translation of linking words is given

The results of the study suggest some approaches of translating linking words and some ways to help Vietnamese learners of English overcome the difficulties when using linking words

TABLE CONTENT

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE CONTENT iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale for the study 1

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2

1.3 Research questions 2

1.4 Method of the study 3

1.5 Scope of the study 3

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Design of the study 4

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Previous studies 5

2.1.1 International Studies 5

2.1.2 Research in Vietnam 6

2.2 Overview of syntax and semantic 7

2.2.1 Theory of syntax 7

2.2.1.1 Concept 7

2.2.1.2 Clause - basic link unit 8

2.2.2 Theory of semantic 10

2.2.2.1 Concept 10

2.2.2.2 Expression method 11

2.2.3 Overview of linking words 11

2.2.3.1 Definition of Linking words 11

2.2.3.2 Linking words classification 12

2.3 Linking words in English and in Vietnamese 12

2.3.1 Linking words in English 15

2.3.1.1 Structure 15

2.3.2 Linking words in Vietnamese 18

2.3.2.1 Structure 18

2.3.2.2 Meaning 18

2.4 Conlusion 24

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 25

3.1 Subjects 25

3.2 Instruments 25

3.3 Procedures 26

3.4 Statistical Analysis 27

3.5 Summary 27

Chapter 4: FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 28

4.1 Syntactic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel 28

4.1.1 Linking words has a incorporate word 28

4.1.2 Linking words includes many incorporate words 30

4.2 Semantic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel 31

4.2.1 Elaboration 31

4.2.2 Extention 36

4.2.3 Spatio – Temporal 37

4.2.4 Logical expresstion 39

4.2.5 Comparation 40

4.2.6 Causality –Result 41

4.2.7 Conditional - Result 42

4.2.8 Dismissive 43

4.3 Contrastive analysis of Linking words in English and Vietnamese in “Jane

Eyre” novel 44

4.3.1 Structure 44

4.3.2 Meaning 46

4.4 Implication 47

4.4.1 Implication for teaching and learning 47

4.4.2 Implication for translating 49

4.5 Summary 49

Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 51

5.1 Summary of Findings 51

5.2 Conclusions 51

5.3 Recommendations for Further Study 52

REFERENCES 53 APPENDIX 56

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Meaning of linking words in English and Vietnamese 17 Table 3.1 Summary of the research of the problem 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures 4.1: The rate of linking words is investigated (%) 28

Figures 4.2 Semantic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel 31

Figures 4.3 Elaboration rate (%) 32

Figures 4.4 Extention rate (%) 36

Figures 4.5 Spatio – Temporal rate (%) 39

Figures 4.6 Logical expresstion rate (%) 40

Figures 4.7 Comparation rate (%) 41

Figures 4.8 Causality –Result rate (%) 41

Figures 4.9 Conditional –Result rate (%) 43

Figures 4.10 Dismissive rate (%) 44

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study

In today's modern social life, people tend to associate each other with which English is the vehicle language of attachment English is widely used in the world and is regarded as an international language Most of the international media are using English as a medium From the field of science-technology-economics-trade-sport-information-culture all fields in social life, English is used for translation and is considered as a language The main language used for communication, exchange and cooperation Mainly because English is used and it has become an indispensable need of modern human life In the process of using English and translation, text is an indispensable tool At present, the Vietnamese and English text types are being used the most in communication in Vietnam Grammar in Vietnamese and English for the target audience and the most attention in the process of teaching and learning English, as well as translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa There must be grammatical documents for specialized documents in the form of a comparison between native and native languages, to help learners or researchers quickly acquire advanced knowledge The term

"reconciliation" is often used to refer to a method or study that focuses on two or more languages The purpose of language comparison studies is to elucidate similarities and differences or to justify the incompatibility of two or more languages Comparative study provides the ability to determine not only facts and phenomena that have similar functions in the translated languages, but also their position in functional systems One of the most worldwide famous literature masterpieces, “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte, long lives with readers not only because of the excellent plot The considerable attention to the linguistics of the timeless novel has always been paid by scholars across the nations One of the most loved linguistic aspects debated is the abundance of linking word exploited in this work of art As a consequence, loads of researches have been conducted to make an analysis of the aforementioned topic

Boasting the vivid and superb language, “Jane Eyre” earns a huge popularity

in Vietnam and the work Since its introduction, the translation version by Tran Anh Kim has gained noticeable success in winning the hearts of the keen readers

The author would like to conduct a study to explore the use of linking word

in the novel and also an analysis of their Vietnamese equivalents in the Vietnamese translation version to examine the way to express the equivalents of linking word in this art in Vietnamese and suggest some solutions to deal with the difficulties in translating linking word into Vietnamese

"Features of Linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel and Vietnamese equivalents" for the purpose of pointing out the similarities and differences between the combination of the two English-Vietnamese languages in this novel, help foreign language learners recognize and understand the use of linking words in English and Vietnamese

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study

For research on linking words in English, the study goes into the linking words analysis in Chartlote's "Jane Eyre" and compares it with the translation by Tran Anh Kim, thus offering some suggestions teaching linking words as well as translating English into Vietnamese

To achieve this goal, research should achieve the following results:

- Description of the structure and meaning of linking words in English

- Analysis of linking words in Jane Eyre and comparison with Tran Anh Kim's translation

- Proposing a number of tutorials and linking words in English for Vietnamese

The research questions, therefore, are posed as follows:

(1) What are the semantic and syntactic features of linking word in “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte?

(2)What are the similarities and differences of linking words in Jane Eyre's work with Tran Anh Kim's translation?

(3) What are the recommendations for learners in translating linking words into Vietnamese?

1.4 Method of the study

To answer the research questions presented in 1.3 The study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods, analyzing 150 linking words

in the Jane Eyre novel The comparison method will then be used to compare the linking words in Jane Eyre's novel with the translation by Tram Anh Kim

Particularly, English linking words in the novel and the Vietnamese equivalents in the translation version by Tran Anh Kim are put into comparison in terms of structure In this way, the use of linking words in this work will be extensively investigated while the Vietnamese equivalents are correspondingly reviewed

1.5 Scope of the study

“Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte was first published in 1847, and was later translated into many languages

“Jane Eyre” was translation into the target language by Tran Anh Kim, a member of Vietnamese writer associations and introduced to Vietnamese readers

by Nguyen Duc Nam The translation version, which is about 763 pages thick, was published in 2012 by the publishing house of Vietnamese writer associations

The task of examining every nominal group in the original version would be considered infeasible due to the big number of the chapters in the literary work compared to the small scale of the research Therefore, this research is limited to describing, analyzing and collating the features of linking words in Jane Eyre's novel by Charlotte Bronte in quantities of 400 words listed

It would appear to be a question of curiosity to readers why the data selection would come from these chapters While keen readers of this incomparable novel would observe the very popularity of linking word throughout the whole novel, the most primary and influential ones which make a generous contribution to the success of the work by depicting the settings as well as visualizing the characters are seen here in the chapters Also, the focus of the study would be to the linking word which are believed to be complicated in structures and worth analyzing as well as debating It would, therefore, account for the fact that the data would be 100 linking words scattered in the novel

1.6 Significance of the study

Theoretically, this study hopes to provide an insight of the so-call popular English phenomenon – Linking words in the novel that have over-one-hundred-year existence and numerous keen readers, therefore, contributing to the theories of semantic features of linking words in general

Practically, the findings of this study will redound to the benefit of society considering that translation plays an important role in language teaching and learning today The greater demand of graduates with good quality of translation justifies the need for more effective teaching translation tips approach The study contributes as a material for teachers and students in teaching and practicing translation

Based on this study, its meaning is to point out the similarities and disparities between the incorporate forms in the two English-Vietnamese languages, which help learners to learn and learn foreign languages Use the incorporate combination of the two languages and improve your professional skills in your own mother tongue and enrich your native language That's why I chose this topic for research

1.7 Design of the study

The study is designed into 5 chapters

Chapter 1 is Introduction of the study The author would like to give a overview

of the study, including Rationale, Aims and Objectives of the study, Research questions, Methods of the study, Scope of the study and significance of the study

Chapter 2 is Literature review In this chapter, the previous studies related to the thesis, the theoretical background and the theoretical framework will be provided

Chapter 3 is Data and Methods It consist of subjects, instruments, procedures and statistical analysis

Chapter 4 is the Findings and Discussion

Chapter 5 is the conclusion with summary of the thesis and recommendations for further studies

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous studies

2.1.1 International Studies

In 1976, the publishers of London and Nework published the book

"Cohesion in English" written by M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hassan [108] This

is the first study of linking words This book presented the links: References, Substitution, Ellipsis, Lexical cohesion, and Linking words Halliday and Hassan argue that: The connection must be based on their semantic relationship But It is not a fixed relationship This is a detailed study of linking words in particular, other links in general After introducing the concept of linking words, Halliday and Hassan classified linking words into four main categories according to their semantics: Additive, Advertise, Causal and Relationship time At the same time, they also made a number of statements from the expression of semantic relationships in linking words, and the analysis of a number of typical expressions

In general, this book has contributed a great deal to the theory, linking words in particular, and semantic relationships in linking words

In 1998, M.K.Halliday's second edition of "An Introduction to Functional Grammer" (published six times) was translated by Hoang Van Van On the basis of the first project in 1976, Halliday undertook the supplementation and correction of related issues, particularly on alignment

In 1992, the Philadelphia publisher in Amsterdam published a review of J.R.Martin's work on "English Text - System and Structure" It can be seen as a careful study of linkages, including linking words It introduces readers to the concept of Internal Relations and External Relations - new point compared to Halliday Martine has set the criteria for distinguishing between these two types of connections In particular, it relies on circumtaintial identifying relationals to distinguish external relations, and is based on the concept of projection to identify internal relations It also divides each type of interior and exterior connection according to the types of relations: Addictive relations, Consequential relations, Comparative relations,Temporal and Locative relations In item 6 of the book, the author mentions: Conhesion and register and Cohesive harmony analysis In the first part (Conhesion and register), this book summarizes and cites a number of statements by M.K.Halliday and Ruaqaiya Hassan on the problem of linkage and

language The rest - Cohesive harmony analysis, JRMartin refers to the skill (or procedure) examines the interaction of the chain of addresses, vocabulary and grammar experience Cohesive harmony analysis is mainly used to examine the association in text units; Therefore, it is aware of the existence of the linkage However, the work is only preliminary steps on linking words

Thus, in our incomplete coverage of material, linking words have been noticed by many English learners; and its achievements, especially in terms of theoretical foundations, have also been reached

In 2006, the book "Links in Vietnamese and English: Texts, Circles, Links, Paragraphs" by Diep Quang Ban was reprinted (the third time) This book presents

a clear article on the four items mentioned in the title It’s very convenient for reference In part 2, it mentions links, including linking words (from p.132-134) Diep Quang Ban also split linking words into two basic types: loose linking words and tight linking words In particular, in Part One gives some fifteen interpretations

of the concept of text, distinguishes the concept of text and discourse, of spoken and written language, and outlines the characteristics of a text in general Trần Ngọc Thêm also mentioned the structural theory - the structure of the meaning of the message in the text

In 2007, Pedagogical University published the book "Textbook" by Diep Quang Ban under the project of training high school teachers of the Ministry of Education and Training We must recognize: This is a very comprehensive, was writing of aspects of the text; The study deals with most of the links, including

linking words In his article, Diep Quang Ban mentions linking words and means of connection; and the common meaning in linking words On the means of connection, he divides into two broad categories: the word relation (equality / dependency) and the conjugal term (alternative pronoun / conjugation of meaningful and cooperative words) As for the common relationships in linking words, in addition to the four relations that Halliday states: complement, contrast, time, causality; Diep Quang Ban also mentions two more types of relationship: purpose and condition In general, works are an aggregation of prior works, so their contribution is negligible

In general, the studies mentioned above are quite comprehensive about general issues of text, links and linking words

On the basis of inheriting theoretical and practical studies, as well as observing specific articles This dissertation is based on the English and Vietnamese materials, linking words in a systematic and comprehensive manner

2.2 Overview of syntax and semantic

2.2.1 Theory of syntax

2.2.1.1 Concept

According to Tran Ngoc Them, the link is considered a specific attribute, it

is only in the upper sentence, and is based on the statement to determine the linkage

of the text Actually, speaking is the realization of the sentence model, or the sentence itself in the process of communication This is a remarkable point in the theory of Tran Ngoc Them, because he has attached "sentences" in particular, language in general with the process of communication, with the process of language of the administration

Diep Quang Ban, the clause is a clause that says, as Halliday, it consists of two elements, namely the Theme-Topic, which is the opening element of the text (usually to the left) and the constituent part object; Rthemecomment (usually on the right) is about the topic If Halliday views Theme- Topic as the basic structure of semantic and informational relations, Cao Xuan Hao views it as a fundamental relation of grammar Overall, this is a rather complicated issue Although the subject of this thesis is linking words, it is impossible not to mention this issue

However, for the sake of description, we consider the clause to be a clause consisting of two basic components of the subject - predicate That is:In the clause, there may appear grammatical relationships such as equality, subordination but it must have a subjective relationship And so, there are cases where the clause will coincide with the statement; but there will also be instances of speeches; Especially the complex statement, which will include many clauses

Conclusion: Syntax is the rules that combine words, groups of words into structures that express meaning in sentences in natural language There are two main syntax systems: VO (verb) and OV (object-verb) In these systems there are sub-systems related to the subject's location Vietnamese is SVO type The term

"syntax" is also used in logic and artificial language branches as computer languages

2.2.1.2 Clause - basic link unit

We chose the clause as the base unit to analyze linkages in general and linking words in particular For the following main reasons

- Methodically:

+ Functional grammatical-based linguistics systems each use clause units to study in both languages For example, English: Halliday, Ton Thi My Nhat, Thai Minh Duc; Vietnamese: Hoàng Văn Vân, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền

+ From a grammatical point of view, we need to choose a unit of uniformity for linking words

- In terms of function:In general terms, the clause can function as the basic link unit for the following reasons:

+ First of all, the clause is the smallest unit of meaning that gives a relatively complete message: "clause as a mesage (Halliday) That is the structure of the message meaning is expressed through the clause

+ Second, the clause can assume the basic unit of clause as an exchange In this respect, we emphasize the function of communicating information through the subject, which Halliday asserted: "The subject is the warranty for the exchange It

is the speaker who is responsible for the validity of what he is saying

The subject structure proves that the clause is a unit with a relatively stable grammatical structure; and it is one of the basic structures that underlie higher grammar units Actually, the clause is an independent and separate unit, so it must

be analyzed separately as a basic unit According to Halliday, "the relationship between clause and clause is similar to the relationship between a word and a phrase: the sentence is evolved by extending it out of the clause Thus, in function, the clause may take on the same functions as the spokesperson It is the grammar that is capable of fulfilling the basic essence of a complete statement And the clause becomes pronounced when the clause is interrupted by spoken punctuation (dots, exclamations, etc.), then the statement is a single clause

+ Third, the clause is an representation - it represents the ongoing processes

of the text maker In it, the body (the person who performs the action) is the active participant, which plays the basic function in this performance

From the functional point of view, Hallliday explains why not selecting singular clauses (phonemes, phonetics, words, phrases) as a basis for linking and choosing the clause: "We will not deal refers to the structure to the intrinsic element structure of the word; Our main concern is being placed in higher units of words, especially in clause The reason is that the accepted mode of interpretation is the functional mode in which the grammatical structure is explained in relation to meaning; and there is a general principle in the language through which the larger units play a more direct function of realization in higher-level models

Halliday also explains why we do not choose a larger unit than the clause, which is the basic unit of association: "A sentence can be interpreted as a clause: a clause and other clauses modifying it And "we can assume that the concept of" complex clause "can help us to fully explain the organization and function of sentences Thereby, we find that the spokesman is not the smallest unit of function

as the clause That is, based on the clause, from the Bottom up process, we can fully enlighten the notion of statements or statements; But reverse operation can be difficult

In fact, not all statements contain only one clause, for example:

When do you go to Hanoi?

Tomorrow

(syntax> speech, which is not a clause, but a word.)

It rains heavily! (syntax = spokesperson.)

Mom go to work; I go to school (syntax> mouthpiece, specifically the

mouthpiece consists of two syntax.)

Thus, a syntax may not be a statement (rarer 3), and also when a spokesperson is not necessarily a syntax (rarer 1)

2.2.2 Theory of semantic

2.2.2.1 Concept

Diep Quang Ban [6] defines the sentence link: "Linking sentence is the use

at the beginning of the sentence or before the predicate (before the verb in the predicate) Words that have the ability to relate to two types of relationship are connected And in that way, it connects these two sentences "

While defining loosely coupled and tight linking, the author also asserted that: Linking is the use of tight or loose words to link sentences with the master sentence

Nguyen Duc Dan's linkage classification system is not linked, but he refers

to this array through the "Link by Grammar Signals" section and the author classifies this into form link

David Nunan also gives a general understanding: "It is the method of association because it signifies relations, which can only be reasonably understood

by reference to other parts of the text

Tran Ngoc Them the concept of linking sentences through the concept of linearity: "The basis for linking two statements is the existence of relationships in which there are semantic relationships between them In linear terms, those relationships are in latent form If these relationships are represented by lexical means, then there is a linking phenomenon or linking words in general

And Tran Ngoc Them also introduces the concept of linking sentences by introducing its pattern or structure: "The linking phenomenon is in the form of a binary relation aRb, where (a, b) is the pair of parts The order was arranged ( ) Here, R is the connecting medium And the twofold relation here is semantic

In particular, a lot of comments suggest that linking words are formally linked If, in this view, we have dropped an important subclass of linking is an unconnected sentence In our view, conjunctive is the form of the link, and the real meaning of the two clauses is content, semantic logic Placing sentence sentences into formal forms is only a matter of relative nature and for convenience purposes

Thus, the sentence link is a connection of meaning meaning two (or many) clauses, marked by connecting means (relational, transitive, etc.) There are not even link elements of this form Here, we follow the definition of Tran Ngoc Add

Conclusion: Linking sentences is a meaningful link between sentences and sentences, between paragraphs and paragraphs of words that have links

Thus, the relationship of words in a language is relatively fixed - both in grammatical and semantic terms, so it can be considered as "a unit available in language."

2.2.3 Overview of linking words

2.2.3.1 Definition of Linking words

The use of media identifiers indicates the linking words of the authors are inconsistent

Nguyen Huu Quynh mentioned the concept of linking words "Linking words are words, describing specialized grammatical relationships that connect elements in sentences or elements in phrases

Le Bien in his book, "Words of Modern English," also introduces the concept of linking words: Linking words are words that express the relationships between concepts in thinking "[8; 161]

Nguyen Tai Can [12] in the book "English Grammar", on page 341 also confirmed similar

In addition, Diep Quang Ban also outlined the features of combining ability and syntactic function of the word: used to connect words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs have a syntactical relationship

Based on the above concepts, we find that the majority of authors refer to linking words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs as linking words;

Conclusion: Linking words are words that link ideas, sentences together 2.2.3.2 Linking words classification

Connectors of Addition

- FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION, ADDITIONALLY, BESIDES (THAT): used to complement the idea was presented previously Often these connectors are used to connect two sentences; These are usually commas () They can also be used to link two independent clauses in a sentence; In this case, the prefix is followed by a semicolon (;) followed by a comma (,)

* Note: It is possible to use WHAT'S MORE, ON TOP OF THAT with equivalent meaning but in context does not require the use of formal style

- ALSO, AS WELL, NOT ONLY BUT ALSO, TOO: Used to link two ideas in the same sentence These words precede the clause / phrase, and before / after the verb, also connect two pairs of verbs / nouns / adjectives / adverbs (not only but also) sentence (as well, too)

Observe the location and usage of complementary words through the following examples:

Original: My professor is an extremely fascinating person

She tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person Hơn nữa, sẽ biết một số most interesting stories I have

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person In addition, she tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person Besides, she tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person Besides that, she tells some

of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person Moreover, she tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person She tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard, too

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person She also tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

- My professor is an extremely fascinating person, and she tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

-> professor is an extremely fascinating person She tells some of the most interesting stories I have ever heard as well

- My professor is not only fascinating fascinating person but also tells some

of the most interesting stories I have ever heard

- APART FROM, EXCEPT (FOR), AS WELL AS, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR INSTANCE: used to add information to the previous listing After these conjunctions often use nouns / phrases:

Example: She has a car as well as a motorbike

I can eat anything except for shrimps

Apart from Tom, all other students were present in the class yesterday

You can book tickets in many different ways, for example, online, at the agent's agent or over the telephone

Connectors of Opposition

- HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, ON THE OTHER HAND, ON THE CONTRARY, CONVERSELY, NORTHWITHSTANDING: used to introduce a contrary idea to the idea presented earlier Often these

connectors are used to connect two sentences; These are usually commas () They can also be used to link two independent clauses in a sentence; In this case, the prefix is followed by a semicolon (;) followed by a comma (,)

* Note: on the other hand, only used to express the contrast between two objects

IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH: used

to initiate an opposite idea presented earlier (or later) These conjunctions are used

to connect two clauses in the same sentence In spite of and despite are used before

a noun or verb phrase while although, though and even though precede a clause

- WHILE, WHEREAS: This is used to link two clauses that have logically opposite meanings to form a sentence If while and whereas are at the beginning of the sentence, use comma (,) before starting the second clause; If you are in the middle of the sentence, do not use commas

- YET, BUT: used to initiate an opposite idea that was presented earlier These conjunctions are usually used to connect two clauses in the same sentence Before yet and but usually have a comma (,)

Observe the usage of the words through the following example:

Original story: I broke my leg in the accident I felt great

- I broke my leg in the accident However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless, I felt great

-> Although / Though / Even though I broke my leg, I felt great

-> Despite / In spite of breaking my leg in the accident, I felt great

- I broke my leg in the accident, yet felt great

Example: - Long-time unemployment waits for those whose skills are outdated On the other hand, people who have retrained or have more flexible skills can find jobs in new services or high-tech industries

- While some people have money to burn, others must count every single penny they

2.3 Linking words in English and in Vietnamese

In general, linking words in English and Vietnamese are similar in expressing meaningful relationships However, there are some structural differences of linking words And perhaps the most fundamental difference is the use - the use of conjunctions in specific contexts

Derived from the characteristics of English as the transposition language, English grammar is important in structure and form Meanwhile, Vietnamese is a monolingual language, but the word order is one of the grammatical modes that play a central role After analyzing the differences in methodology between the two languages, we find that these differences focus on differences in the type of language

2.3.1 Linking words in English

2.3.1.1 Structure

For linking words, both languages have the following types (also constructive):

- Linking words continuously and interrupted

Ex: Not all activities affecting an income statement are central to ongoing operation (2) Using excess cash to purchase stocks in other companies is an investing activity for Papa John's (3) However, any interest or dividents earned on the investment is called investment income or revenue (4) Likewise, borrowing money is a financing activities (5) However, the cost of then using that money is called interest expense

The word "however" (5) performs the link function, not with its adjacent statement, which is connected to a previous statement (3) The contrast that

"however" represents is the contrast between the name of the business model (2) - the interest expense with the business form (1) set out in (3) - using the proceeds to buy shares, it is "investment income or revenue" Thus, the role that "however" represents in this case is the interruption of linking words

- Loose and tight

Linnking words are based on the dependency (meaning and form) of the sentence to separate into tight and loose

Example:

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+ In doing so, Exter and American Bank assumed that the statements accurately represented Maxidrive's financial condition As they soon learned, and now have claimed in their lawsuits, the statements were in error

+ Financial Accounting's fully-featured website offers seif-quizzes, learning objectives, In addition to this helpful study material, you will find two appendices linked to the text material, check figures, artical tied to end - of - chapter material, wed link to the focus company financial statements, and a helful application called homework Manager

+ Users usually are interested in information to assist them in projecting a business's future cash inflows and outflows For example, creditors and potential creditors need to access an entity's ability to pay interest over time and pay back the principle on the loan

Examples (1-2-3) are illustrations that allow tight, while two (4-5) examples are examples that allow for loose

The problem of conjugation by single / complex criterion is quite complex because the division criteria as well as classification results of two languages is inconsistent

However, if done similarly in English, the results are different For example,

if you take the syllable criterion to determine the conjugate structure, however, nevertheless, furthermore, moreover, besides are complex conjunctions In return, if the criterion is word, they are single words Because English is a multi-language,

Thus, through the analysis of the conjunctive statement, we also understand the characteristics of the two languages

Also consider differences in the composition of conjunctions, Vietnamese does not exist clue phrase (preposition + clause) has fake (It-third person singular)

It is mandatory as English: to put it another way (nói theo cách khác), as I was

saying (nhƣ đã nói), meanwhile let us not forget that = at the same time it must be admitted that = at the same time (cùng lúc đó, đồng thời)

Example: The same may be true if a company operate more than a single business

Because, it is not so important grammatical form, the ability to appear variant of linking words in Vietnamese more flexible than English For example, Vietnamese has linking words: hơn nữa/ vả lại (= moreover, furthermore), we can add or modify to: hơn thế nữa, hơn vậy nữa, với lại/ mà lại… while English is less flexible

2.3.1.2 Meaning

Derived from the needs of thinking as well as expression, both languages have the means to express the same basic meaning as: clarification, extension (complement, contrast, selection), cause, consequence (concession, condition-

result, cause-effect) .; Language is the primary tool for communication and thinking In fact, the conjugation is only responsible for the realization of the relationships of logically expressed, semantically existing semantics in the language itself

Exposition

In other works, (nói theo cách khác), that is (to say) (nghĩa là),

I mean (to say) (ý tôi muốn nói),

to put it another way (nói theo cách khác)…

Nghĩa là, điều đó có nghĩa là, ý tôi muốn nói, nói theo cách khác, cố nhiên là, thì ra, ấy là,

có thể nói…

For example/ for instance (ví Ví dụ (như), chẳng hạn (như),

(để minh hoạ)… là, cụ thể là, một ví dụ tiêu

biểu/điển hình là,…

In general, the meaning that linking words express in two languages is quite rich; and these meaningful relationships are relatively similar, although the classification criteria or the expression in the two languages are not entirely uniform

In English, there are interrelated words that express positive or negative meanings As we look at the form of the English word, we can guess the function, the color of its expression, and Vietnamese is not

Positive: And (và), also (cũng), moreover (hơn nữa), in addition (thêm

vàođó), beside (bên cạnh đó), furthermore (hơn thế nữa) …

Negative: nor (cũng không), too (quá đến nỗi không) …

Example: The cup of tea is too hot for me to drink

= The cup of tea is so hot that I can not drink it

Neither I nor her went to that party

Linking words "neither nor, too", they have a negative meaning

2.3.2 Linking words in Vietnamese

2.3.2.1 Structure

In Vietnamese, if we take the criterion of words or syllables to determine the structure of conjunctions - single or complex, the results do not change other than Vietnamese - is a monocular or a syllable language

If we take the criterion of classification as syllables, although both languages have single / multiple subtypes; But sometimes they do not have the correspondence, although two linking words in two languages express the same semantic relationship

Some linking words in Vietnamese are compound words, but in English the words are singular do đó/do vậy = hence/thus, sau đó= then, kế đó= next, soon (ngay sau đó), until (cho đến khi), as/seen/ (bởi vì), so (vì vậy), here/ there (đối với điều đó/này), … or: dù= eventhough/ although, để = so that…

2.3.2.2 Meaning

Although there is a similarity in semantic relations, the perception and the divisions of two languages have different points The fact is that Halliday's criteria

and classification results, based on the English language, are not consistent with Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, we have to rely on the semantics, the context of the two conjugal terms, and sometimes rely on the intuition of the native speaker to examine the semantic relationship between them, do not rely on linking words

+ Tôi sẽ không bao giờ vì hám chút danh lợi mà phản bội lại đồng bào và dân tộc Việt Nam Và tôi tin, tất cả các anh em đồng đội cũng không bao giờ làm thế

+ Cả lớp không ai học bài Và tất nhiên, Nam cũng không

Thus, the distinction between positive or negative in Vietnamese is not based on the "negative meaning" of the conjunction of the function of association

But sometimes, the conjunctions mark the meaning of "positive" / "negative"

in Vietnamese based on other criteria For example, in the "problem" relationship, it consists of two subtypes:

Positive: Here, there, as to that (đối với điều đó), in that respect (ở trong khía cạnh đó),

Negative: In other respect (ở khía cạnh khác), elsewhere (ở những nơi khác)

…

Studying the pragmatics section, we mention both in terms of style On the whole, the two languages have similarities in the following key aspects

First, the bilingual expressions have similarities

- The order of expression in the cause-effect relationship

+ Causes before results:

Example: (vì) Nó chết, người ta phải bỏ ngay ngót trăm đồng bạc tậu con khác về thay nó Bởi vậy, người ta cần chăm chút nó

Because a promise has been exchanged for goods, a transaction has taken place; both Papa John's and the supplier's statements will be affected

This order of expression is very popular

+ Or Causes after results:

Vietnamese: Dù thế, tôi cố ép Nga đi a “Cấp” trước, vì ở Châu Thành bấy giờ nóng nực, khó chịu lắm, và nhất là vì tôi sợ bận rộn không săn sóc tới Nga luôn luôn được để Nga buồn

English: Assets are probable future economic benefits owned or controlled

by an entity as a result of past transaction

- The order in which to list the expressions of the two languages is similar Vietnamese:

Thuộc phạm trù thứ nhất, Xuân Diệu luôn luôn nhìn thấy sự đối lập nghiệt ngã giữa thời gian vô tận của vũ trụ và thời gian ngắn ngủi của một kiếp người […]

Thuộc phạm trù thứ hai, với bản chất của một hình tượng nghệ thuật, thời gian trong tác phẩm nghệ thuật hết sức độc đáo Ông sáng tạo nên một hình tượng thời gian mang ý nghĩa khái quát cao bằng cách biến những khoảnh khắc thời gian ngắn ngủi thành thời gian vô tận, vĩnh hằng “Trút ngàn năm trong một phút chơi vơi”

English: There are three types of notes The first type provides descriptions

of the accounting rules applies in the company's statements The second pesents additional detail about a line on the financial satements (For example ) The third type of note provides additional financial disclosed in a note

Secondly, the means of connection are mainly based on the meaningful relationship between the statements or the owls However, depending on context and personal style, some conjunctions are used quite flexibly Two typical examples are "and" và "but" - "nhưng" Although the main function is to link the cues in a statement and express the isometric relationship between the statements, they are used quite flexibly

additional comments, suggestions, and support of our students and our colleagues

at Cornell University, Ithaca College, and Miami University

+Most financial statements include the monetary unit sign (e.g ) beside the first dollar amount in group of items (e.g,)

In English, the word "but" also carries two similar functions Let's take a look at these examples:

+ Exeter's owners and managers were well aware of detail of U.S GAAP, but they ware still misled Although the measurement rule that Maxidrive had used

to produce its financial statement were consistent with GAAP, the underlying figuge were fiticious

+ Most important, signing a contract involving the exchange of two promises to perform does not result in accounting transaction that is recorded For example, if Papa John's sent an other for more napkins to it paper supplier and the supplier accepted the order but did not fill it immediately, no transaction took place

+The exact items listed as assets on a company's balance sheet depend on the nature of its operations But there are common names use by many companies

+The Investing Activities section shows that Maxidrive is making heavy investments in new manufacturing capacity, a good sign if demand continue to increase But, as the Financing Activities sectio indicates, if Maxidrive is not able

to sell more drives, it may have trouble meeting the payment on the new bank debt

In two (1-2) examples, the word "but" has linked the statements in one statement, and in (3-4), it is the linking words used to connect the statements In the case of "but" as the connection between statements (3-4), it has the same function

as "however, neverthless, in contrast"

Example: Not all activities affecting an income statement are central to ongoing operation Using excess cash to purchase stocks in other companies is an investing activity for Papa John's However, any interests or dividents earned on the investment is called investment income or revenue Likewise, borrowing money is

a financing activities However, the cost of then using that money is called interest expense

In terms of meaning, "but" and "and" also have similarities According to M K.Halliday, the word "but" contains the logic semantics of the word "and": "but contains within itself the logical meaning of" and "

Third, some bilingual structures have the same usage (to express the semantic relationship)

- English: “must + V nguyên mẫu” = tất / ắt sẽ (Vietnamese)

In English, when the reasoning is clear, it will happen, we will use the "must + verb"

“Thanks to” (English) = “nhờ vào” (Vietnamese)

Both of these linking words represent a positive cause; and in general, they are semantic, both expressive:

+ Thanks to the achievements of science and technology, people are able to keep in touch with one another from far-distance places, through variety means of modern communication (+)

+ Nhờ vào những thành tựu của khoa học kỹ thuật, những người ở xa nhau

có thể giữ liên lạc với nhau, thông qua rất nhiều loại phương tiện thông tin hiện đại (+)

Fourth, in Vietnamese and English, the punctuation is used quite flexible to ensure logical and coherent

The position of the linking words used in the bindings in both languages is quite flexible: they can be either head or between two statements

English:

+ It foundations are normally traced back to the works of an Italian monk and mathematican, Fr Luca Pacioli, pulished in 1494 However, prior to 1933, each company's managemant largely determined its financial reporting practies

+ The size of the real fraud, however, was more than 10 times as great as that in the fictionalcase, as were the losses incurred and the damages claimed in the lawsuit that followed

Vietnamese:

+ Chính vì mang nặng tình yêu mùa xuân tha thiết nên mặc dù nó mới chỉ sắp tới, nhưng nhà thơ đã ở trong tâm trạng đầy lo sợ mùa xuân sẽ đi qua, vì nó là quy luật tất yếu của thời gian

+ Hãy đạp bàn đập ghế để đòi được năm đồng, nhưng được rồi thì vất trả lại năm hào “vì thương anh túng quá”! Và cũng phải tuỳ mặt nữa: những thằng có máu mặt, vợ đẹp, con đàn chính là những thằng dễ bóp; trái lại, những thằng tứ cố vô thân, giết chúng thì dễ, nhưng giết được, chỉ còn có xương; mà gây với chúng là mở một dịp tốt để cho các phe nghịch xoay lại mình

In the case of linking words at the end of the speech, we are rarely spoken in both languages

We will cover how to use some of the common linking words In English, there are several pairs of words in the same sense but their usage is different

Example: although (eventhough/though) – despite (despite of) mean “mặc dù” but:

Although + clause; but despite + noun/noun phrase

Same, because and because of mean “bởi vì” but after because is a clause and after because of is noun/noun phrase

Although (eventhough/though) / Because + clause

Despite (despite of) / because of + noun/noun phrase

+ Because a determinable amount of cash (criterian 3) is paid by customers

in exchange for food service from Papa John's (criterian 2), there are no uncertainty as to the probability of collecting cash (criterian 4)

+ Because of the enomous number of transactions involving a major enterprise such as General Motors, The CPA does not examine each of these trasactions

+ Although the measurement rule that Maxidrive had used to produce its financial statement were consistent with GAAP, the underlying figuge were fiticious

+ Jane will be atmitted to the University, even though she has bad grades + He promised to call me, ill now I haven’t received any calls from him, though [EG;100]

+ Despite his physical handicap, he has become a sucessful businessman + Despite of his physical handicap, he has become a sucessful businessman

We will cover how to use some of the common linking words

In Vietnamese, "bởi/ bởi vì" and "măc dù", hence "bởi" / "mặc dù" is not just

a noun phrase, it can be an adjective / verb phrase or a clause

+ Vì sự ngu dốt cộng với nhiệt tình, anh trở thành kẻ phá hoại (+) (cụm danh từ)

+ Cũng vì cái nghèo ấy mà (nên) từ thuở nhỏ, anh Minh đã phải chịu bao nhiêu nỗi khổ sở, thiếu thốn không kể những nỗi bị ức hiếp mà những người nghèo

ở thời nào cũng phải chịu

+ Vì Ông nhất định bảo rằng: đứa con của anh ta không thể khai sinh, bởi

vì chồng anh chưa làm giấy giá thú…

2.4 Conlusion

When we translate scientific texts or novels, in particular the manipulation

of linking words, note the application of comparative-language reasoning to find corresponding, correct and correct linking words Translate the science, economics

is the main translation of terminology for the target language

In this chapter, the study deals with the concept of linking words, which compares similarities and differences in structure, semantics between English and Vietnamese It will be the basis for the next chapters

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subjects

In the process of using English and translation, text is an indispensable tool

At present, the Vietnamese and English text types are being used most in communication in Vietnam Linking words in Vietnamese and English text is a very important target and object in the process of teaching and learning English, as well as translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa It is necessary to have grammatical documents for specialized documents in the form of a collation between Vietnamese and English learned or researched in order to help learners or researchers quickly receive ants advanced in foreign languages

The term "collation" is often used to refer to a research methodology or subdivision for two or more languages

Compared with other subjects, text grammar is one of the more mature subjects and has a long history

Derived from the role, the meaning of the linkage in general, linking words

in particular, we think this is one of the issues of concern Actually, linking words serves as a coherent element of the text, which is one of the key elements of document creation and reception

3.2 Instruments

Approach is the selection of a place to look at the subject, a way to look at the object of study (Rev 1999) In this research paper, the information approaches will be used:

- Structured Systems Analysis: A systematic approach is always tight and logical A system always consists of elements that are divided into hierarchies, characterized by relative, relative but interactive, goals that represent the overall goal (Vu 1999) In this study, the thesis will be the linking words system used in the novel by Charles Charlton Bronte in the Jane Eyre novel with 400 words listed for comparison with the Vietnamese translation

- Qualitative: The information collected must always exist in two qualitative and quantitative forms In addition, the subject of the survey should also be considered under both qualitative and quantitative perspectives In certain cases,

qualitative information approach is the only possible method By listing the linking words in the Jane Eyre novel by the writer Charlotte Bronte, the data for the final goal is to be aware of the qualitative nature of the subject

- Specific approach and comparison: individual approach is to observe the object of study separately from other objects A comparative approach allows one

to observe things in correlation From the control objects, research can result in the recognition of the singularity of the conjugation in English and Vietnamese

- Analyze and synthesize: It is used in this study to divide the objects into distinctly distinct ones Through separate analysis of each part, research to find the indispensable link between the links have been analyzed This gives an overview of the nature of the subject

+ System Method - Structure: System properties, internal structure and types

of relationship in the connection of the thesis interest

Method of semantics - Syntax: Speaking of linking words, it refers to the types of semantics, so this method is prioritized for analysis

+ The method of phrase analysis: Linking words are only made explicit in specific communication situations Thus, factors such as context, genre, and interaction are used in a synthesis

3.4 Statistical Analysis

In this study, the study materials from the two main sources included:

- The linking words of the Jane Eyre novel by the writer Bronte We have listed 150 linking words in the Jane Eyre novel in Chapters 1,2 and 4 to analyze their semantic and syntactic features

- Jane Eyre translation for Tran Anh Kim editor Includes 150 linking words translated into Vietnamese to compare with the original in English

- The total number of English-Vietnamese TNTCs surveyed was 150 words (Appendix 1)

3.5 Summary

In Chapter 3, the theoretical and philosophical assumptions included in the study design for the study were considered In addition to the discussions and research designs for this study were made The summary of this chapter is presented in Table 3.1 by highlighting the main decisions made to carry out the work of this study

Perceptual and Ontological Ontology

Interpretation

Explain

Research strategy List documents, analyze documents,

compare documents

Timeline for research June 2018 - November 2018

Theoretical framework ANT for micro-level analysis, social

context for analysis of linking words

Chapter 4: FEATURES OF LINKING WORDS IN “JANE EYRE” NOVEL

BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

4.1 Syntactic features of linking words in “Jane Eyre” novel

As discussed in Chapter 2, structure is a relationship, the internal organization of a whole; And the structure has a close relationship with the system,

as well as the hierarchy of the system

The structure of the linking words in the study surveyed did not exceed this understanding

Of the 150 linking words listed there are 89 linking words including a incorporate word and 61 linking words including many incorporate words

(Appendix 1)

Source: Appendix 1

4.1.1 Linking words has a incorporate word

Linking words usually performs a link to the thread It includes: relations of choice, complement, contrast

Structure: A (diacritic) r (linking words) B

(speech break, linking words not required)

59.33 40.67

The rate of linking words is

investigated (%)

Linking words has a conjugated word Linking words includes many conjugated words

Example:

but since dinner ( page 7 – Chapter 1)

Nhưng đến bữa ăn trưa

but strongely imprcessive (p10)

Nhưng nó kích động một cách lạ lùng

And when, having bought her inroning – table to the nursery hearth

Và sau khi đem chiến bàn dùng để là quần áo vào gần lò sưởi trong buồng trẻ con

And while she got up mrs Rud’s lace

Rồi trong lúc là những cổ áo viền ren và uốn cong các vành mũ ngủ của bà Reed (p11)

In the above examples, to understand statements containing linking words,

we must go back to the text, namely the previous statement

It's between two spokespersons But linking words are often closely associated with the second

Trần Ngọc Thêm asserted: "In the phenomenon of linking, means of connection never split between two spokespersons A and B, but always lie in one

of two statements, causing the statement contained It depends on the other speaker If r is in B (model: A r B then we will have regression link

Example:

For all at one, without speaking

( Nhưng tình hình chẳng nói chẳng rằng)

now, i’ll teach you to

( Được, tao sẽ dạy cho mày cách lục lọi tủ sách của tao)

not soon enought, however, the volume was

( nhưng muộn rồi, cuốn sách văng trúng làm tôi ngã vấp vào cửa)

Also, i had down parallels in sitence which i never though them to have declared aloud

( thành ra trong bụng tôi ngầm so sánh bọn này với john nhưng tôi không hề nghĩ đến chuyện buột mồm nói ra như vậy)

As discussed in Chapter 2, we can use or not to use linking words or punctuation marks (cases 1 and 2) There may be instances where there are interruptions without linking words (case 4), but there may be cases where there is

a linking word without a quotation mark (case 3) Because in this case, it is easy to mistake the linking words "but" with the first And through that, we will recognize the tight linking of "but" with the second

Thus, linking words in the continuum in the survey, it is usually only more closely associated with the second

+ Bà ta tắc lưỡi mà bảo thể những khi vui miệng Bởi vì nếu Bà ấy không vui miệng thì bà ấy đã không nói thế

4.1.2 Linking words includes many incorporate words

As discussed in Chapter 2 Although there are similarities to the pattern of join that have only one linking words, the model of this type of join has distinct points

For example:

The fact is, I was a trifle beside my seft

( Sự thực thì tôi đã phát cáu)

if she were to turn ou off, you would have to go to

( Ví thử bà đuổi cô đi thì cô chỉ còn nước là vào trại tế bần)

For if you don’t repent, some thing bad might be

( vì nếu cô không ăn )

But when the first linking word is omitted, the second linking word is compound linking words (including many hours) and the punctuation mark is the dot, which can be seen by the second linking words

When r and r 'are pairings of linking words, represent dependencies, then: The join will be the join (regardless of what the breakpoint is)