0521889650 cambridge university press trade marks and brands an interdisciplinary critique jul 2008

This volume assembles essays examining trade marks andbrands from a multiplicity of fields: from business history, marketing,linguistics, legal history, philosophy, sociology and geograp

Trade Marks and Brands

Recent developments in trade mark law have called into question avariety of basic features, as well as bolder extensions, of legal protection.Other disciplines can help us think about fundamental issues such as:What is a trade mark? What does it do? What should be the scope ofits protection? This volume assembles essays examining trade marks andbrands from a multiplicity of fields: from business history, marketing,linguistics, legal history, philosophy, sociology and geography Each partpairs lawyers’ and non-lawyers’ perspectives, so that each commentatoraddresses and critiques his or her counterpart’s analysis The perspec-tives of non-legal fields are intended to enrich legal academics’ andpractitioners’ reflections about trade marks, and to expose lawyers,judges and policy-makers to ideas, concepts and methods that couldprove to be of particular importance in the development of positive law

L I O N E L B E N T L Y is Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual PropertyLaw at the University of Cambridge, Director of the Centre for Intel-lectual Property and Information Law at the University of Cambridge,and a Professorial Fellow at Emmanuel College, Cambridge

J E N N I F E R D A V I S is Newton Trust Lecturer and Fellow of WolfsonCollege, University of Cambridge

J A N E C.G I N S B U R Gis the Morton L Janklow Professor of Literary andArtistic Property Law at Columbia University School of Law She alsodirects the law school’s Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts

As its economic potential has rapidly expanded, intellectual property hasbecome a subject of front-rank legal importance Cambridge IntellectualProperty Rights and Information Law is a series of monograph studies ofmajor current issues in intellectual property Each volume contains amix of international, European, comparative and national law, makingthis a highly significant series for practitioners, judges and academicresearchers in many countries.

The Rt Hon Sir Robin Jacob, Court of Appeal, England

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume

Trade Marks and Brands

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

ISBN-13 978-0-521-88965-0

© Cambridge University Press 2008

2008

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521889650

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eBook (EBL)hardback

1 The making of modern trade mark law: the construction of

the legal concept of trade mark (1860–1880)

2 The making of modern trade mark law: the UK, 1860–1914

A business history perspective

3 Between a sign and a brand: mapping the boundaries

of a registered trade mark in European Union trade

mark law

4 ‘‘See me, feel me, touch me, hea[r] me’’ (and maybe smell

and taste me too): I am a trademark – a US perspective

5 ‘How can I tell the trade mark on a piece of gingerbread from

all the other marks on it?’ Naming and meaning in verbal trade

mark signs

v

6 What linguistics can do for trademark law

7 Brand culture: trade marks, marketing and consumption

8 ‘Brand culture: trade marks, marketing and consumption’ –

responding legally to Professor Schroeder’s paper

11 A Law-and-Economics perspective on trade marks

12 The economic rationale of trade marks: an economist’s

critique

13 Trade marks as property: a philosophical perspective

D O M I N I C S C O T T, A L E X O L I V E R A N D M I G U E L

14 An alternative approach to dilution protection:

a response to Scott, Oliver and Ley-Pineda

15 An anthropological approach to transactions involving

names and marks, drawing on Melanesia

319

16 Traversing the cultures of trade marks: observations on the

anthropological approach of James Leach

F I G U R E S

2.1 Total trade mark registrations in England, 1882–1914 page50

7.2 Classical architectural imagery from Danske Bank,

7.3 Merrill Lynch advertisement, c 1998 Reproduced

7.4 Architectural referents fromV E R I S I G N, c 2003

16.1 Examples of elaborate labels (F I S H S A U C Elabel,O L D

E N G L A N D S A U C Elabel) Source: R L Moorby et al for

the Patent Office, A Century of Trade Marks 1876–1976

viii

Notes on the contributors

J O N A T H A N A L D R E Dis a Fellow of Emmanuel College and a Newton TrustLecturer in the Department of Land Economy, both in the University ofCambridge An economist by training, his research interests are nowinterdisciplinary, spanning economics, philosophy, law and politicaltheory He has particular interests in the philosophical foundations ofwelfare economics and economic theories of rational choice Recentpublications have focussed on the scope and limitations of using mon-etary measures to value environmental impacts and public policy out-comes He is currently working on an introductory book on the ethicalassumptions behind popular economic arguments: Ethical Economics

L I O N E L B E N T L Y has been the Herchel Smith Professor of IntellectualProperty Law and Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property andInformation Law at the University of Cambridge since October 2004

He is also a Professorial Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge He

is co-author (both with Brad Sherman) of Intellectual Property Law(2001; 2nd edn, 2004) and The Making of Modern Intellectual PropertyLaw – The British Experience, 1760–1911 (Cambridge, 1999) He is alsothe author of Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Problems FacingFreelance Creators in the UK Media Market-Place (2002) and co-editor(with David Vaver) of Intellectual Property in the New Millennium: Essays

in Honour of Professor William Cornish (Cambridge, 2004) With MartinKretschmer, he is co-director of an AHRC-funded resource enhance-ment project developing a digital resource of primary documents relat-ing to copyright history from five jurisdictions (the USA, UK, France,Germany and Italy)

J E N N I F E R D A V I S is a Newton Trust Lecturer in Intellectual PropertyLaw and a member of the Centre for Intellectual Property andInformation Law, University of Cambridge She is also a Fellow ofWolfson College, Cambridge She is the author of Intellectual PropertyLaw (2008) She has a particular interest in trade mark law and unfaircompetition and has published extensively on these topics Before

ix

joining the Faculty of Law, Dr Davis practised as a lawyer in the area ofintellectual property litigation.

G R A E M E B D I N W O O D I E is a Professor of Law, Associate Dean, andDirector of the Program in Intellectual Property Law, at Chicago-KentCollege of Law He also holds a Chair in Intellectual Property Law atQueen Mary College, University of London He is the author of severalarticles and casebooks, including Trademarks and Unfair Competition: Lawand Policy (2nd edn, 2007) (with M Janis) and International IntellectualProperty Law and Policy (with W Hennessey and S Perlmutter) Prior toteaching, Professor Dinwoodie had been an associate with Sullivan andCromwell in New York Professor Dinwoodie was the Burton Fellow

in Residence at Columbia Law School for 1988–9, working in the field

of intellectual property law, and a John F Kennedy Scholar at HarvardLaw School for 1987–8 He is a member of the American LawInstitute

A L A N D U R A N T is Professor of Communication at Middlesex UniversityBusiness School, London, where his current research is into ways ofadjudicating contested meanings in different areas of media law Aswell as being author or co-author of a number of textbooks on Englishlanguage and literature, his publications include Conditions of Music(1984), Ezra Pound: Identity in Crisis (1981) and (with Nigel Fabb,Derek Attridge and Colin MacCabe) The Linguistics of Writing:Arguments Between Language and Literature (1987)

D E V G A N G J E E joined the London School of Economics as a lecturer inintellectual property law in 2005, after a period as a Rhodes Scholar atOxford While his research interests lie broadly in intellectual property,there is a special focus on regimes regulating signs, such as trade marks,geographical indications and domain names He is a research associate

of the Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre and his doctoralwork has focussed on geographical indications He has published in thearea as well as presented his work in the USA, UK, Japan and China

He is inured to the deluge of comments which inevitably follow, such as

‘Oh! You research wine?’

J A N E C G I N S B U R G is the Morton L Janklow Professor of Literary andArtistic Property Law at Columbia University School of Law, andDirector of its Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts Shehas held the Arthur L Goodhart Visiting Chair of Legal Science at theUniversity of Cambridge, and is an Honorary Fellow of EmmanuelCollege, University of Cambridge With Professor Sam Ricketson,she is the co-author of International Copyright and Neighbouring

Rights: The Berne Convention and Beyond (2006) With ProfessorRochelle Dreyfuss and Professor Franc¸ois Dessemontet, she was aco-reporter for the American Law Institute project on IntellectualProperty: Principles Governing Jurisdistion, Choice of Law andJudgments in Transnational Disputes (to be published in 2008).

A N D R E W G R I F F I T H S is a reader in law at the University of Manchester.His teaching and research interests include trade mark law, companylaw and law-and-economics He is the author of Contracting withCompanies (2005)

D A V I D M H I G G I N S is 40th Anniversary Reader in Business andEconomic History at the University of York He was, previously, lecturerand senior lecturer in economics at the University of Sheffield His majorresearch interests are British industrial performance in the nineteenthand twentieth centuries, aspects of interwar economic performance, andthe protection of intellectual property His research has been funded bygrants from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), theLeverhulme Trust and the Nuffield Foundation He was elected aFellow of the Royal Historical Society in 2007

J A M E S L E A C His Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University

of Aberdeen He held a Research Fellowship at King’s CollegeCambridge while his contribution to this volume was being written.James trained in Manchester between 1989 and 1997, and has under-taken long-term field research on the Rai Coast of Papua New Guinea,

as well as additional research on comparative material in the UK Hispublications include work on the topics of art, aesthetics, kinship,ownership, intellectual and cultural property, interdisciplinary collab-orations, free/open-source software communities and knowledgeproduction

M I G U E L L E Y-P I N E D A is a Ph.D student in the Faculty of Philosophy atthe University of Cambridge He works in ancient Greek philosophybut has interest in contemporary political philosophy, the philosophy oforganizations and intellectual property

C E L I A L U R Y is Professor of Sociology at Goldsmiths, University ofLondon Her first book, Cultural Rights: Technology, Legality andPersonality (1993), identified the importance of regimes of intellectualproperty rights in contemporary culture, a theme which she has con-tinued to explore in more recent studies, including Brands: The Logos ofthe Global Economy (2004) and Global Culture Industry: The Mediation ofThings (with Scott Lash) (2007)

C A T H E R I N E W N G joined the University of Aberdeen as a lecturer inlaw after having completed her D.Phil – which included work as aEuropaeum scholar at the Institut universitaire de hautes e´tudes inter-nationales in Geneva – and after having completed her subsequentresearch fellowship at the Institut Her D.Phil thesis won the firstBritish Brands Group Prize awarded for the best Oxford dissertation

or thesis related to the law or practice of trade marks, unfair tion, or branding An adaptation of it is being published in two parts inthe Intellectual Property Journal (20 (2007)) She has published articles

competi-in the European Intellectual Property Law Review and Canada-wideintellectual property law journals on topics ranging from domainnames to patent law to law governing copyright and comparativeadvertising She is a research associate at the Oxford IntellectualProperty Research Centre

A L E X O L I V E R is University Reader in Philosophy at the University ofCambridge and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College His researchinterests span metaphysics, ethics and logic, and include the nature ofproperties and sets, the ethics of organizations and the metaphysics ofintellectual property He has held a Mellon Fellowship at YaleUniversity, a Research Fellowship at Gonville and Caius, and aLeverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship for work on the logic

of plurals He has also advised public and private institutions on alty, educational strategy, corporate responsibility, the ethics of taxa-tion, and trust in charities

loy-B R O N W Y N P A R R Y is a reader in cultural and economic geography atQueen Mary University of London Prior to her arrival at QueenMary in 2004, she researched and taught at the University ofCambridge for ten years Her primary interests lie in investigating theway human–environment relations are being recast by technological,economic and regulatory change She has undertaken large-scaleresearch projects into the organization and operation of the biopro-specting industry and, more recently, on the legal and ethical implica-tions of the expansion of human tissue and organ banking in the UK.Her work on benefit-sharing, bioprospecting and intellectual propertyrights has been published in international journals She is the author ofthe widely acclaimed book Trading the Genome: Investigating theCommodification of Bio-information (2004) She has also written exten-sively on the emergence and regulation of the bio-economy, commo-dification of the body and bodily artefacts, and has developing interests

in the global trade in reproductive services and post-humanism She is

a permanent member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics and has

acted as a consultant to the UK government in the drafting of the 2004Human Tissue Bill, and in the development of their policies on travel,migration and infectious disease risk She has also acted as an advisor tothe UN on international compliance with genetic access and benefit-sharing regimes.

M E G A N R I C H A R D S O N is an associate professor in the Law Faculty, TheUniversity of Melbourne, Australia Her research interests span thefields of intellectual property and personality rights and lately have beenparticularly focussed on legal protection of traditional culture/folklore

J O N A T H A N E S C H R O E D E R is Professor of Marketing at the School ofBusiness and Economics, University of Exeter He is also a VisitingProfessor in Marketing Semiotics at Bocconi University in Milan, andVisiting Professor in Design Management at the Indian School ofBusiness, Hyderabad His research focusses on the production andconsumption of images, and has been widely published in marketing,organization, psychology, design and law journals He is the author ofVisual Consumption (2002) and co-editor of Brand Culture (2006) He is

an editor of Consumption Markets & Culture, and serves on the editorialboards of the Journal of Business Research, the European Journal ofMarketing, Marketing Theory, the International Journal of IndianCulture, Business Management and Advertising and Society Review

D O M I N I C S C O T Tis Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia,Charlottesville Although he works mainly in ancient Greek philoso-phy, his interests also include ethics, the philosophy of organizations,trust and intellectual property Until 2007 he taught at the University

of Cambridge where he helped set up the Forum for Philosophy inBusiness, a research centre devoted to investigating questions of prac-tical life with a philosophical dimension

M I C H A E L S P E N C Eis Head of the Social Sciences Division of the University

of Oxford and a Fellow of St Catherine’s College, Oxford He is aconsultant to the law firm Olswang Michael has a comparative pers-pective on the law of intellectual property His work has a critical focus

on suggested ethical and economic justifications of the existing regimes

D A V I D V A V E R is Emeritus Professor of Intellectual Property andInformation Technology Law in the University of Oxford, Director(since 2008) of the Oxford Intellectual Property Research Centre at StPeter’s College, and Fellow of St Peter’s College Most recently heedited a five-volume compilation on Intellectual Property Rights: CriticalConcepts in Law (2006)

Editors’ preface

Recent developments in trade mark law have called into question a variety

of basic features, as well as bolder extensions, of legal protection Otherdisciplines can help us think about fundamental issues such as: What is atrade mark? What does it do? What should be the scope of its protection?The present volume assembles essays examining trade marks and brandsfrom a multiplicity of fields We believe the broad range of the contribu-tions to this volume makes it unique There are already works on trademark law, works on branding and marketing, works on linguistics andmarketing, and works on sociological aspects of commercial identity, but

no attempt to bring these approaches together Equally importantly,rather than offering a litany of discrete chapters each independentlycovering a different discipline, each part of this book pairs lawyers’ andnon-lawyers’ perspectives, so that each commentator will address andcritique his or her counterpart’s analysis Authors of the main papersand of the commentaries divide roughly evenly between lawyers andspecialists from other disciplines

The perspectives of non-legal fields are intended to enrich legal demics’ and practitioners’ reflections about trade marks, as well as toexpose lawyers, judges and policy-makers to ideas, concepts and methodsthat could prove to be of particular importance in the development ofpositive law For those who wish to explore further, an extensive biblio-graphy collecting commentaries from all the fields here represented con-cludes the volume We hope the volume will prove of interest as well toacademics both in law and in other disciplines whose modes of analysisare brought to bear on the intellectual property issue in question.The essays grow out of two successive workshops held at EmmanuelCollege, University of Cambridge, in July 2005 and July 2006 We aregrateful to all the participants, including those who did not presentpapers, but whose questions and critiques helped the presenters sharpen

aca-or rethink their arguments We would also like to thank Gaenaca-or Moaca-ore,for her assistance in editing and the compilation of the bibliographyand case-list We express our appreciation as well to the Master and

xv

Bursar of Emmanuel College for their support of this project Both ofthe workshops were generously funded by the Herchel Smith bequest

to Emmanuel College for the promotion of research into intellectualproperty law

LIONEL BENTLY JENNIFER DAVIS JANE C.GINSBURG

Cambridge and New York, July 2007

Adidas-Salamon AG and Adidas Benelux Bv v Fitnessworld

Trading Ltd, Case C-408/01 [2003] ECR I-12537, ETMR 91,[2004] I CMLR (14) 448, [2004] ETMR (10) 12982,84,85,

212,224,232,262

A-G v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109194

Ainsworth v Walmsley (1866) LR 1 Eq Cas 51812

Aktiebolaget Manus v R J Fullwood & Blard, Ltd (1948) 65 RPC

329233

Alcon v OHIM, Case C-192/03 [2004] ECR I-8993, [2005] ETMR(69) 860256

Aldrich v One Stop Video Ltd (1987) 39 DLR (4th) 362 (BCSC)195

Alfred Dunhill Ltd v Sunoptic SA [1979] FSR 337231

American Family Life Insurance Company v Hagan, et al., 266 F.Supp.2d 682 (ND Ohio, 2002)101

American Greeting Corporation’s Application (‘Holly Hobbie’) [1984] 1WLR 189206,229

Anheuser-Busch, Inc v Budejovicky Budvar, Case C-245/02 [2004]ECR I-10989, [2005] ETMR 286153,263

Anheuser-Busch, Inc v Balducci Publications (1995) 28 F 3d 769 (8thCir 1994), cert denied, 513 US 1112137

Ansell v Gaubert (1858) Seb Dig (163) 9112

Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2001] RPC 922 (H.Ct); Case C-206/01 [2002] ECR I-10273, [2002] CMLR 12

xvii

(ECJ); [2003] RPC (39) 696 [2003] ETMR (73) 895 (Court ofAppeal), 1 CMLR 12, 2 CMLR 2581,82,86,87,88,135,143,153,

154,211,254,260,263,314,350

Aunt Jemima Mills Co v Rigney & Co 247 F 407 (2nd Cir.1917) 98

Bach Flower Remedies [1999] RPC 1230

Batty v Hill (1863) 1 H & M 264, 71 ER 11512

Bayer Co v United Drug Co 272 F 505, 509 (SDNY 1921)93,148

Bayerische Motorwerke AG v Deenik, Case C63/97 [1999] ECR 905,

Beard v Turner (1865) 13 LT 74612

Belcher v Tarbox 486 F 2d 1087 (9th Cir 1973)195

Belisle Du Boulay v Jules Rene´ Herme´ne´gilde du Boulay (1869) LR 2

Blanch v Koons 467 F 3d 244 (2nd Cir 2006)104

Bleistein v Donaldson Lithographing Co (1903) 188 US 239197

Blofeld v Payne (1833) 4 Barnewall and Adolphus 410, 110 ER 509

Bongrain SA’s Trade Mark Application [2005] ETMR 47279,94

Bostitch Trade Mark [1963] RPC 183231,233

Boston Athletic Ass’n v Sullivan 867 F 2d 22 (1st Cir 1989)100

Bowden Wire Ltd v Bowden Brake Co Ltd (1914) 31 RPC 385229

Boy Scouts of America v Dale 120 S Ct 2446 (2000)308

Braham v Beachim (1878) LR 7 Ch D 84854

Braham v Bustard (1863) 1 H & M 447, 71 ER 19512,25

Bristol-Myers Squibb v Paranova, Case C-427/93 [1996] ECR I-3457,

British Sugar Plc v James Robertson & Sons Ltd [1996] RPC

28180

Browne v Freeman (1864) 12 WR 30512

Bulun Bulun v R&T Textiles Pty Ltd (1988) 157 ALR 193352

Burge ss v Burgess (18 50) 3 De G M & G 896 21

Burgoyne’s Trade Mark (1889) 6 RPC 227347,353

Campbell v Acuff-Rose Music, Inc (1994) 114 S Ct 1164315

Campina Melkunie BV v Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-265/00

Canham v Jones (1813) 2 V & B 218, 35 ER 30221

Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v MGM, Case C-39/97 [1998] ECR I-5507,[1999] 1 CMLR 77, [1999] RPC 117259,260

Cartier v May, The Times, 13 July 1861, p 11a12

Cartier v Westhead, The Times, 12 July 1861, p 11a12

Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v Public Service

Commission of New York (1980) 109 S Ct 2343312

Church of Scientology of California v Kaufman [1973] RPC 635 (Ch.)194

Churton v Douglas (1859) Seb Dig (172) 9612

Clark v Freeman (1848) 11 Beav 112, 50 ER 75921

Coca-Cola Co v Koke Co of America (1920) 254 US 143, 147 byHolmes J, rev’ing 255 F 894 (9th Cir 1919)196

Collins Co v Brown (1857) 3 K&J 423, 69 ER 11745,12

Collins Co v Cohen (1857) 3 K&J 428, 69 ER 117712

Colonial Life Assurance Co v Home and Colonial Life Assurance Co.(1864) 33 Beav 54825

Comite´ Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne v Wineworths GroupLtd [1991] 2 NZLR 432 (Wellington HCt)385

Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Muller & Co.’s Margarine [1901]

Crawshay v Thompson (1842) 4 Man & G 357, 134 ER 1497,228

Croft v Day (1843) 7 Beav 84, 49 ER 99422

Dastar Corp v Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp (2003) 539 US 23149

Davidoff v Gofkid, Case C-292/00 [2003] ECR I-389, [2003] CMLR

Densham & Son’s Trade Mark (1895) 2 Ch 176 (CA)347

Dent v Turpin (1861) 2 J & H 1395,12

Dixon v Fawcus (1861) 3 El & El 537, 121 ER 5445

Dunnachie v Young (1883) 10 Sess Cas (4th Ser.) 87422,30

Dyer v Gallacher (2006) Scot SC 6 (Glasgow Sheriff Ct Scot.)154

Dyson Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, Case C-321/03 [2007] 2 CMLR(14) 30370

Eastman Photographic Materials Co Ltd v Comptroller-General ofPatents, Designs and Trade-Marks [1898] AC 571347

Eastman Photographic Materials Company, Ltd v The John GriffithsCycle Corporation, Ltd (1898) 15 RPC 105231

Edelsten v Edelsten (1863) 1 De GJ & S 185, 46 ER 7212

Edelsten v Vick (1853) 11 Hare 78, 68 ER 119412,25

Eden SARL v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market, CaseT305/04 [2005] ECR II-4705, [2006] ETMR (14) 18173

Edwards v Dennis (1885) 30 Ch D 45433

Electrocoin Automatics v Hitachi Credit [2005] FSR 784

Elvis Presley Trade Marks [1999] RPC 567 (CA)234,235,254,350

Erven Warnink BV and others v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1978]FSR 1 (Ch); [1979] AC 731 (HL)181,183,193,195,352,357

Eurocermex SA v OHIM, Case C-286/04P [2005] ECR I-579778,79

European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and GeographicalIndications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs (15 Mar 2005)

Executrices of the Estate of Diana, Princess of Wales’ Application [2001]ETMR 25234,235

Ex parte Stephens (1876) 3 Ch D 65927,32

Farina v Cathery (No 1), The Times, 30 April 1864, p 13c12

Farina v Cathery (No 2), The Times, 27 April 1867, p 10d12

Farina v Gebhardt (1853) Seb Dig (118) 6412

Farina v Meyerstein, The Times, 1 February 1864, p 10f10

Farina v Silverlock (1855) 1 K&J 509, 517, 69 ER 560; (1856) 6 De G M &

G 214, 43 ER 1214; 4 K&J 650, (1858) 70 ER 27012

Faulder v Rushton (1903) 20 RPC 47736

Field v Lewis (1867) Seb Dig (280) 16712

Flavel v Harrison (1853) 10 Hare 467, 68 ER 101012

Ford v Foster (1872) LR 7 Ch App 611194

Foster v Mountford and Rigby Ltd (1977) 14 ALR 71352

Franks v Weaver (1847) 10 Beav 297, 50 ER 5967

Fraserside Holdings v Venus Adult Shops (2005) FMCA 997 (Fed Mag

Glaxo Group v Dowelhurst [2000] FSR 529270

GMG Radio Holdings Ltd v Tokyo Project Ltd [2005] EWHC 2188,[2006] FSR (15) 239185

Graveley v Winchester (1867) Seb Dig (272) 16212

Great Tower v Langford (1888) 5 RPC 6636

Green ough Dalmahoy (1769) 227

Guangdong Foodstuffs Import & Export (Group) Corp v Tung FookChinese Wine (1982) Co Ltd 1998 HKCU Lexis 1385 (HK HC)194

Gut Springenheide and Tusky v Oberkreisdirektor des Kreises Amt fu¨ r Lebensmittelu¨ berwachung, Case C210/96 [1999] 1 CMLR

Steinfurt-1383, [1998] ECR I-465771

Hall v Barrows (1863) 4 De G J & S 150; (1863) 32 LJ Ch 548; 11

WR 52512,19,30,31

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf (1916) 240 US 40397

Harjo v Pro-Football Inc 50 USPQ 2d 1705 (TTAB, 1999)355

Harrison v Taylor (1865) 11 Jur NS 40812

Harrods Ltd v Harrodian School Ltd [1996] RPC 697231

Henderson v Jorss, The Times, 22 June 1861, p 11b12,230

Hodgkinson & Corby Ltd v Wards Mobility Services [1994] 1 WLR

1564189

Hoffman v Duncan (1853) Seb Dig (122) 6612

Hoffmann-La Roche, Case 102/77 [1978] ECR 113977

Hogan and Others v Pacific Dunlop Ltd (1989) 12 IPR 225 (Fed

Ct Australia)299

Hogg v Kirby (1803) 8 Vesey Junior 215, 32 ER 336225,227

Holloway v Holloway (1853) 13 Beav 209, 51 ER 8111,22

Hollywood v Souza Cruz, Case R283/1999-3 [2002] ETMR 705

Ho¨lterhoff v Freiesleben, Case C-2/00 [2002] ECR I-418780,153,263

Hopton Wood Stone Firms Ltd v Gething (1910) 27 RPC 60555

Huntley & Palmer v The Reading Biscuit Company, Ltd (1893) 10RPC 27744,54

Hurley v Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston

115 s Ch 2338 (1995)308

In re Ainslie & Co.’s Trade Mark (1887) 4 RPC 21238

In re Anderson’s Trade Mark (1884) 26 Ch D 40933

In re Arbenz Trade Mark (1887) 35 Ch D 24838

In re Barrows’ Trade Marks (1877) 5 Ch D 35332

In re Br ock & Co Ltd [191 0] 1 Ch 130 (CA) 196

In re Brook’s Trade Mark, The Times, 15 July 1878, p 4d32

In re California Fig Syrup Co [1910] 1 Ch 130 (CA)196,347

In re Californian Fig Syrup Company’s Trade-Mark (1888) 40 Ch D

62641

In re Carter Medicine Company’s Trade-Mark (1892) 3 Ch 47241

In re Clarke, 17 USPQ.2d 1238, 1990 TTAB LEXIS 5395

In re Dunn’s Trade Marks (1889) 41 Ch D 439347

In re Hanson’s Trade Mark (1887) 37 Ch D 11237

In re Hyde & Co.’s Trade Mark (1878) 7 Ch D 72433

In re J B Palmer’s Trade Mark (1883) 24 Ch D 505 (CA)33

In re James’s Trade Mark (1885) 31 Ch D 344; (1886) 3 RPC 34033

In re Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd [1910] 1 Ch 130 (CA)196,348

In re Jelley, Son, & Jones’ Application (1878) 51 LJ Ch 639n33

In re Leaf’s Trade Mark (1886) 3 RPC 28938

In re Leonard & Ellis’s Trade-Mark (1883) 26 Ch D 29033

In re Leonardt (Jessel MR, 12 April 1878) Seb Dig 37333

In re L inde AG ’s Trade Ma rk Appl ication [2003] RP C 45 237

In re Mitchell’s Trade Mark (1877) 7 Ch D 3632

In re Organon, NV, 79 USPQ.2D (BNA) 1639, 2006 TTAB LEXIS

In re Uzielli; Ponsardin v Peto (1863) 33 LJ Ch 3719

In re Van Duzer’s Trade Mark (1886) 3 RPC 24038

In re Van Duzer’s Trade Ma rk (1 887) 34 Ch D 623 38

In re Waterman’s Trade Mark (1888) 5 RPC 36838

Intel Corp Inc v CPM United Kingdom Ltd [2006] EWHC 1878,[2006] ETMR (90) 1249; [2007] EWCA Civ 43184,85,262

Intel Corp Inc v Sihra [2003] ETMR 4483,84

Irvine v Talksport Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 423, [2003] 2 All ER 881235

Inwood Laboratories Inc v Ives Laboratories Inc (1982) 456 US 84494

JG v Sanford [1584]3

J H Coles Pty v Need [1934] AC 82 (PC)231

Johanns v Livestock Marketing Association 125 S Ct 2055 (2005)

Kellogg Co v National Biscuit Co (1938) 305 US 11194,97,146

Knott v Morgan (1836) 2 Keen 213, 48 ER 61024,228

Koninklijke KPN Nederland NV v Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-363/

L’Ore´al SA v Bellure NV (2005) EWHC 269188

L’Ore´al SA v Bellure NV (2006) EWHC 2355, [2007] RPC (14)

2355188,189

La Mer Technology v Laboratoires Goemar, Case C-259/02 [2004] ECRI-1159, [2004] ETMR 640256

Lamparello v Falwell 420 F 3d 309 (4th Cir 2005)154

Lamplough v Balmer (1867) WN 29312

Laugh it Off Promotions CC v South African Breweries Int’l, ConstitutionalCourt of S Africa Case [2005] FSR (30) 686, (27 May 2005) CCT42/04104

Leather Cloth v American Leather Cloth Co (1863) 1 H & M 271, 71

ER 118; (1863) 4 De G J & S 137, 46 ER 868; (1865) 11 HLC 523,

11 ER 143512,13,19,25,27,30

Leather Cloth Co v Hirschfield (1863) Seb Dig (214) 12012

Leather Cloth Co v Hirschfield (No 2) (1863) Seb Dig (224) 13012

Leather Cloth Co v Hirschfield (No 3) (1865) Seb Dig (252) 14812

Lego System Aktieselskab v Lego M Lemelstrich Ltd [1983] FSR 155231

Liebig’s Extract v Hanbury (1867) 17 LTNS 29812

Linde AG v Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, C-53/01 to C-55/01[2003] 2 CMLR 4475,78,79

Linkin Park LLC’s Application [2006] ETMR 74236

Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer v Klijsen Handel BV, Case C-342/97 [2000] 2CMLR 1343, [1999] ETMR 69071,259,260

Loendersloot v George Ballantine, Case C-349/95 [1997] ECR I-6227,

Lomas v Winton Shire Council (2003) AIPC 91-839355

Louis Vuitton Malletier SA v Haute Diggity Dog, LLC 464 F Supp.2d

495, 498 (E D Va., 2006)103

Lucasfilms v High Frontier, 622 F Supp 931 (DDC 1985)101

M’Andrew v Basset (1864) 33 LJ Ch 561; (1864) 4 De G J & S 380, 46

ER 96512,25

Mag Instrument Inc v OHIM, C-136/02P [2004] ECR I-9165, [2005]ETMR (46) 58478,79

Major Bros v Franklin [1908] 1 KB 712245

Mak Hau Shing v Oriental Press Group Ltd (1996) 3 HKC 12 (HKCA)194

Mappin Bros v Mappin & Webb, The Times, 31 May 1860, p 11a12,22

Marca Mode v Adidas, Case C-425/98 [2000] ECR I-4861, [2000] 2

MasterCard International Inc v Nader 2000 Primary Committee, Inc.(2004) 70 USPQ 2D (BNA) 1046, US Dist LEXIS 3644 (SDNY 2004)

101,102,104

Matim Li v Crazy Line Ltd, OM (2006) (Dist Ct Tel Aviv, 31 July 2006)(Israel)154

Mattel, Inc v MCA Records Inc 296 F 3d 894 (9th Cir 2002), 123

Millington v Fox (1838) 3 Myl & Cr 338, 40 ER 9567,227,228

Mirage Studios v Counter-Feat Clothing Company Ltd [1983] FSR

Morison v Salmon (1841) 2 Man & G 385, 133 ER 3857,225,228

Motley v Downman (1837) 3 My & Cr 1, 40 ER 8247,31,228

Nation Fittings (M) Sdn Bhd v Oystertec plc [2006] FSR (40) 740(Singapore HC)154

New Kids on the Block v News Am Publishing 971 F 2d 302 (9th Cir.1992)256

Nichols Plc v Registrar of Trade Marks, Case C-404/02 [2004] ECRI-849977

Norowzian v Arks Ltd (No 2) [2000] FSR 363185

Northern Foods plc v Department for Environment, Food & RuralAffairs [2005] EWHC 2971 (Admin.)185

O2 Holdings v Hutchison 3G [2006] EWHC 534, [2006] RPC (29) 699;[2006] EWCA Civ 1656, [2007] RPC (16) 407187,251,254

Oasis Stores Ltd’s Application [1999] ETMR 53183

Office Cleaning Services v Westminster Window and General Cleaning(1946) 63 RPC 30259

OHIM v Erpo Mobelwerk GmbH, Case C-64/02P [2004] ECR

Orr Ewing v Registrar of Trade-Marks (1879) LR 4 HL 479 32,

36, 38

Pacific Dunlop Ltd v Hogan (1988) 14 IPR 398349,357

Pacific Gas and Electric Company v Public utilities Commission ofCalifornia 106 s Ct 903 (1986)308

Packman v Chicago Tribune Co 267 F 3d 628 (7th Cir 2001)135

Parfums Christian Dior v Evora Case C-337/95 [1997] ECR I-6013,

Park ’N Fly, Inc v Dollar Park & Fly, Inc (1985) 469 US 189, 201152

Peac eable Planet v Ty Inc 362 F 3d 986 (7th Cir 2004) 144

Perk Scientific, Inc v Ever Scientific, Inc WL 851078 (ED Pa 2005)95

Perry v Truefitt (1842) 6 Beav 66, 49 ER 74924,225,227

Phones4U Ltd v Phone4u.co.uk Internel Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ

244224

Picasso v OHIM, Case C-361/04 [2006] ECR I-643258

Polaroid Corp v Polarad Elects Corp 287 F 2d 492, 495 (2nd Cir.1961)99

Premier Brands UK Ltd v Typhoon Europe Ltd [2000] FSR 76782,

84,262

Price’s Patent Candle Company Ltd v Ogston and Tenant Ltd (1909)

26 RPC 79755

Primark v Lollypop Clothing [2001] ETMR 334245

Procter & Gamble Company v OHIM, Case C-383/99 P [2001] ECRI-6251, [2002] ETMR 3, [2004] ETMR (3) 2276

Pro-Football Inc v Harjo 284 F Supp 2d 96 (DDC, 2003)355

Qualitex Co v Jacobson Prods Co Inc (1995) 514 US 15993,94

Quorn Hunt’s Application v Opposition of Marlow Foods Ltd, Case

R v Bryan (1857) 7 Cox Crim Cas 3126

R v Closs (1857) Dearsley & B 460, 27 LJMC 546

R v Dundas (1853) 6 Cox Crim Cas 306

R v Edward Swonnell, The Times, 27 June 1868, p 11e6

R v Johnstone [2003] 1 WLR 1736, [2004] ETMR (2) 1887,154

R v Scotcher, The Times, 24 March 1864, p 11e10

R v Smith (1858) Dearsley & B 566, 27 LJMC 2256

R v Suter & Coulson (1867) 10 Cox Crim Cas 5776

Radiation Trade Mark (1930) 47 RPC 37230

Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, Case C-273/00[2003] 1 CMLR 4069–70,71,72,73,90

Re American Greeting Corporation’s Application (‘Holly Hobbie’)[1984] 1 All ER 426206,229

Re Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd; Re California Fig Syrup Co.; Re Brock &

Co Ltd [1910] 1 Ch 130 (CA)347

Re ‘Tarzan’ Trade Mark [1970] RPC 450350

Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd v Borden Inc [1991] 1 WLR 419190,

226,227

Reddaway v Banham [1896] AC 199351,357

Reed Executive v Reed Business Information [2004] 1 WLR 3026

259,260

Reinhardt v Spalding, The Times, 11 December 1879, p 4a27

Revlon Inc v Cripps & Lee Ltd [1980] FSR 85230

Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and Museum v Gentile Productions 134 F 3d

749 (6th Cir 1998)96

Rodgers v Nowill (1857) 6 Hare 325, 67 ER 1191; (1847) 5 CB 109, 136

ER 816; (1853) 3 De G M & G 614, 43 ER 2417,12,228

Rogers v Grimaldi 875 F 2d 994 (2nd Cir 1989)103

Rose v Evans, The Time s, 12 May 1879, p 6b 27

Roya l Brit ish Bank v Turqu and (185 6) 6 Ellis an d Bla ckburn 327 226

SA Cnl-Sucal v Hag, Case C-10/89 [1990] 3 CMLR 571242

Sabel BV v Puma AG and Rudolf Dassler Sport, Case C-251/95 [1998] 1CMLR 445, [1997] ECR I-6191, [1998] ETMR 182,212,249,

258,260

Salomon v Salomon & Co [1897] AC 22226,230

SAT.1 Satellitenfernsehen GMBH v OHIM, Case C-329/02 P [2005] 1

Sinanide v La Maison Kosmeo (1928) 139 LT 365185

Singer v Wilson (1877) LR 3 HL 37613

Singe r v L oog (18 82) LR 8 HL15 13

Singer Manufacturing v Wilson (1876) LR 2 Ch Div 43419

Singleton v Bolton (1783) 3 Douglas 293, 99 ER 661228

Southern v How (1656) Pop R 143, 79 ER 1243; Cro Jac 468, 79 ER

Trebor Bassett v The Football Association [1997] FSR 211257

United Drug Co v Theodore Rectanus Co (1918) 248 US 9092

United States v United Foods Inc 121 s Ct 2334 (2001)308

University of Pittsburgh v Champion Products 566 F Supp.711(WD Pa 1983)100

Vennootschap onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing’s Application,Case R 156/1998-2 [1999] ETMR 42971

Verimark (Pty) Ltd v BMW (AG), (2007) SCA 53 (Republic of SouthAfrica, Court of Appeal)154

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc v Samara Brothers, Inc (2000) 529 US 20595,142

Warwick Tyre Company, Ltd v New Motor and General RubberCompany, Ltd [1910] 1 Ch 248231

Welch v Knott (1857) 4 K&J 747, 70 ER 31012

Whitstable Oyster Fishery Company v Hayling Fisheries, Ltd, andGeorge Tabor (1900) 17 RPC 461, 18 RPC 43455

Williams v Osborne (1865) 13 LT 49812

Wills v Wa tts (1879, Unre ported) 44

Windsurfing Chiemsee Produktions- und Vertriebs GmbH v Boots- undSegelzubeho¨ r Walter Huber and Franz Attenberger, Joined CasesC-108/97 and C-109/97 [1999] ECR I-2779, [1999] ETMR 58575,76

Winton Shire Council v Lomas (2000) 51 IPR 174355

Wolff and Son v Nopitsch and Others (1900) 17 RPC 321; (1901) 18

Woodman’s App’n for declaration of invalidity ofF C U Ktrade mark[2007] ETMR (8) 121, [2007] RPC 1197

Woollam v Ratcliff (1863) 1 H&M 25912,24

Worcester Royal Porcelain Company v Locke & Co The Same v Rhodes(1902) 19 RPC 47954

Worden & Co v California Fig Syrup Co (1903) 187 US 516193

Wotherspoon v Currie (1871–2) LR 5 HL12,13,25,54

Yale Electric Corp v Robertson 26 F 2d 972 (2nd Cir 1928)98

Young v Macrae (1862) 9 Jur NS 32212

Zatarain’s, Inc v Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc 98 F 2d 786 (5th Cir.1983)143,149

Zino Davidoff v A & G Imports, Cases C-414, 415 and 416/99 [2001]ECR 8691, [2002] 1 CMLR 1, [2002] ETMR (9) 109208,245

A U S T R A L I A

Trade Marks Act 1905 ch 16353,354

Trade Practices Act 1974

s 52 ch 16357

Trade Marks Act 1995

s 42(a) ch 16354

A U S T R I A

Imperial Patent of 7 December 1858, issuing a Law for the Protection

of Trade Marks and other Denotations ch 126

Directive 97/ss/EC of 6 October 1997 concerning misleading advertising

so as to include comparative advertising ch 8187

Council Regulation (EEC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on theProtection of Geographical Indications and Designations ofOrigin for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs [2006] OJ

De´cret-loi du 30 juillet 1935 Relatif a` la De´fense du Marche´ des Vins et

au Re´gime E´ conomique de l’Alcool ch 18392,393

An Act to Insure Proper and Careful Manufacture of Fire Arms inEngland 1813 (53 Geo 3 c 115)

s 9 ch 16

An Act to Repeal certain Parts of An Act Passed in the Thirty-firstyear of his Present Majesty, for the Better Regulation andGovernment of the Company of Cutlers 1814 (54 Geo 3 c 109)(local) ch 1 5

An Act to Amend the Act of the 39th and 40th Year to Prevent Fraudsand Abuses in the Trade of Hops 1814 (54 Geo 3 c 123) ch 16

Act to Regulate the Cutlery Trade in England 1819 (59 Geo 3 c 7)

s 3 ch 15

An Act for Consolidating and amending the Law in England Relative

to Larceny and other Offences Connected therewith 1827 (7 & 8Geo 4 c 29)

s 53 ch 16

Patent Law (Amendment) Act (5 & 6 Wm 4 c 83) 1835

s.7 ch 16

Copyright of Designs Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict c 100) ch 16

Act to amend Laws in Force for Preventing Fraud and Abuses inthe Making of Gold and Silver Wares in England 1844 (7 & 8 Vict

Larceny Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict c 96) ch 16

Forgery Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict c 98) ch 1

The Chancery Regulation Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict c 42) ch 111

Fine Art Copyright Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict c 68) ch 16

Merchandise Marks Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict c 88) ch 19,10,22,29,34

s 1 ch 133

s 7 ch 257

s 8 ch 2

Hops (Prevention of Frauds) Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict c 37) ch 16

Trade Marks Registration Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict c 91) ch 1, ch 2,

Trade Marks Registration Extension Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict c 37)

Trade Marks Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo 5 c 79) ch 260

Trade Marks Act 1938 (1 & 2 Geo 6 c 22) ch 9207,211

Treaty of Commerce with France 1860 ch 115

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Belgium 1862 ch 115

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Italy 1863 ch 115

Treaty of Commerce with Austria 1865 ch 115,18

ch 1 Art 11 18

Treaty of Commerce with the Zollverein ch 115,18

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with Colombia 1866

Part I

Legal and economic history