0521689317 cambridge university press atiyahs accidents compensation and the law oct 2006

Since its first publication, Accidents, Compensation and the Law has beenrecognised as the leading treatment of the law of personal injuries compensationand the social, political and eco

Since its first publication, Accidents, Compensation and the Law has been

recognised as the leading treatment of the law of personal injuries compensationand the social, political and economic issues surrounding it The seventh edition

of this classic work explores recent momentous changes in personal injury lawand practice and puts them into broad perspective Most significantly, itexamines developments affecting the financing and conduct of personal injuryclaiming: the abolition of legal aid for most personal injury claims; the increasinguse of conditional fee agreements and after-the-event insurance; the meteoricrise and impending regulation of the claims management industry Complaintsthat Britain is a ‘compensation culture’ suffering an ‘insurance crisis’ areinvestigated New statistics on tort claims are discussed, providing fresh insightsinto the evolution of the tort system which, despite recent reforms, remainsdeeply flawed and ripe for radical reform

Peter Cane has been Professor of Law in the Research School of Social

Sciences at the Australian National University since 1997 For twenty yearspreviously he taught law at Corpus Christi College Oxford His main researchinterests are in the law of obligations, especially tort law; public law, especially

administrative law; and legal theory Recent publications include Responsibility

in Law and Morality (2002) and The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (edited

with Mark Tushnet) (2003)

Patrick Atiyah is one of the leading common lawyers of his generation Until

his early retirement in 1988 he was Professor of English Law at OxfordUniversity His published writings range widely over topics in tort law, contract

law, legal history and legal theory; and include The Sale of Goods (11th edition with J N Harpers and H L McQueen, 2005), The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (1985) and The Damages Lottery (1997).

Editors: William Twining (University College London) and

Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford)

Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement to broadenthe study of law It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books thattreat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and economic contextsfrom a variety of perspectives The series particularly aims to publish scholarly legalwriting that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law taught inuniversities A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly, using materi-als from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps to explain the oper-ation in practice of the subject under discussion It is hoped that this orientation is at oncemore stimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules The seriesincludes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legal textbooks,while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship They are written primarily forundergraduate and graduate students of law and of other disciplines, but most also appeal

to a wider readership In the past, most books in the series have focused on English law,but recent publications include books on European law, globalisation, transnational legalprocesses, and comparative law

Books in the Series

Anderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of Evidence

Ashworth: Sentencing and Criminal Justice

Barton & Douglas: Law and Parenthood

Beecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Framework for

Intellectual Due Process

Bell: French Legal Cultures

Bercusson: European Labour Law

Birkinshaw: European Public Law

Birkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the Ideal

Cane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the Law

Clarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and Materials

Collins: The Law of Contract

Davies: Perspectives on Labour Law

Dembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Question

de Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common Sense

Diduck: Law’s Families

Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and Materials

Fortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing Law

Glover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and Policy

Gobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate Crime

Harlow & Rawlings: Law and Administration

Harris: An Introduction to Law

Harris, Campbell & Halson Remedies in Contract and Tort

Hervey & McHale: Health Law and the European Union

Lacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal Law

Lewis: Choice and the Legal Order: Rising above Politics

Likosky: Transnational Legal Processes

Maughan & Webb: Lawyering Skills and the Legal Process

McGlynn: Families and the European Union: Law, Politics and Pluralism

Moffat: Trusts Law: Text and Materials

Norrie: Crime, Reason and History

O’Dair: Legal Ethics

Oliver: Common Values and the Public-Private Divide

Oliver & Drewry: The Law and Parliament

Picciotto: International Business Taxation

Reed: Internet Law: Text and Materials

Richardson: Law, Process and Custody

Roberts & Palmer: Dispute Processes: ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision-Making Scott & Black: Cranston’s Consumers and the Law

Seneviratne: Ombudsmen: Public Services and Administrative Justice

Stapleton: Product Liability

Tamanaha: The Struggle for Law as a Means to an End

Turpin: British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases and Materials

Twining: Globalisation and Legal Theory

Twining: Rethinking Evidence

Twining & Miers: How to Do Things with Rules

Ward: A Critical Introduction to European Law

Ward: Shakespeare and Legal Imagination

Zander: Cases and Materials on the English Legal System

Zander: The Law-Making Process

Research School of Social Sciences

Australian National University

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University Press

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List of abbreviations xvii

List of tables xxii

Table of legislation xxiii

Table of cases xxviiiPart One: The Issues in Perspective

1.2.2 Society’s ‘responsibility’ for human causes 81.2.3 Protecting reasonable expectations 91.2.4 Egalitarianism and the problem of drawing the line 10

1.4.1 Accidents causing personal injury or death 181.4.2 Death and disability from other causes 20

1.4.4 The effect of disability on income 211.4.5 Distribution and sources of compensation 221.4.6 The more serious and the less serious 25Part Two: The Tort System in Theory

2.2 Negligence as a basis of liability 34

vii

2.4.3 Probability of harm 42

2.4.5 The value of the activity and the cost of the

2.4.6 The function of the negligence formula 46

3.2.1 Common situations in which duties of care

3.2.2 The distinction between acts and omissions 72

4.1 Fault liability and strict liability 92

5.2.1 Proving causation 1115.2.2 Causing and increasing the risk of harm 112

5.3 Limits on the liability of factual causes 118

6.1 The lump sum: predicting the future 130

6.1.3 Variation of awards after trial 135

6.3 Full compensation for lost ‘earnings’: is it justified? 1526.3.1 The earnings-related principle 1526.3.2 The hundred-per cent principle 1566.4 Full compensation: the commitment in practice 157

6.5.4 Should damages be payable for intangible losses? 171

7.1 The compensation payable bears no relation to

7.2 The compensation bears no relation to the means of

7.3 A harm-doer may be legally liable without being

7.3.2 The objective definition of fault 1807.3.3 Moral culpability without legal liability 182

7.3.4 The fault principle and popular morality 1837.4 The fault principle pays little attention to the conduct

7.5 Justice may require payment of compensation without fault 1857.6 It is often difficult to adjudicate allegations of fault 1877.7 The fault principle contributes to a culture of blaming and

discourages people from taking responsibility for

Part Three: The Tort System in Operation

8.1 Accident victims and tort claimants 201

8.2 Why do people (not) make tort claims? 206

8.3.2 Industrial injuries and illnesses 216

9.3 Employers and corporations as tort defendants 228

9.5 The nature of liability insurance 2349.6 Some problems of liability insurance 2399.7 First-party insurance for the benefit of others 2449.8 The impact of liability insurance on the law 245

9.8.2 The impact of insurance on the common law 248

10.2 Obtaining legal assistance and financing tort claims 261

10.3 The course of negotiations 268

10.5 The time taken to achieve a settlement 281

Part Four: Other Compensation Systems

11.2 First-party insurance compared with tort liability 295

12.4 Criminal injuries compensation scheme 30412.4.1 Justifications for the Scheme 304

12.4.3 Comparison between the CICS and tort liability 316

13.1 Foundations of the social security system 328

13.2 The Beveridge Report and the 1946 Acts 331

14 Other forms of assistance 363

14.2.3 Housing and residential accommodation 370

15.4 Tort damages and other compensation 385

15.4.3 Tort damages and personal insurance 38815.4.4 Tort damages and charitable payments 38915.4.5 Tort damages and social security benefits 390

16.2 Costs not paid through the tort system 402

16.2.2 The cost of the social security system 40316.2.3 Other sources of compensation 405

16.3 The cost of criminal injuries compensation 406

17.1.2 The meaning of ‘compensation’ 41117.1.3 Compensation and compensation systems 414

17.2.2 How should it be distributed? 416

17.6 Vindication or satisfaction 422

17.7.1 Rules and standards of behaviour 42517.7.2 Accident prevention via insurance 433

17.8.2 Ascertaining the costs of an accident 44217.8.3 Allocation of costs to activities 44217.8.4 Responsiveness of price mechanism 44617.8.5 Applying general deterrence criteria in practice 44817.8.6 General deterrence and existing systems 44817.8.7 An assessment of the value of the

18.4.2 A private insurance solution 493

18.6 The role of the insurance industry and the legal profession 496

The seven years since I wrote the preface to the sixth edition have been ones of rapidand momentous change in the tort system, affecting most particularly the financingand settlement of personal injury claims Some of these changes were foreshadowed

in the previous edition; but it was hard to predict the precise contours of the tion that was about to be triggered by the abolition of legal aid for most personalinjury claims and the consequent growth of the claims management industry Phrasessuch as ‘compensation culture’, ‘blame culture’ and ‘insurance crisis’ have becomepart of the common currency of public debate and political rhetoric in Britain At thesame time, social security provision for the disabled and compensation for victims ofcrime have continued to engage the concern and attention of the government and thepublic, both being under review as I write Nor is it only in Britain that personalinjury compensation looms large in legal and political debate In the USA, forinstance, asbestos and medical malpractice litigation are matters of intractable andacrimonious disagreement In Australia, as a result of turmoil in the liability insur-ance industry, ‘tort reform’ became, for several months in 2002, the hottest issue indomestic politics, leading to the appointment of a committee to review personalinjury law and, in its wake, major legislation in all jurisdictions Despite widespreaddissatisfaction with the tort system, the past decade has (ironically, perhaps) seen itsfurther entrenchment in the political economy of personal injury compensation.Except at the margins, the thrust of public policy has been to make the tort systemwork better (whatever that might mean), not to replace it with something better.Changes to the law, both in the areas already mentioned and in others such as theassessment of damages, have required substantial rewriting of various parts of thebook The opportunity of a new edition has also been taken to relocate the discus-sion of human and natural causes (which appeared in chapter 16 of the sixthedition) into chapter 1 where (I think) it sits more comfortably In this edition, too,there is new discussion (particularly in chapter 4) of various forms of administra-tive compensation arrangements benefiting victims of hepatitis-C, black lung,vibration white finger and other chronic externalities of modern industrial andtechnological activities

revolu-Moving away from law and procedure, undoubtedly the most important opment since the last edition has been the increasing availability of reliable statisticsxiv

devel-about the tort system The NHS Litigation Authority now publishes detailed mation about the number and cost of medical negligence (and other personalinjury) claims against NHS Trusts, and the Compensation Recovery Unit withinthe Department of Work and Pensions – as administrator of schemes for recoup-ing the cost of social security benefits and NHS treatment from payers of tort com-pensation – produces robust estimates of the total number of tort settlements Thegeneral picture that emerges is that tort claims have increased about threefold sincethe 1970s (assuming that figures produced by the Pearson Commission werereasonably accurate) The impact of this new information is most obvious inchapter 8; but its influence pervades many parts of the book As yet, intelligenceabout the cost of compensation is more patchy and less reliable In some areas –criminal injuries compensation, for instance – the facts are known But the totalcost of the tort system, for example, is a matter of considerable speculation and dis-agreement Estimates of the total economic cost of personal injuries are even moreproblematic There seems little doubt, however, that the turnover of the compen-sation ‘industry’ (broadly understood) runs into the tens of billions of pounds perannum – a significant amount by any standard.

infor-As ever, the main aim of this book is to provide the reader with resources forstanding back from tort law and the tort system and viewing them in a larger legaland social landscape Whether placing tort at the centre of the picture in this waycontinues to be desirable is a difficult question deserving of serious attention Fromthe point of view of legal education, the approach still seems defensible because tortlaw is the only aspect of the political economy of personal injuries that the typicallaw student encounters Whether the focus on tort has the same utility in thecontext of public policy debates is contestable Tort law has an immanent ideology,and taking tort as a starting point may undesirably skew consideration of the basicquestion of how risks of personal injury ought to be distributed Tort law and thetort system are (it seems) here to stay The challenge is to imagine a dispensation towhich tort can make a positive contribution in partnership with other principlesand institutions of risk distribution Only by doing this can we nurture the hopethat the various components of existing compensation arrangements can be held

in benign and creative tension In the world of realpolitik the burning question is

not how to get rid of tort but how to live with it

When a book has had as long a life as this one, the passage of time effects muchmore than the law discussed therein This edition will appear under the imprint ofthe third publisher of the Law in Context Series, in which this book was the first

In 1970 academics used pens, typewriters and ‘dictaphones’ to produce their scripts Fax machines had not been invented, let alone personal computers, emailand the internet Thanks to the World Wide Web and other marvels of informationtechnology, much of the research required to prepare a new edition of this book ismore easily done at my desk in Canberra than it was a decade ago when I lived andworked in England Even so, the help of colleagues based in England – especiallyProfessor Richard Lewis and Professor Nick Wikeley – has been invaluable Email

manu-has also enabled me to keep in frequent contact with Patrick Atiyah, whose acteristically forthright and original observations and opinions continue to provideinspiration and stimulation The best form of thanks I can think of is to dedicatethis edition to him with affection, admiration and respect.

char-Peter CaneCanberraApril 2006

List of abbreviations

ATE insurance after-the-event insurance

Australian Committee Report Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia,

Report of the National Committee of Inquiry(Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra, 1974)

Beveridge Report Social Insurance and Allied Services, Report by

Sir William Beveridge (Cmnd 6404, 1942)

BTE insurance before-the-event-insurance

Can BR Canadian Bar Review

Cantley Committee Report Report of the Personal Injuries Litigation

Procedure Working Party (Cmnd 7476, 1979)

CICA Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority

CICB Criminal Injuries Compensation Board

CICS Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme

Civil Justice Review Report of the Review Body on Civil Justice

(Cm 394, 1988)

xvii

CNST Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts

Conard, Automobile Accident A.F Conard and others, Automobile Accident

Costs and Payments Costs and Payments (Ann Arbor, 1964)

DCA Department for Constitutional Affairs

Fisher Committee Report The Abuse of Social Security Benefits (Cmnd

5228, 1973)George V George, Social Security: Beveridge and After

(London, 1968)

Harris 1984 Survey D.R Harris and others, Compensation and

Support for Illness and Injury (Oxford, 1984)

How Much is Enough? Personal Injury Compensation: How Much is

Enough? Law Com No 225 (1994) ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly

IIAC Industrial Injuries Advisory Council

IRLR Industrial Relations Law Reports

Ison T.G Ison, The Forensic Lottery (London, 1967)

J (after a surname) Mr/Ms Justice

J Journal

JPIL Journal of Personal Injury Law

JSSL Journal of Social Security Law

LJ (after a surname) Lord/Lady Justice

LJ Law Journal

Lloyd’s Rep Lloyd’s Reports

LQR Law Quarterly Review

LR Law Review

LR Ex Law Reports (Exchequer) (19th C)

LS Legal Studies

MVR Motor Vehicle Reports (New South Wales)

NHSLA National Health Service Litigation Authority

Osgoode Hall Study A.M Linden, Report of the Osgoode Hall Study

on Compensation for Victims of Automobile Accidents (Toronto, 1965)

Osgoode Hall Study (Victims A.M Linden, Report of the Osgoode Hall Study

of Crime) on Compensation for Victims of Crime

(Toronto, 1968)OPCS Disability Survey Report 1: Martin, Meltzer and Elliott, The

Prevalence of Disability Among Adults (HMSO,

1988)

Report 2: Martin and White, The Financial

Circumstances of Disabled Adults Living in Private Households

Report 3: Bone and Meltzer, The Prevalence of

Disability Among Children (HMSO, 1989)

Report 4: Martin, White and Meltzer, Disabled

Adults: Services, Transport and Employment

(HMSO, 1989)

Report 5: Smyth and Robus, The Financial

Circumstances of Families with Disabled Children Living in Private Households (HMSO,

1989)

Report 6: Meltzer, Smyth and Robus, Disabled

Children: Services, Transport and Education

(HMSO, 1989)

P (preceded by date in square Probate Division Reports

brackets)

Pearson Report Report of the Royal Commission on Civil

Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury(Cmnd 7054, 1978, 3 volumes)

Piercy Committee Report Report of the Committee of Inquiry on the

Rehabilitation, Training and Resettlement ofDisabled Persons (Cmnd 9883, 1956)

Q Quarterly

QBD Queen’s Bench Division Reports (19th C)

R Review

Robens Committee Report Report of the Committee into Safety and

Health at Work (Cmnd 5304, 1972)

SSAT Social Security Appeals Tribunal

SSCBA 1992 Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act

1992SSAA 1992 Social Security Administration Act 1992

Seebohm Report Report of the Committee on Local Authority

and Allied Personal Social Services (Cmnd

3703, 1968)

TRRL Transport and Road Research Laboratory

UCLALR University of California at Los Angeles Law

Review

Wikeley, Ogus and Barendt’s N.J Wikeley, Wikeley, Ogus and Barendt’s The

The Law of Social Security Law of Social Security, 5th edn (London, 2002)

Winn Committee Report Report of the Committee on Personal Injuries

Litigation (Cmnd 3691, 1968)

WN(NSW) Weekly Notes (New South Wales)

Woolf Reforms Changes to civil procedure introduced in 1999

and embodied in the Civil Procedure Rules(CPR)

Woodhouse Report Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry on

Compensation for Personal Injuries in NewZealand (Government Printer, New Zealand,1967)

List of tables

Table 1 Numbers of disabled persons in Great Britain by age and

Table 2 Sources of income of family units containing a disabled

adult by severity of disability (per cent) 23Table 3 Numbers of injured persons obtaining compensation

Table 4 Cost of compensation paid from different sources to

injured persons and administrative costs of payments, average over

Table 5 Court waiting times in personal injury actions 202

xxii

Table of legislation

Administration of Justice Act 1970 226Administration of Justice Act 1982 89n, 462s.1 90ns.2 149n, 382ns.5 349n, 390n, 393nAnimals Act 1971 72, 101, 248s.2(2)(b) 101ns.6 101nAttachment of Earnings Act 1971 226nChronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 365s.2 370Civil Evidence Act 1995

s.10 158Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 102Civil Partnership Act 2004 89nCivil Procedure Act 1997

s.7 187nCoal Industry Act 1975 357nCompanies Act 1989

s.141 253nCongenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 57, 72, 246, 462Consumer Protection Act 1987 71, 103, 104, 105n,

124, 219Part I 99n, 103, 143n, 462, 467, 476, 489s.4(1)(e) 104nContracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 244–5Courts Act 2003

s.95–s.96 302ns.100 142nCourts and Legal Services Act 1990

s.58(4)(c) 265n

xxiii

Criminal Damage Act 1971

s.1(1)–(2) 311nCriminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995 303, 307, 309, 381s.7A–s.7D 303Criminal Justice Act 1988 308Criminal Justice Act 1991

s.18–s.21 178n

Damages Act 1996 159ns.2 142nDamages (Scotland) Act 1976 90, 172nDefective Premises act 1972

s.4 72Disability Discrimination Act 1995 368, 369, 370Part IV 370s.1(1) 368Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance Act 1992 335Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944 367, 368, 369Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978

s.3(2) 155nDomestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004

137n, 141n, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 162, 171, 172n,

240, 245, 253, 318, 320, 323, 351, 381, 393s.1A 89ns.3(3) 134ns.3(4) 351ns.4 144, 245n, 351n

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 98s.47(1)–(2) 98Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 371nHighways (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1961 72, 191Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 365Human Rights Act 1998 194

Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

s.263 364ns.265 364ns.327 364nIndustrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948 295Industrial Injuries Act 1946 98Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 36, 55, 245Law Reform (Husband and Wife) Act 1962 72, 245, 255nLaw Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934 36, 132, 147, 148, 245Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1971

s.4 240Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948 36, 245, 391, 392s.1(3) 245ns.2 390s.2(4) 150nLegal Aid Act 1988

s.13 268ns.16(6) 268ns.17 268nLocal Authority Social Services Act 1970 365Lord Campbell’s Act 1846 91, 132National Assistance Act 1948

Part III 365s.21–s.28 371nNational Health Service and Community Care Act 1990

Part III 371nNational Insurance Act 1911 330, 331, 337, 343nNational Insurance (industrial Injuries) Act 1946 338Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 36, 72, 248Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 36, 72Offences Against the Person Act 1861

s.34 311nPneumoconiosis etc (Workers’ Compensation) Act 1979 357nPolicyholders Protection Act 1975 242Powers of Criminal Courts Act 2000 301s.130–s.134 301nRace Relations Act 1976 368Riot (Damages) Act 1886 295, 305n

Road Traffic Act 1988 234, 246, 247, 248, 253n, 256, 257, 297n, 302ns.144 233ns.149(2) 61ns.149(3) 65n, 257ns.151(4) 257ns.153 232, 246, 247s.158 382nRoad Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999 382, 402

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 368–9Social Security Act 1975 334Social Security Act 1985

s.23 108nSocial Security Act 1986 335Social Security Act 1989 391, 392Social Security Act 1990 335Social Security Act 1998 352n, 360s.29 355nSocial Security Administration Act 1992 334, 351–2nPart IV 391s.10(1)(b) 340Social Security (Contributions and Benefits) Act 1992 334, 344s.94(3) 339ns.99 338ns.101 339, 340Sch.6 344nSocial Security (Incapacity for Work) Act 1994 336Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997 359n, 381, 383,

384, 393s.17 393nSupreme Court 1981

s.32A 136, 142, 283n

Tax Credits Act 2002

s.10 358nThird Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930 232, 246, 247

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 62, 244, 248s.2 61s.11(4) 248nVaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 108, 381

Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 336, 347nWorkman’s Compensation Act 1897 328, 330

Secondary legislation

Civil Procedure Rules 354nPart 19 276Part 36 280Part 45 265nPart 46 266nPart 72 225nDamages (Variation of Periodical Payments) Order 2005 142nEuropean Communities (Rights Against Insurers) Regulations 2002 246nHigh Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order 1991 201nManagement of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

reg.22(1) 98nMotor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) (Information and Compensation

Body) Regulations 2003

reg.11 256nreg.13 256nSocial Security (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1979

reg.25 355nSocial Security Commissioners (Procedure) Regulations 1999 354nSocial Security (General Benefit) Regulations 1982

Sch.2 344nSocial Security (Recovery of Benefits) Regulations 1997 393nreg.2(2)(a) 351nVaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 Statutory Sum Order 2000 108nWorking Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) Regulations 2002

reg.4(1) 358n

European legislation

Compensation of Crime Victims Directive 2004/80/EC 312European Convention on Human Rights 194Art.3 70nArt.6 70, 82, 83Art.13 70, 83European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crime 312Fifth Motor Insurance Directive 2005 297nProduct Liability Directive 489Working Time Directive 396n

New Zealand legislation

Accident Compensation Act 1972 16n, 153n, 156Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2001

s.122 467n

Table of cases

AB v British Coal Corporation [2004] EWHC 1372 286n

AB v John Wyeth & Brother Ltd [1994] PIQR P109 277nAdamson v Motor Vehicle Insurance Trust (1957) 58 WALR 56 182nAiredale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 170nAlbert v MIB [1972] AC 301 259Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310 87n, 88nAllen v Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd [1974] 2 All ER 365 137nArnold v Teno (1978) 83 DLR (3d) 609 77nAshton v Turner [1980] 3 All ER 890; [1981] QB 137 66n, 258nAttia v British Gas [1988] QB 304 85n, 316nAustin v Zurich Insurance Co [1945] KB 250 381nBaker v Willoughby [1970] AC 476 116n, 380nBanque Keyser Ullman v Skandia Insurance [1990] 1 QB 665 74nBarker v St Gobain Pipelines plc [2004] EWCA Civ 545 114nBarnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969]

1 QB 428 78nBarrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550 70, 82nBarrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR 1217 80nBerina (1888) 13 App Cas 1 57nBeswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 258nBevan Ashford v Geoff Yeandle (Contractors) Ltd [1998] 3 All ER 238 273nBiesheuvel v Birrell [1999] PIQR Q40 173nBird v Pearce [1979] RTR 369 77nBolitho v City and Hackney HA [1998] AC 232 39nBolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 43n, 45, 186Bond v Chief Constable of Kent [1983] 1 All ER 456 303nBradburn v Great Western Railway (1874) LR 10 Ex 1 388nBradley v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1989] AC 957 253nBretton v Hancock [2005] EWCA Civ 404 247nBrice v Brown [1984] 1 All ER 997 127nBroome v Cassell [1972] AC 1027 419nxxviii

Brown v Roberts [1965] 1 QB 1 82nBuckley v John Allen & Ford Ltd [1967] 1 QB 637 134nBurmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 117Burns v Edman [1970] 2 QB 541 318nBux v Slough Metals Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 262 115Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 68nCapital & Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] QB 1004 79n

Capps v Miller The Times 12 December 1988 55n

Carmarthenshire County Council v Lewis [1955] AC 549 179Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343 95n, 180n, 232nCaswell v Powell Duffryn Collieries [1940] AC 152 54n, 111nCavanagh v Ulster Weaving Co [1960] AC 145 38nChadwick v British Railways Board [1967] 1 WLR 912 83n, 88nChaplin v Boys [1971] AC 356 254Charlton v Forest Printing Ink Co [1978] IRLR 559 301nChester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 115nChief Adjudication Officer v Faulds [2002] 2 All ER 961 341nChorlton v Fisher [2002] QB 578 247nClark v National Insurance Corporation [1963] 3 All ER 375 237nClarke v Vedel [1979] RTR 26 257nClunis v Camden and Islington Health Authority [1998] 3 All ER 180 67nCole v South Tweed Heads Rugby Football Club Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 469 79nColledge v Bass Mitchells & Butlers Ltd [1988] 1 All ER 536 388nConnelly v RTZ Corporation plc [1998] AC 854 168nCooke v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [2004] 1 WLR 251 160nCookson v Knowles [1979] AC 556 133, 145n, 159nCooper v MIB [1985] QB 575 257nCorfield v Groves [1950] 1 All ER 488 258Corrigan v Bjork Shiley Corp (1986) 227 Cal Rptr 247 168nCox v Hockenhull [1999] 3 All ER 577 132nCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Litigation; Group B Plaintiffs v Medical Research

Council (1997) 41 BMLR 157 87nCrocker v Sundance Northwest Resorts Ltd [1988] 1 SCR 1186 79nCSR Ltd v Eddy [2005] HCA 64 149nCutter v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1998] 4 All ER 417 247nDaly v General Steam Navigation Ltd [1980] 3 All ER 696 149nDavie v New Merton Board Mills [1959] AC 604 249Davies v Eli Lilley & Co [1987] 1 WLR 1136 267nDavies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 55nDavies v Taylor (No 2) [1973] 1 All ER 959 279nDavies v Whiteways Cyder [1975] QB 262 143

Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1950] AC 696 38nDeep Vein Thrombosis and Air Travel Group Litigation (Re) .3Deyong v Shenburn [1946] KB 227 75nDillon v Twin State Gas & Electric Co (1932) 163 A 111 116nDimond v Lowell [2002] 1 AC 384 265nDodds v Dodds [1978] QB 543 57Donnelly v Joyce [1974] QB 454 151nDonoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 68, 71Dooley v Cammell Laird [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Reports 271 88nDoughty v Turner Manufacturing Co [1964] 1 QB 518 126

DP & JC v UK (2003) 36 EHRR 183 70nDunne v NW Gas Board [1964] 2 QB 806 419nDunnett v Railtrack plc [2002] 1 WLR 2434 274nEagle v Chambers (No 2) [2004] 1 WLR 3081 137nEley v Bedford [1972] 1 QB 155 391nFairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32 113nFinlay v Railway Executive [1950] 2 All ER 1969 280nFitzgerald v Lane [1989] AC 328 59nFletcher v Autocar Ltd [1968] 2 QB 322 251nFlynn v Commonwealth of Australia (1988) 6 MVR 186 50nFontaine v Insurance Corporation of British Columbia 94nFroom v Butcher [1976] QB 268 55Frost v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1999] 2 AC 455 87n, 88nGaca v Pirelli General plc [2004] 1 WLR 2683 388n, 389nGale v Motor Union Insurance Co Ltd [1928] 1 KB 359 378nGardner v Moore [1984] AC 548 258n, 315n, 379nGaskill v Preston [1981] 3 All ER 427 391nGiambrone v JMC Holidays Ltd (No 2) [2004] 2 All ER 891 151nGoldman v Hargrave [1967] 1 AC 645 83, 84Goodburn v Thomas Cotton Ltd [1968] 1 QB 845 133nGorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Ex 125 126Gray v Barr [1970] 2 QB 626 319nGray v CICB (1998) 313nGreen v Russell [1959] 2 QB 226 244nGregg v Scott [2005] 2 WLR 268 114n, 117Gregory v Kelly [1978] RTR 426 64nGriffiths v British Coal Corporation [2001] 1 WLR 1493 393nGriffiths v Brown The Times 23 October 1998 79nGroves v Wimborne [1898] 2 QB 402 96n, 328nGurtner v Circuit [1968] 2 QB 587 258

Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust [2003] QB 443 248n, 250n

H v Ministry of Defence [1991] w QB 103 166nHaigh v Ireland [1974] 1 WLR 43 98Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778 42nHall (Arthur JS) & Co v Simons [2002] 1 AC 615 69nHall v Brooklands Auto Racing Club [1933] 1 KB 205 64nHalsey v Milton Keynes General NHS Trust [2004] 1 WLR 3002 274nHamilton v Al Fayed (No 2) [2003] QB 1175 263nHardy v MIB [1964] 2 QB 745 319nHarman v Crilly [1943] 1 KB 68 248nHartley v Birmingham CC [1992] 1 WLR 968 233nHarvest Lane Motor Bodies, Re [1969] 1 Ch 457 253nHatton v Sutherland [2002] 2 All ER 1 87nHay v Hughes [1975] 1 All ER 257 147nHayden v Hayden [1992] 1 WLR 986 255nHeil v Rankin [2001] QB 272 165nHenderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145 78nHepburn v Tomlinson [1966] AC 451 244nHewson v Downs [1970] 1 QB 93 391nHill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 53n, 82n, 301nHinz v Berry [1970] 2 QB 40 85nHodges v Harland & Wolff [1965] 1 WLR 523 166nHodgson v Imperial Tobacco [1998] 2 All ER 672 275nHodgson v Trapp AC 807 391nHollis v Dow Corning Corp (1995) 129 DLR (4th) 609 115nHolmes v Syntex Laboratories Inc (1984) 202 Cal Rptr 773 168nHome Office v Dorset Yacht Co [1970] AC 1004 52n, 81n, 301nHorsley v MacLaren (The Ogopogo) [1971] 2 Lloyd’s Reports 210 76n, 79nHosie v Arbroath Football Club Ltd [1987] SLT 122 83nHotson v East Berkshire HA [1987] AC 750 113n, 117Houghton v Hackney BC (1961) 3 KIR 615 301nHudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co [1957] 2 QB 348 81nHunt v Severs [1994] 2 AC 350 151n, 158n, 255, 389nHunter v British Coal Corporation [1988] 2 All ER 97 88nHussain v New Taplow Paper Mills [1988] AC 514 388n

ICI v Shatwell [1965] AC 656 64n, 184nIRC v Hambrook [1956] 2 QB 641 379nJaensch v Coffey (1983–4) 155 CLR 549 87n

Jefford v Gee [1970] w QB 130 145n

Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982] AC 794 118n, 380nJones v Dennison [1971] RTR 174 181n

Kars v Kars (1996) 187 CLR 354 255nKent v Griffiths [2001] QB 36 79nKingston v Chicago & NW Railway (1927) 22 NW 913 116nKirkham v Chief Constable of Manchester [1990] 2 QB 283 66n, 67n, 79nKralj v McGrath [1986] 1 All ER 54 174nLamb v Camden LBC [1981] QB 625 128nLamb v Cotogno (1987) 164 CLR 1 174nLane v Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379 319nLarner v British Steel plc [1993] ICR 551 96nLeakey v National Trust [1980] QB 485 83nLee v Lee’s Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 338nLefevre v White [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 569 232nLeversley v Thomas Firth [1953] 1 WLR 1206 97nLim Poh Choo v Camden Health Authority [1979] QB 196; [1980]

AC 174 143, 148n, 252n, 416nLincoln v Hayman [1982] 1 WLR 488 391nLister v Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co Ltd [1957] AC 555 232n, 249n, 254, 381nLongden v British Coal Corporation [1998] AC 653 388nLowe v Guise [2002] QB 1369 149nLubbe v Cape ple [2000] 1 WLR 1545 168nMcCafferey v Datta [1997] 1 WLR 870 280nMcCamley v Cammell Laird Shipbuilders Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 963 388nMcGhee v National Coal Board [1972] 3 All ER 1008 112nMcGlinchey v UK (2003) 37 EHRR 41 70nMcHale v Watson (1964) 111 CLR 384 181nMcKew v Holand and Hannen and Cubitts (Scotland) Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1621 121n, 122, 128nMcNealy v Pennine Insurance Co [1978] RTR 285 233nMcWilliams v Sir William Arrol & Co [1962] 1 All ER 623 115, 117Mahony v J Kruschich (Demolitions) Pty Ltd (1985) 156 CLR 522 122nMallett v McMonagle [1970] AC 168 159nMeah v McCreamer (No 1) [1985] 1 All ER 367 67n, 123n, 300nMeah v McCreamer (No 2) [1986] 1 All ER 943 67n, 300nMedlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1 122nMetropolitan Police Commissioner v Reeves [2000] 1 AC 360 79nMiller v Jackson [1977] QB 966 186n, 446Mitchell (George) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] 2 AC 803 62nMitchell v Mulholland [1971] AC 666 136, 159n

Monk v Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 247nMoriarty v McCarthy [1978] 1 WLR 155 161nMorley v United Friendly Insurance plc [1993] 1 WLR 996 237n

Morrell v Owen The Times 12 December 1993 44n

Morris v Ford Motor Co [1973] QB 792 251n, 381nMorris v KLM Royal Dutch Airlines [2002] 2 AC 628 168nMorris v Murray [1991] 2 QB 6 64nMorris v West Hartlepool Steam Co [1956] AC 552 38n

Mt Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1970) 125 CLR 383 88nMulcahy v Ministry of Defence [1996] QB 737 69nMulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council [2005] HCA 63 81nMurphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398 82nMurphy v Culhane [1977] QB 94 319Murphy v Stone Wallwork Ltd [1969] 2 All ER 949 135nMurray v Haringey Arena [1951] 2 KB 529 64nNabi v British Leyland (UK) Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 529 391nNagle v Rottnest Island Authority (1993) 177 CLR 423 81nNaylor v Payling [2004] EWCA 560 250nNettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 49n, 250nNewton v Edgerley [1959] 1 WLR 1031 81n

Ng Chun Pui v Lee Chuen Tat [1988] RTR 298 94nNimmo v Alexander Cowan & Sons Ltd [1968] AC 107 96n, 97nO’Dwyer v Leo Buring Wines [1966] WAR 67 50nOliver v Birmingham & Midland Omnibus Co [1933] 1 KB 35 57nOLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1997] 3 All ER 897 79nOsman v UK (2000) 29 EHRR 245 70Owens v Brimmell [1977] QB 859 55n, 64nPage v Smith [1996] AC 155 87nPalfrey v Greater London Council [1988] ICR 437 391nParis v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 43Parry v Cleaver [1970] AC 1 387, 388nPaterson v Chadwick [1974] 2 All ER 772 233nPerformance Cars v Abraham [1961] 3 All ER 413 116nPersson v London Country Buses [1974] 1 All ER 1251 257nPhillips v Britannia Hygienic Laundry [1923] 2 KB 832 96nPhillips v William Whitely [1938] 1 All ER 566 65nPhoto Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827 62nPickett v British Rail Engineering Ltd [1980] AC 136 148nPickett v Motor Insurers’ Bureau [2004] 1 WLR 2450 257nPigney v Pointer’s Transport Services Ltd [1957] 1 WLR 1121 127n

Pitts v Hunt [1991] 1 QB 24 63n, 65n, 66n, 258nPolemis, Re [1921] 3 KB 560 127P’s Curator Bonis v CICB (1996) 309n

R (Factortame) v Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (No 8) [2003] QB 381 262n

R v CICB, ex parte Clowes [1977] 1 WLR 1353 310–11

R v CICB, ex parte Ince [1973] 3 All ER 808 317n

R v CICB, ex parte Kent and Milne [1998] PIQR Q98 317n

R v CICB, ex parte Lain [1967] 2 QB 864 307n

R v CICB, ex parte Thompstone [1984] 1 WLR 1234 318n

R v CICB, ex parte Webb [1986] QB 184; [1987] QB 74 (CA) 310n, 311, 313n

R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Appeal Panel, ex parte Wade (2000) 313n

R v Daly [1974] 1 All ER 290 302n

R v Horsham Justices, ex parte Richards [1985] 2 All ER 1114 303n

R v Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex parte Amalgamated Engineering Union (No 2) [1966] 2 QB 31 340n

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades’

Union [1995] AC 513 309nRance v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 487 66nRandall v MIB [1968] 1 WLR 1900 257nRees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS TRust 69nReeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1998] 2 WLR 401 67n

Reffell v Surrey CC [1964] 1 WLR 358 429nRegan v Williamson [1976] 1 WLR 305 134n, 147nReid v Rush & Tompkins [1990] 1 WLR 212 74n, 228n, 250nRevill v Newbery [1996] QB 567 65n, 318Roberts v Ramsbottom [1980] 1 All ER 7 49, 182nRobinson v Post Office [1974] 2 All ER 737 128nRookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129 174n, 419n, 420nRootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383 64nRylands v Fletcher 34, 100, 418

St Helen’s Colliery Ltd v Hewitson [1924] AC 59 338nSarwar v Alam [2002] 1 WLR 125 264nSaunders v Edwards [1987] 1 WLR 1116 66nSayers v Perrin [1966] QdR 89 127nSchuster v New York (1958) 154 NE 2d 534 52n52n

Scottish Omnibuses v Wyngrove The Times 24 June 1966 50n Selfe v Ilford & District Hospital Management Committee The Times

26 November 1970 78nShiels v Cruickshank [1953] 1 WLR 533 155nSidaway v Governors of Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871 39n

Smith v Arndt (1997) 148 DLR (4th) 48 115nSmith v Baker & Sons [1891] AC 325 63n, 328nSmith v BEA [1951] 2 KB 893 245nSmith v Leech Brain [1962] 2 QB 405 117n, 127nSmoker v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1991] 2 AC 502 389nStapley v Gypsum Mines [1953] AC 663 55nState Rail Authority of New South Wales v Wiegold (1991) 25 NWSLR 500 123nStephen v Scottish Boatowners Mutual Insurance Association [1989]

1 Lloyd’s Reports 535 237nStovin v Wise [1996] AC 923 79nSturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852 445Suosaari v Steinhardt [1989] 2 QdR 477 50nTame v New South Wales (2002) 211 CLR 317 89nTan Chye Choo v Chong Kew Moi [1970] 1 All ER 266 96nTaylor v Bristol Omnibus Co [1975] 1 WLR 1054 393nThomas v Quartermaine (1887) 18 QD 685 54nThompson v Price [1973] QB 838 134nThurston v Todd (1966–7) 84 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 231 160Tomlinson v Congleton BC [2003] UKHL 47 81nTopp v London Country Bus (South West) Ltd [1993] 1 WLR 976 125n

TP & KM v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 42 70nTransco plc v Stockport MBC [2004] 2 AC 1 100nUnion Carbide Corporation Gas Plant Disaster in India in December 1984,

Re (1987) 809 F 2d 195 168n

US v Carroll Towing Co (1947) 159 F 2d 169 41nVairy v Wyong Shire Council [2005] HCA 62 81nVan Oppen v Clerk to the Bedford Charity Trustees [1990] 1 WLR 235 250n, 293nVersic v Connors (1969) 90 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 33 128nVincent v Lake Erie Transportation Co (1910) 124 NW 221 185, 186Vowles v Evans [2003] 1 WLR 1607 250n

W v Meah [1986] 1 All ER 935 300nWagon Mound (No 1) [1961] 1 AC 388 127Wagon Mound (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 617 43nWaite v North Eastern Railway (1858) El, Bl & El 719; 120 ER 679 57nWard v James [1966] 1 QB 273 166nWarren v King [1963] 3 All ER 993n 137nWarren v Scruttons [1962] 1 Llloyd’s Rep 497 127nWarriner v Warriner [2002] 1 WLR 1703 159nWatson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134 250n

Watson v Powles [1968] 1 QB 596 144nWaugh v James Allan Ltd [1964] 2 Lloyd’s Reports 1 182nWells v Wells [1999] 1 AC 345 158n, 159nWest v Shephard [1964] AC 326 171White v MIB [2001] 1 WLR 481 257nWiddowson v Newgate Meat Corporation [1998] PIQR P138 94nWilliams v BOC Gases Ltd [2000] ICR 1181 389nWilliams v Grimshaw (1967) 3 KIR 610 301nWilsher v Essex AHA [1988] AC 1074 113nWilson v Ministry of Defence [1991] ICR 595 136nWinward v TVR Engineering Ltd [1986] Business and Trading Law Cases 366 50nWise v Kaye [1962] 1 QB 638 170n, 171Withers v Perry Chain Co [1961] 1 WLR 1314 65n

Wood v Bentall Simplex Ltd The Times 3 March 1992 50n

Wooldridge v Sumner [1963] 2 QB 43 64nWright v British Railways Board [1983] 2 AC 773 145nWringe v Cohen [1940] 1 KB 229 101Wyong Shire Council v Vairy [2004] NSWCA 247 81n

X v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633 82nYuen Kun Yeu v Attorney-General of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 82n

Z v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 97 70n

Part 1

The issues in perspective