Sự chuyển biến của phong trào cách mạng giải phóng dân tộc ở nghệ tĩnh trong 30 năm đầu thế kỷ 20

Viec nghien cuu phong trao dan toe cua Nghe Tinh vao thai ky phoi thai cac he tu tuang chinh tri, su truang thanh ve mat to chiic ciing nhu nhiing buac di ciia quan chiing trong cuoc dau

* Phan ma dau

Chuong I: NHUNG DIEU KIEN LICH SU^MCfl CUA PHONG TRAO

GIAI PHONG DAN TOC 6 NGHE TINH TRONG 30

NAM DAU THE KY XX

15

I Nhan to kinh te xa hoi moi xuat hien 6" Nghe Tinh

IIo Anh huong tich cue ciia each mang the gioi toi phong trao

giai phong dan toe 6' Nghe Tinh 29

i n Cac the he tri thuc Nghe TTnh - Nhan to quan trong trong

qua trinh chuyen bien each mang 3^

Chuong 11: SIT CHUYEN BIEN CUA PHONG TRAO CACH MANG

GIAI PHONG DAN TOC 6 NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM

I Sii chuyen bien ve tu tuong chinh tr|

1 Khoi phuc chii quyen quoc gia, giarih doc lap dan toe, muu cdu

hanh pliuc cho dong bao la tu tirong col loi ciia sT phu van than

Nghe Tinh 44

2 Tu tuang giai phong dan loc a Nghe Tinh truac nhung bie'n

dong ciia con duong cuu nuoc theo khuynh hirong dan chii tu san

ciia Phan BoiChau (1897-1925) 4g

Nghe TTnh cc

II Six chuyen bien ve ca cau td chuc lanh dao phong trao 61

1 Su ra dai va qua trinh cai to Duy Tan hoi

2 Su hinh thanh va phat triSn vi to chue ciia Tan Viet each mang

^ ^ g 66

3 Hai he thong to chuc Viet nam thanh nien each mang d6ng chi

hoi a Nghe Tinh ^g

4 Cac dang bo o Nghe Tinh ra dai va khong ngung mo rong 73

III Cac hinh thuc bieu hien ciia phong trao giai phong dan toe

6 Nghe Tinh 79

1 Hoat dong van hoa yeu nuac va each mang

2 Hoat don^ xuat duam^ va vai tro cua no doi voi su chuven

^ CJ ^

bien ciia phong trao yeu nuoc va each mang a Nghe Tinh g^

3 Cac cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan va tay sai a Nghe Tinh

truoc nam 1930 99

4 Bao tap each mang (1930 -1931) mo dau cho thai ki moi ciia

cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe

IQ-Chuon^ i n DONG GOP CUA NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM

DAU TRANH GIAI PHONG DAN TOC DAU THE KI XX n^

I Tim kiem duong !6i cuu nuoc

1 Phan Boi Chau vai viec tim kiem va kien tri chii truon^ vo iranu

bao dong

2 Nguyen Ai Quoc vai su lua chon con duong cuu luroc 12]

IL (xop phan tang euong doan ket dan toe 12']

1 Lien kc'l qui lu cac luc luong chong Phap

III Buoc dau dat nen mong cho tien trinh hoi nhap vol the gioi

va xaydiing cac dia ban hoat dOng a nuoc ngoal I34

1 Huong hoi nhap ciia Phan Boi Chau

2 Huang hoi nhap ciia Nguy§n Ai Quoc

* Ket luan I47

1 Chii nghia yeu nuoc va tu tuang each mang thai dai la nin tang

ciia su chuyen bien phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe a

Nghe Tinh trong 30 nam ddu ciia th^'ki XX

2 Su chuyen bieb eiia phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe

phan anh bai hoc lich su vi khai thae triet d^' va sur dung dung ddn

sue manh eiia qudn chung

3 Tang cuang sue lanh dao trong qua trinh chuyen bife'n phong trao

yeu nuoc la van de song eon ciia phong trao each mang giai phong

dan toe

I.LY DO CHON DE TAL

Nhan dan Nghe Tinh noi tieng hieu hoc, cdn cii chiu dung gian kho, vuat qua moi thu thach de t6n tai va phat trien Nghe Tinh ciing la viing dat

giau long y6u nude, da^u tranh khong met moi d^ bao ve va xay dung dat n\x6c

Bu6c vao thdi ky can dai, tru6c su that bai cua phong trao Can Vuang,

nguod dan Nghe Tinh tran tra nhiiu ve nguyen nhan mat nucre, ve su be tac ciia cac cuoc dau ti'anh vii trang, d^ roi b\i6c vao nhung tran da'u mai, quen

minh xa than cho doc lap tu do cua To quoc

T\i phong trao Duy Tan ddu the ky den phong trao cong san nam 1930

la mot thai ky each mang soi dong khap ca nuac Cac mau sac chinh tri, cac hinh thai bieu hien phong trao da dang phong phii ,phan anh mot tinh yeu dat

nudfc tha thiet luon hudrng t6i muc tieu giai phong dan toe

Viec nghien cuu phong trao dan toe cua Nghe Tinh vao thai ky phoi thai cac he tu tuang chinh tri, su truang thanh ve mat to chiic ciing nhu nhiing buac di ciia quan chiing trong cuoc dau tranh lau dai day chong gai cua ca dan toe - se gop phan quan trong chung minh rang phong trao cong san Viet Nam hinh thanb va phat trien luon luon tuan theo quy luat ta't yeu cua cuoc dau tranh cuu nuac trong dieu kien thai dai mai Qua trinh ay chiu su tac dong ciia cac nhan to khach quan va chii quan tren cac phuang dien kinh te chinh tri, xa hoi Do la thai ky ma hau qua tat yeu ciia chinh sach khai thac thuoc

dia boc lot kinh te tren quy mo Ian ciia tu ban thuc dan Phap a Dong Duong

dan tai sir suat hien nhung giai cap mai nhOng tdng lop xa hoi moi bat chap

su han che, bop nghet ciia mot che do cai tri ha khac

, nhung luc luang ddi lap no Nhung tr6n thuc t€ lai hoan toan trai ngugc, su c6

mat cua chu nghia thuc dan da chong chat them nhung mau thuin mai doi v6i nong dan, lam xuat hien doi ngii nhiing nguori lam thue khon ciing-giai cap cong nhan, d6i ngG nay ngay cang dong dao va "la giai cap thuc su each mang'XTO) Cac sT phu yeu nu6e, mot bo phan khong nho c6 tu tuang dan toe trong giai cap phong kien va 16p tri thiic tieu tu san - con chau cua ho, da biet dua vao dong dao nhan dan chong lai bon thuc dan xam luge, khac phuc nhiing ban che, hoc hoi d^ tu hoan thien minh

Do ciing la then ky ma tu tuang dan chii tu san Au - My, nhiing tien bo cua Nhat Ban sau cuoc Minh Tri Duy Tan (1868 ), su thang Igi cua chii nghia Tam dan trong suot qua trinh Ton Tmng San tien hanh cuoc each mang dan chu tu san a Tmng Quoc (1911-1927) dugc tmyen ba vao Viet Nam Chinh nhimg nhan to khach quan va chii quan do da gop phan tao nen buac di ban d^u cho phong trao dan toe trong hoan canh mai Ciing chinh trong didu kien

do su thang Igi ciia Cach mang thang Muc/i Nga vT dai ( 1917), su Ian manh ciia phong trao cong nhan Phap ma bieu hien rue ra la su ra doi Dang cong san Phap da tao ra mot ca hoi mai cue ky thuan Igi de Nguy6n 4i Quoc phae thao con duong each mang Viet Nam, roi tra ve Tmng Quoc don nhan nhiing nguai yeu nu6c tu: phong trao Phan Boi Chau va tu cuoc van dong " Phuc Viet" ciia nbGng nam dau thap ky 20 Cac nha each mang dugc dao tao tu

TriCr/ng Jnidn luyen chinh tri Oudng Chau (Tmng Quoc) theo DKong kdch menh ciia Nsuven Ai Quoc tra ve nuac da nhanh chons: xav duns cac to chirc

yeu nude theo he thong cac cap tu* tmng uang xuong ca sa Tiirac khi Dang cong san Viet Nam ra ddi Nshe - Tinh da c6 ba t6 chuc theo khuvnh huons;

cong san boat d6ng dan xen nhau a nhieu lang xa Tuy doi We giiia nhimg nguai lanh dao, do nhan thiic ve" dan toe", "giai cap "c6 khac nhau da keo dai

su bgp nha't giiia VNTNCMDCH vol TVCMD, nhung vdri khat vgng doc lap, tinh yeu d6ng bao, lai c6 Nguyen Ai Quoc chi dao true tiep cuoi cung da thong nha't dugc toan bo phong trao cong san Viet Nam v^ m6t moi va dua phong trao bu6c vao cuoc tap dugt dSu tien - cao trao each mang 1930 -1931, ma dinh cao la X6 Viet Nghe - Tinh

Nghien cuu ve Nghe - Tinh trong moi quan he lich su ay ,khong chi

lam ro sir chuyen bien sau sac cua phong trao each mang di6n ra a mot so dia

phuang, ma con thay su dong gop cua dan toe ta trong viec xac dinh ducmg loi, xay dung khoi doan ket, phat hien phuang phap tiep can d^ hoi nhap v6i the giai, de c6 the nit ra mot so bai hoc ve tam quan trong cua chu nghia yeu nu6c trong moi su chuyen bien ciia phong trao giai phong dan toe ba muai nam dau the ky XX; ve phuang phap khai thac, su dung siic manh ciia quan

chiing; vi vai tro ngucri to chiic lanh dao Day la nhiing van de song con cua

mot phong trao xa hoi, nhiing van d6 chien luge can phai dugc luu y, van dung de tiep tuc t6 chiic quan chung xay dung che do mai Do la ly do khien

toi chon " Su chuyen bien cua phong trao each mang giai phong dan toe a Nghe - TTnh trong 30 nam dau the ky KX' lam de tai luan an pho tien sT khoa

hoe lich sii

II lich sii nghien cihi van de, cac nguon tu lieu va phuang phap

nghien ciru

1 Lich su nghien cuu van de

Que huong Nghe - TTnh va ten tu6i cac nhan vat tieu bidu ciia viing dat do gdn lien vai lich sir dan toe da tra thanh doi tugng nshien ciiii cua cac hoc gia trong nuac va ngoai nuac

Tru6c each mang thang 8 nam 1945 c6 Les societes secretes en terre d' Annam ( Georges Coulet, Sai Gon, Inprimerie Commerciale, G Ardin,

1926, Hoi kin a Annam, Nguyen Son dich ) , Nhung vu noi loan chong Phap a nudc Annam tie nam 1905 den 1918 cua ca quan An ninh thuoc Phu toan quyen Dong Ducmg da luge ta cac boat d6ng cua cac si phu van than yeu nu6c gan hai thap ky din cua the ky XX, trong do nhfo manh den cac su kien 1dm

CO lien quan tdl cu Phan Boi Chau Phan Boi Chau nien bieu ( bang chii Han )

cua Phan Boi Chau; viet nam 1929 ban dich cua Pham Trong Diem va Ton Quang Phiet, NXB Van Sir Dia, Ha Noi, 1957, la cuon tu truyen - tu phe phan ciia m6t nguoi da tucng diing dSu phong trao van dong giai phong dan toe tii

nhiing nam cuoi the ky XIX d6n nam 1925; Ta n Viet each mang dang cua

Nhugng Tong ( Viet Nam thu xa xuat ban, 1945) da mo ta cac bu6c thay doi cua mot to chiic yeu nu6e tru6c anh huong cua VNTNCMDCH

Sau nam 1954, viec nghien ciiu cac danh nhan lich su va cac su kien

I6n a Nghe - Tinh dugc xiic tien manh han a Phap, Geoges Boudarel viet Phan Boi ChaUy et la societe Vietnamiene de son temps ( Phan Boi Chau vai

xa hoi Viet Nam thdi dai ong) (Tap chi Phdp-A so 199, qui 4-1969) a Viet Nam CO nhieu cong trinh ban ve thdi ky lich su nay, nhu Lich sU Viet Nam cua Vien Sii: ( NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi, H.1985) Su phat trien cua tu tuang a Viet Nam tiX the ky XIX den Cach mang thang Tam (3 tap) ciia GS Tran Van Giau (NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, H.1975); Viet Nam thanh nien each mang dong chi hoi cua tap the nhieu tac gia (NXB Thong tin \i luan, H, 1985) Con c6

nhieu bai viet chuyen sau ciia cac Gs Dinh Xuan Lam, PGS Chuong Thau,

PGS D6 Quang Hung - dang tren cac tap chi nghien ciai lich sU, Lich su quan

su, Lich sU Dang, trong cac ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc ky niem cac danh nhan

Nghe - Tinh,

lich su dia phuang minh Dae bi6t thdi ky sat nhap Ngh6 An va Ha - Tinh thanh mot tinh, ca quan nghien ciiu lich su cua tinh Nghe - Tinh da xuat ban hai cuon lich sir, dua giai doan dau tranh (1900-1930) cua nhan dan dia phuang vao trong mot vai chuong sach Sach Lich su Nghe - Tmh, tap I cua Ban nghien ciiu lich su Nghe - Tinh (xuat ban 1984) da gianh hai chuong vdi

115 trang de gidi thieu phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Nghe - TTnh tu: dau theky den het chien tranh the gioi Ian thu: nhdt (chuong V H I ) va Nghe -TTnh trong qua trinh van dong thanh lap Dang - cao trao X5 viet Nghe - TTnh (chuong IX) Dudi gdc d6 Lich su Dang, sach Lich sii Dang bo Dang cong san Viet Nam tinh Nghe - TTnh, sa thao, tap I (1925 -1954) vdi 84 trang, bang

nhiing noi dung dugc chon loc, cac scan gia da phae boa dugc lich su hinh thanh va vai tro ciia cac dang bo cong san d Nghe - Tinh trong budc dau guang cao nggn cd dan toe dudi quan diem cua mot cuoc each mang vo san, qua budc thu thach kbdc liet 1930- 1931 ma vin ton tai va phat trien

Dae diem noi bat ciia cac cong tnnh nghien ciiu tren la danh gia cao cac anh hung nghia sT xii Nghe, nhung ngudi diing hang dau trong cuoc da'u tranh chong Phap xam luge Hai nha yeu nude Phan Boi Chau va Nguyen Ai Quoc CO tam vdc tu tudng- chinh tri Idn nhat dugc danh gia la nhiing con ngudi ke thiia, sang tao va nang cao cac gia tri cihi nude cua cac bac cha anh,

la nhiing ngudi cd vai tro quan trong trong viec qui tu luc luang va to chiic phong trao Tir trong" Lich sir mot tram that bai ma khong mot thanh cong " -

trong cuoc ddi boat dong het minh ciia Phan Boi Chau da di lai cho dan toe, cho phong trao nhiing kinh nghiem vi van dong quan chiing

Khi nghien ciiu cac t6 chiic eiia phong trao, phan Idn cac cong trinh

tap tmng xem xet-danh gia cac t6 chiic xuat hien sau tieng tac dan cua Pham

Hong Thai, nhan manh nhieu vao cac to chiic do Nguyen Ai Quoc sang lap

danh gia cao VNTNCMDCH ma chua thay bet coi ngudn cua no d Nghe

-Tinh la Phuc Viet (ve sau cai to thanh Tan Viet each mang dang ) Dae biet la ddi vdi su xua't hien t6 chiic Dang cong san, nhieu bai viet coi do la mot budc ngoat than ky ma khong tha^ cai sau lang, ben bi kien tri phan dau cua cac sT phu tien bg va Idp hoc tro cua ho dau the ky XX Chinh ho da kien nhan duy tri phong trao yeu nudc Tii Duy Tan hoi - to chiic tiep noi cua thdi ky Can Vuang, den Trai cay tren da't Thai Lan vdi mot y chi kien tri " Thap nien sinh til, thap nien giao h6i"( Mudi nam tap bgp luc lugng, mudi nam giao due nhan

dan ) ciia Dang Thiic Hiia, r6i su cai to Duy Tan hoi thanh Viet Nam quang phuc hoi ( VNQPH -1912 ), su xuat hien nhom Tam tam xa cua nhdm thanh

nien Ho Tung Mau, Le H6ng San, dang boat dong d Tmng Quoc (1923), su

ra ddi va phat trien ciia Phuc Viet theo khuynh hudng VNTNCMDCH 1929), do la mot qua trinh chuyen bien va phat trien khong ngirng cua tu tudng yeu nudc Viet Nam trong boi canh Ngh6 - Tmh Trong so nhiing ngudi tham gia cac to chiic noi tren, cd nguoi da nga xudng tmdc miii siing cua quan thu, nhi6u ngudi bi day ai trong cac nha tii cua thuc dan, cd ngudi hoat dong

(1925-khong met moi gin nhu suot ca 30 nam cho muc dich ciiu nudc Nhiing su

thuc lich sii ay ciing dugc tha van, bao chi Nghe - Tinh phan anh mot each chan that va sau sac lam cho con ngudi von yeu nudc cang yeu nudc ban, de

tim tdi cac t6 chiic tang them siic lanh dao va siie manh cua quan chung,

chuan bi cho nhiing cuoc dau tranli true dien vdi bon thuc dan va tay sai

Tuy vay cho den nay van chua eo mot cong trinh nao trinh bay mot each CO he thong sir chuyen bien cua phong trao yeu nudc va each mang d

Nghe- TTnh tren ca ba phuang dien chinh tri tu tudng , ca cau to chiic cac boat dong thuc tien ciing nhu moi quan he cua nhiing con ngudi da tich cue lam nen su chuyen bien do

Vdi kha nang va thdi gian c6 ban, trudc khoi lugng cac cong trinh nghien ciiu cua nhieu thap ky ve viing da^t va con ngudi Nghe Tinh, khi danh gia ve tinh hinh nghien ciiu chiing toi chi gidi thieu dugc trong mot chiing muc nhat dinh ma thdi

2) Luan an dirge xay dung tren co so khai thac nhieu nguon tir lieu:

-Cac tac pham kinh diiniTuyen ngon Dang cong san cua C.Mac va F Angghen, Benh du trT ta khuynh trong phong trao cong san", "Sa thao lan thu nhdt nhitng luan cucmg ve van de dan toe va van de thuoc did' ciia V.I Lenin (46) Ho Chi Minh toan tap (1,11,111) -nhiing tap cd lien quan nhieu den lich sir

Nghe Tinh tren ba phuang dien tmyen ba tu tudng chinh tri, phan anh thuc trang lich su, to chiic chi dao udn nan phong trao

- Nguon van kien Dang: Cac to chiic tien than cua Dang (13); Van kien Dang 1930-1945 (116); Nhung su kien lich su Dang, tap 1(1920-1945) (82); Bao chi each mang 1925-1930, 1930-1931.,

-Cac sach nghien cuu c6 lien quan tdi phong trao each mang Nghe

Tinh va cac danh nhan Nghe-TInb ciia Tran Van Giau, Dinh Xuan Lam, Chuong Thau

-Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tren cac tap chi NCLS, LSOS LSD, va Nhung vdn de lie}} sUva dia ly Nghe-TTnh

-Nguon sach bao viet ve Nghe Tinh bao gom lich sir cac tinh Nghe

An Ha Tinh Thanh Phd Vinh cac huyen cac phudng, cac tap hoi ky cac ho

so each mang, cac thong ke, cac hoi nghi xac minh ve con ngudi va su kien

trong thdi ky dung Dang va X6 Viet Nghe Tinh

-Cac luan van tot nghiep nganh su Viet Nam viet ve Phan Boi Chau vai phong trao yeu nuac chong Phap a Nghe TTnh ciia Tran Hiiu Diic; Phan Boi Chau vai nhung hoat dong yeu nuac cua dong bao Thien chua giao a Nghe TTnh cua Le Thi Tam; Vai trd cua to chuc Tan Viet trong viec thanh lap Dang bo Nghe TTnh cua Le Van Thai; Hoat dong cua to chuc Tan viet trong cong nhan khu vuc Vinh- Ben Thuy cua Dinh Luang; Bao chi each mang Viet Nam (1930-1931) vai cao trao Xo Viet Nghe TTnh ciia Nguyen The Binh; Vdn

de vdn hod trong cao trao each mang 1930-1931 a Nghe TTnh cua Nguyen

v a n Phil Va nhieu luan van khac cd lien quan tdi Nghe Tmh trong nhiing nam 1900-1930

Ngoai ra , luan an c6 khai thac cac ky yeTi Hoi thao khoa hoc quoc te

va trong nudc ve Chu tich Ho Chi Minh , ve nha canh tan Nguyen Tnrdng To,

ve Pham Hong Thai ,

Luan an eon dac biet chii y tdi tu lieu cua cac hoc gia nude ngoai true

tiep nghien ciiu hoac cd lien quan den lich su Nghe Tinh Vi du Mot nguai yeu nuac va mot nha each each mang guang mau ( trong sach :Dong chi Ho Chi Minh cua chung ta ) cua Charles Foumiau (85); Hoi kin An nam eiia G Coulet (122); Phan Boi Chau va xd hoi Viet Nam cua then dai ong cua Georges

Boudarel (121)

3 Phuong phap nghien cuu

Phuang phap lich sir va phuang phap logic la hai phuang phap chinh duoc van dung ket hgp de thuc hien luan an Ngoai ra con sir dung phuang phap lich dai va dong dai, phan loai, ddi chieu, so sanh khi can thiet

Ill Dong gop ciia luan an

1- Qua viec lua chon cac nhan vat va su kien lich su tii cuoi Can Vuang d6n cao trao each mang 1930-1931, luan an da phae boa mot each c6

he tbdng nhiing v ^ d^ ca ban ve chinh tri tu tudng va to chiic, ve hinh thai bi^u hien phong phii ciia cuoc van dong ciiu nudc d Nghe - TTnh

2- Tuf su chuyen bien cua phong trao each mang giai phong d Tinh, sa bo danh gia nhiing dong gop ciia phong trao nay ve dudng loi chie'n luge, ve doan ke't dan tgc va tien de cho su hoi nhap quoc te' trong dieu kien phong trao each mang the^ gidi dang hudng vao cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe va giai phong con ngudi

Nghe-3- Tii lich su ba muai nam dau the ky XX cua Nghe Tmh, luan an nit

ra mot so bai hoc kinh nghiem ve van dung noi dung chu nghia yeu nudc tmyen thong, ve-phuang phap khai thac, su dung siic manh cua quan chiing ciing nhu ve viec lua chon dang vien dao tao ho thanh nhiing can bg eo ciing

y chi, thong nhat hanh dong lam cho siic lanh dao cua dang ngay cang dugc tang cudng bao dam dua each mang Viet Nam di tdi nhiing thang Igi toldn tren con dudng doi mdi

IV- Bd cue va opi dung luan an

Toan bo luan an gom trang Ngoai phan md dau va phan ket luan, phan tai lieu tham khao va phu luc, luan an dugc chia thanh ba chuong: Chuong I Nhiing dieu kien lich sir mdi cua phong trao giai phong dan toe d Nghe -Tinh 30 nam dau the ky XX

Chuong n Su chuyen bieh cua phong trao each mang d Nghe Tinh 30 nam dau the ky XX

Chuong m Nhiing dong gop eiia Nghe Tinh trong 30 nam dau tranh giai phong dan toe dau the ky XX

Trong qua trinh tien hanh viet luan an, chiing toi dugc sir giQp dd cua

Thu vien Quoc gia Ha N6i, Bao tang X6- Viet, Bao tang tong hgp Nghe An, Phong tu lieu Khoa Su (Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van), Tmng tam tu lieu Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, cac giao su, cac can bg nghien ciiu xin chan thanh cam an cac co quan va cac thay giao va cac ban dong nghiep da hel long quan tam chi bao hiiang dan chiing toi hoan thanh luan an nay

Ha noi, ngay 7 thang 5 nam 1996

Dinh Tran Duang

Chuong I NHtJNG DIEU KI$N LICH SlT M O I CUA PHONG TRAO GIAI PHONG

DAN TOC 6 NGHE TINH TRONG 30 NAM DAU THE KY XX

Ba muai nam ddu the ky XX, phong trao each mang giai phong dan tgc d Nghe - Tmh da cd nhiing budc chuyen bieh Idn Dd la su chuyen bieh cua con dudng ciiu nudc tut khuynh hudng quan chu lap bieh qua dan chii tu san deh khuynh hudng c6ng san, dat tdi mdc son chdi loi la su ra ddi cac dang bg cong san trong thuc the thong nha't ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam

Cd dugc nhiing budc tien a'y la ke't qua ciia su tiep noi tmy^n thong yeu nudc thuong noi, tii khat vgng ddc lap dan tdc canh tan da't nudc ciia nhieu the' he ngudi Viet Nam, ket hgp vdi cac nhan to mdi n£y sinh cua mot ta't yeii lich su

do che do cai tri cua chii nghia tu ban- thuc dan Phap tao ra , trudc nhiing tac ddng manh me cua boi canh the gidi da va dang dien ra soi dong d Nhat Ban, Tmng Quoc va nudc Nga

I- NHAN T O KINH TE -XA H O I M 6 I XUAT HIEN 6 NGHE -TINH

Tii cac hiep udc dau hang cua vua toi nha Nguyen ky vdi thuc dan Phap vao nhiing nam 1883 -1884 va su chfoi diit cua phong trao Can Vuang cuoi the ky XIX deh cuoc boa hoan tam thdi cua nghia quan Hoang Hoa Tham vao dau the' ky XX, thuc dan Phap tu coi nhu da can ban hoan thanh cong cuoc xam luge va binh dinh cua chiing d Viet Nam va cd the bat tay vao viec khai thac thuoc dia nay

Tnldc nam 1897, thuc dan Phap vua tham dd, viia khai thac nguyen lieu d Nghe An va Ha Tinh Dau tien la J.Dupuis dat mot tram mua va xe gd tai Ben Thuy Trong ba nam dau, y khai thac mot khoi lugng tre, niia, ludng o-ia tri 5.000 dong de ban di cac noi Nhung den nam 1887 J.Dupuis nhudng

CO sd nay cho mdt nhdm tu ban khac Nhdm mdi nay thanh lap Hoi lam nghiep thuong mai d Tmng Ky (1892) vdi sd vdn la 1.000.000 dong Tir mot tram cua, da thanh mot tram cua Idn va sau nay trd thanh nha may Diem Beh Thuy

Trong chuong trinh bay diem ciia Toan quyen Ddng Duong P6n-Du-me ( Paul Doumer) gili ong B6 trudng thuoc dia Phap ngay 22 -3-1897 cd ba

diin de cap tdi vin di kinh te' Cu the la: "1-sira d6i lai che dd tai chinh, thiet

lap mot he thong thue' khoa mdi sao cho phii hgp vdi yeu cau ngan sach, nhung phai dua tren ca sd xa hoi cu the va phai chii y khai thac nhiing phong tuc tap quan cua dan Dong Duong"; ''2-Chu y xay dung thie't bi to Idn cho Dong Duong , nhu xay dung he thong dudng sat, dudng bg, song dao, ben

cang, nhiing thii cih thie't cho viec khai thac"; "3-Day manh nen san xua't

va thuong mai bang viec phat trien cong cuoc thuc dan ciia ngudi Phap va lao dong cua ngudi ban xii" (124)

Til chu chuong kliai thac cua P Doumer va can cii tren thuc te' vi tri dia

ly chinh tri cua Vinh-Be'n Thuy, ngay 20-10 -1898 vua Thanh Thai ra dao du thanh lap thi xa Vinh; ngay 11-3 -1914 vua Duy Tan ra dao du thanh lap thi xa Ben Thuy; ngay 27 -8 -1917 vua Khai Dinh ra dao du thanh lap thi xa Tnrdng Thi.,Ngay 10 -12 -1927, Toan quyen Ddng Duong ra nghi dinh hgp nhat ba thi xa tren thanh thanh phd Vinh Be'n Thuy

Liic ba'y gid thanh phd Vinh Beh Thuy co 10 phd dugc phan theo thii tu tir phd De nha't de'n phd De thap Diing dau mdi phd la mot trudng phd dieu hanh moi cong viec nhu la mot ly tmdng d nong thon Dien tich thanh phd

la 20km~ vdi sd dan la 19.811 ngirdi (trong sd do cd 18.960 ngudi Viet,

340 ngudi Phap, 412 ngudi Hoa, 21 nguoi An Do ) Thuc dan Phap lap ra mot hoi ddng thanh phd gom 4 ngudi Phap va mot ngudi Viet do vien Cong

sur kiem doc ly thanh pho diing dau Tong doc Nghe An la nguai diing d^u bd may hanh chmh cua trieu dinh Hue, nhung moi quyet dinh phai dugc cong sii Phap thdng qua

D^ phuc vu cho vi6c cai tri va khai thac tai nguyen, la'y Vinh-Ben Thuy lam tmng tam, Phap da huy d6ng nhan luc tai dia phuang xay dung mot he thong giao thong thuy bo :

1893 lam ducmg Vinh - Cua Rao - Tran Ninh

1905 lam ducmg xe lira Vinh - Ha N6i

1913 lam ducmg Vinh - Cua Hoi - Cira Lo

1915 lam dudng xe lira Vinh - Dong Ha

1918 vet kenh sit Vinh - Thanh Hoa

«

1929 lam san bay Vinh; cung nam Phap chi mot trieu ddng (tien Phap) nao vet md rgng cang Ben Thuy

CO

Sau Hai Phdng, Ben Thuy dugc coi la cang quan trong, hang nam^ tdi

354 tau nudc ngoai ( Phap, Nhat, Ma Lai, Ai Do, Tmng Q u d c ) den cap ben vdi ti trong hang xua't khau hang nam tii cang Ben Thuy di cac nudc Phap 35%; Anh 21%; Nhat 16% Sd hang nhap mdi nam ciing tang:

-Nam 1924 xuat 39.631 tan, nhap 9.751 tan hang

1926 nhap 14.077 tan hang (98)

Ve cong nghiep, tmdc nam 1897 thanh phd Vinh -Ben Thuy hau nhu chua cd xi nghiep nao Nha may Diem bat dau dugc xay dung nam 1907, nhung deh nam 1922 mdi co san pham hang hoa de ban

Nha may Dien thanh lap nam 1922 gom 3 ngudi Phap, 50 ngirdi Viet den nam 1923 mdi cung cap dien tieu dung cho thanh phd va chay cac may d Vinh- BenThuy Nha may cua ciing xay dung trong nam 1922 a Ben Thuy^om

C.Ai 'r- KOI

CO 7 ngudi Phap va 100 thg ngudi Viet, mdi nam san xua't dugc 25.000

m gd cac loai Nha may Trudng Thi sua chiia tin hoa, xay dung tii nam

1878, liic d^u may mdc edn it , lao dong bang tay la chu ye'u nen sd cong nhan kha ddng ; tii nam 1924, dugc Phap dau tu Idn, may mdc nhieu, sd lugng cong nhan giam, nhung van eon khoang 1000 thg Ngoai ra, khu vuc Vinh Be'n Thuy cd nhieu nha may khac nhu nha may nudc, nha may gach, ngdi^nha may phot phat, lam do hop , cung ca'p nudc da

Tinh chung de'n 1926 ca tmng tam da cd hai muai nha may Idn nhd, trong dd cd nha may sua chiia xe lua Trudng Thi, mot trong ba nha may sua chiia d Viet Nam lam nhiem vu dai tu ddu may xe lua va toa xe tren tuye'n dudng sat Tmng Ky, cd dii cac phan sudng thu hiit 1000 cong nhan lam viec Vinh Be'n Thuy ciing la mot noi dat tru sd dieu hanh cong cuoc khai thac cua nhieu cong ty tu ban Phap Cong ty diem Ddng Duong, Cong ty lam nghiep thuong mai Tmng Ky la co sd dau tien ciia tu ban Phap Hai cong

ty nay duoc thanh lap 1891 , den nam 1922 nhap lai thanh Hoi Lam nghiep lam diem Dong Duong (goi tat la SIFA) Ngoai san xua't diem, khai thac gd

va lam san de xuat khau, SIFA edn kinh doanh ca hang nhap khau va md

don dien Ca sd cua SIFA gom co nha may diem, nha may dien, nha may

cua d Be'n Thuy va mot don dien Idn d huyen NghTa Dan vdi khoang 1500 cong nhan Sd vdn d^u tu va Igi nhuan la:

Lgi nhuan 1.586.000(Fi-) 2.564.000 -3.297.000 -

(48)

SIFA la mdt tap doan tu ban Phap kinh doanh Idn , cd the' luc nha't d Tmng Ky

Nam 1900, cong ty Lao ciing dugc thanh lap d Be'n Thuy Cong ty nay

cd xudng cua, xudng mdc chuyen lam hang gd xua't kh^u, cd khoang 300 cdng nhan Ngoai ra cd nhieu cong ty va hieu budn khac cua tu ban Phap ciing cd tru sd chi diem d B^h Thuy nhu cdng ty Bac Ky va mi^n Bic Tmng Ky, Lien hiep thuong mai Ddng Duong, Chi nhanh nong khd ngan hang tin dung Ddng Duong Ben canh cac xi nghiep, hieu budn cua tu ban Phap, edn cd cac xi nghiep va hieu budn Hoa Kieu, An Kieu Tinh de'n nam

1926 da cd 6 cdng ty va 27 hieu budn ban Idn d Vinh - Be'n Thuy

Luc Lugng lao ddng lam thue cho cac cong ty va hieu budn khong chi cd cac nhan vien hanh chinh, ma chu yeii la cdng nhan trong nha may, cac tuye'n dudng va cac beh cang •

Xin neu mdt vai so lieu :

Nha may cua Ben.Thuy

(-Xuong cua mai

Nam Th/lap (3)

1.000

1.000 (750?)

Thuoc hang SIFA

Thuoc cong ty g6 diem SIFA

Xuong dai tu d t6 Bach Thai Dao

Xuong Samanal (nhu mot cong ty)

Thuoc hang SIFA

CO 4 tuyec bin cong sua't 3500Kw/h

Co 120 6t6

Co nhi^u bo phan thu hiit mot so doc cong, thg lanh nghe

va lao dong binh thudng

( 9 3 )

1927- 1930 Vinh - Beh Thuy da trd thanh mot khu cdng nghiep Idn ciia Trung Ky, la noi da cd 20 nha may va tap tmng khoang 7.000 cdng nhan Tinh chung Vinh - Beh Thuy eo khoang 4.000 cdng nhan lam trong cac nha may va khoang 3.000 cdng nhan tu do ban cong va ban nong Sd lucmg nay so vdi sd dan thdi dd chie'm mot ti le kha cao

Ciing vdi viec xay dung Tmng tam kinh te' Vinh - Ben Thuy va he thdng giao thdng van tai la viec cudp da't lap cac don dien Theo bao cao eiia

Sd cdng chinh Tmng Ky, de'n nam 1928 d NghTa Dan da cd 10 don dien Idn :

Ten don di6n

Vante

La -picco

Xanhta Maroto Sacto

Bo Ruyntang

Mac Canh

Galie Mutong -

ToMa

D.T.bao chiem

6.000 ha 7.500 ha

Tren dia ban

Dong, Tay Hieu Nghia Hung

Nghia Hgp Cat Mgng Nghia Hung Thach Khe Cao Trai HuuLap Y6nTam NghTa Hung

7

0 Thanh Chuong, tii nam 1920 ten Sapaho bao chie'm ca mot viing rong Idn d Lac Son ( thuoc xa Nhuan Trach ) Nam 1923, tri huyen Thanh Chuong Nguyen Khoa Nghi cho ten Nguyen Tmdng Vien (Ky Vien) md mot don dien d xa Hanh Lam; vdi su che chd dung tiing cua quan lai, bao ly, tir 2 hecta Ky Vien bao chie'm hang tram hecta

C) nhieu huyen thuoc tinh Ha Tinh , bon thuc dan Phap ciing trang trgn

cudp doat mong da't cua nong dan di lap don dien Ten tu ban Phap Xide

(Cizet) chiem tren 300 mau dat ven bien huyen Nghi Xuan trong phi lao thu lgi; d huyen Huong Son tu ban Phap ciing lap nhieu don dien Idn nhu don dien Song Con cua Pheray (Ferey); Ha Tan - Ha Thugng cua Booc de (Bor -det) , Voi B6 eiia Cdng ty nong nghiep Bac Tmng Ky (S.A.N.A)

Cac don dien nay chii yeu trong ca phe , liia, ngoai ra edn^ trong ngo

khoai , vimg, dau, che

Nhu vay, do viec tang cudng dSu tu , khai thac thuoc dia cuoi the' ky

XIX dau the ky XX, da d ^ din hinh thanh d Nghe -Tinh nhiing loai hinh lao ddng mdi D6 la nhung ngudi cdng nhan lam thue trong cac khu cong

nghiep, cac tuyen dudng giao thdng , lam dich vu trong cac to chiic kinh te

va trong cac ddn di^n tu ban Phap Day la tang Idp lao ddng mdi chii yeu dugc hinh thanh sau cac cudc khai thac thuoc dia lan thii 2 (sau chien

tranh the gidi \in thii nha't)

Loai hinh thii nha't cdng nhan lam viec tap tmng trong khu vuc Vinh Be'n Thuy gom hai nguon : ngudn thii nha't tu: cac noi de'n ma h^u he't la tii

-ngoai Bac vao Dd la nhiing thg lanh nghe (liic ba'y gid ggi la cong nhan ao xanh ) do ddi song khd khan nen bg vao Vinh lam thue cho bon tu ban

Ngudn thii hai gom nhiing ngudi nong dan d nhirng lang xa xung quanh thanh phd, cac huyen lan can va dan ngheo thanh thi bi bgn dia chu bon chii nha may cudp mgng da't de xay dung cdng xudng, san bay, dudng xa Ho khdng

cd mgng da't budc phai di lam thue Luc lugng ddng dao nay ggi la cong nhan ao nau, hg bi bdc lot tan nhan , vdi dong luang re mat va bi ddi xu ra't

tdi te Do song tap trung trong dia ban dan cu dong, co nhieu to chiic yeu nudc hoat dong lien tuc nen hg sdm trd thanh mot luc lugng chinh tri manh

me trong phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d Nghe Tinh

Loai hinh thii hai la nhirng cong nhan lam thue trong cac don dien va cac phu lam dudng Tang Idp cong nhan nay dugc myen mo d cac viing

No-he -Tinh va cac tinh khac tdi v^^\x Nam Dinh , Thanh Hoa , Ninh Binh

Ho vdn la nong dan ngheo khong co hoac da bi tu'dc docit het mong da't trd thanh ke lam thue ng:^v tren dong bai, dudng que cua minh hoac da lam vao tinh tmng khdn kh6 bi tmy btVc ng ndn phai tha phuang cdu thuc, Loai

binh cdng nhan nay thudng khdng on dinh, sd lugng tuy thuoc vao cdng viec, thdi vu Cac giao keo thudng quy dinh trong thdi gian nhat dinh, lam xong cd the trd ve que quan hoac di lam viec khac chd thdi vu sau lai lam tie'p Cdng viec ciia ngudi cdng nhan don dien hoac cdng nhan lam dudng khac biet vdi cdng nhan trong nha may Cdng viec cua ho cd liic gidng ngudi nong dan, phai khai thac van chuyen lam tho san, hoac phai dao dap dudng sa, xay cdng, bac cau Hg phai lao ddng d ngoai trdi dudi nang mua tha't thudng, an d tam bg trong cac lan trai, d nhiing noi khi hau khac nghiet thie'u thdn dii dieu, nen de bi cac benh dich sot ret , ghe Id, sau quang

Tii thuc te' d lang xa de'n cudc song d cac khu lao ddng mdi da giiip ngudi nong dan, ngudi lao ddng hieu tha'u ban cha't cua de' qudc va phong

kie'n Hg mong udc dugc doi thay cudc ddi Do chinh la nhiing thuan lgi de

nhiing ngudi each mang tuyen tmyen va van ddng phat trien co sd

Vdn hod giao due ciing la mot nhan to quan trong trong viec thiic day

phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d Nghe -Tinh

De phuc vu muc dich khai thac tai nguyen d Ddng Duong thuc dan Phap da md mot sd tmdng, bat dau la trudng thdng ngdn Trong 6 nam dau tien (1861 -1867) ca Ddng Duong eo 47 tmdng vdi 1.288 ngudi theo hoc , co khoang 100 eon em quan lai dugc tuyen chon sang Phap hoc

Nhung de kiem scat tinh hinh, Phap ra nghi dinh-1874 ban hanh quy che giao due han che trudng tu bai bo day chii qudc ngii d lang ; tap trung day d 6 trudng Sai Gdn Chg Ldn, My Tho trong dd co mot tru'ong d Vinh (Nghe An)

Nam 1886, da c6 300 tm'dng vdi 20.000 hoe sinh, song tmdng lang

dav chii Han van con nhieu Rieng Nam Ky van con 426 thay dd vdi 8.496

bgc sinh, chie'm 31% so vdi hoc sinh theo bgc d cac tmdng Phap - Viet

Nam 1897 chinh quyin thuc dan md tmdng Hau bd d Ha Noi cai to tmdng Qudc Tu Giam d Hue', md tmdng su pham so ca'p d Ha noi va Sai Gdn

Nam 1898 , Phap them vao chuong trinh thi huong hai mdn hoc la Qudc ngii va Phap van , md trudng chuyen nghiep d Ha Noi , Sai Gdn, Hue' Tuy vay de'n nam 1913 ca 3 ky Tmng-Nam-Bac ciing chi cd khoang 10 van bgc sinh tren tong sd 20 trieu dan Ta*t ca cac viing niii deu khdng cd tmdng hoc Rieng tinh li San La de'n nam 1917 mdi cd mdt tmdng so hoc

De tie'p tuc khai thac ti^m nang kinh te', van hoa d Viet Nam bgn thuc dan da lap mot sd co quan nghien ciiu khoa hoc nhu Vien Vi triing hoc d Sai Gdn (1891), Nha Trang (1896), Ha Noi (1900), Sd Thii y (1897) Sd Dia chat (1898), Tmdng Vien Ddng bac co (1898), Nha khi tugng (1898), Vien nghien ciiu nong nghiep va ky nghe Sai Gdn (1898), SdDia ly (1899),

Sd Kiem lam (1901), Tmdng y sT H^ Noi (1901), Tmdng Cao dang y khoa Ha Noi (1904), Tmdng Tan qui (1908), Tmdng Dai hoc (1908)

Ddi vdi tinh hinh giao due d Tmng Ky, Phan Boi Chau co nhan xet nhu sau : ''Chinh Phu (thuc dan Phap) sang cai tri 20 nam ma chinh sach khdng CO dieu gi thay doi Den nam 1904 ma Tmng-Bae-Ky chi eo hai tmdng, Tnldng Ha Noi va Tmdng Thuan Hoa ma chi day lam thdng ngdn , ngudi du hoe khong cho; loi thi cir van de , chinh luat khdng thi hanh hinh luat nudc Phap, quan tham lai nhiing, hdi Id long hanh" (76)

Trong khi che do cai tri ciia Phap ban che, thu hep Han hoc, khdng che cac tnldng qudc ngii d cac lang thi cac nha nho, nhung ngudi biet qudc no-fr van tim each day hoc "md mang dan tri" Thong qua loi day va hoc nay

cac "dng dd" yeu nudc tie'n bg da bdi dudng van hoa cho cac the he thanh nien, tao di^u kien cho hg hudng tdi nhiing va'n de khoa hoc - ly luan eiia

thdi dai, tren ca sd dd ma dinh hinh ro net din con dudng giai phdng dan

tgc*

d Nghe Tinh, tinh den nam 1930, thuc dan Phap budc phai md 138

Idp hoc d cac tmdng t6ng, 27 Idp tieu hoc d tinh va huyen edn Tmdng Qudc bgc Vinh chung cho cac tinh Tmng Ky Sd hoc sinh ta't ca cac tmdng d Nghe An va Ha Tinh trong nam hoc 1930-1931 la 5.898 ngudi, binh quan cii

180 ngiioi dan cd mot ngudi di hoc (47,28)

Rieng d Ha Tinh, nhiing nam 1920- 1921 ngoai 9 tmdng so bgc d tinh

va cac phu huyen (mdi tmdng cd tii 2 de'n 4 Idp) edn cd 45 Idp hoc gia dinh Thuc trang to chiic giao due d Vinh-Be'n-Thuy va mot sd huyen nhu sau :

+ Vinh-Ben-Thuy la tmng tam kinh te' chinh tri ciia Mien Bac Tmng

Ky nen ta't ca cac tmdng liic d^u din tap tmng d Vinh Nam 1920 cd tmdng

Qudc bgc do ehinh phii bao hg md chung cho Thanh Hoa, Nghe An , Ha Tinh

va Quang Binh Hieu tmdng va mot sd giao vien la ngudi Phap , edn lai la ngudi Viet Tmdng cd chung ca hai ban tmng hoc va tieu bgc

Ngoai tmdng Qudc hoc , edn cd hai tmdng tieu hoc Cao Xuan Due, Nguyen Tmdng To; tmdng nii sinh Thanh Kim Huy, sau thanh tmdng Le Van Bien, la tmdng cd tii Idp 5 (vd long ) cho de'n Idp nha't (tuang duong Idp 5 hien nay) (5 Tmdng Thi edn cd tmdng Ky nghe thue hanh de dao tao mot sd

thg chuyen nghiep phuc vu cho cong cuoc khai thac eiia Phap (93,20) -f- Nam Ddn: Sau nhiing nam 20, Nam Dan mdi co tmdng hoc so dang, ban dau chi co

3 Idp day ca chii qudc ngii va chir Phap, ve sau phat trien thanh tmdng

Kiem bi 5 lap, roi 6 Idp Hoe trd het chuong trinh thi xudng Vinh djJ!

-*Trong so 6 tien si, 13 pho bang, 51 cii nhan a Nam Dan( 1892-1917) co nhieu nguoi mo tmcme day hoc nhu Nguyen Qui Song, Vuong Thuc Qui, Phan Boi Chau

thi he't cap la'y bang tieu bgc

Tu: nam 1923 cd them mdt tmdng 3 Idp d tong Nam Kim, dat tai lang Tmng Can De'n nam 1930 cd them tmdng tong Xuan Lieu dat d xa Thinh Lac va cd cac tmdng hai Idp d xa Thuan Hoa, Chung Cu, Xuan La, Xuan Ho, Xuan Lieu

Ve Han hgc, sau khi cd cac tmdng tan bgc, cac triicmg Idp gia dinh van tie'p tuc boat ddng (56,94)

+0 Nghi Loc : Den nam 1920 mdi cd 6 trudng day qudc ngii va chii

Phap, trong dd cd 1 tmdng huyen , 5 tmdng tdng Mdi tmdng tong chi cd ba Idp a'u hgc , mdi Idp cd khoang tii 30 deh 40 hgc sinh Con tmdng huyen cd 6 Idp cd ca hai bac a'u hoc va tieu hgc Vi khdng dii tmdng nen mot sd gia dinh giau cd da tu xua't tien bac va van ddng lang xa trich cong quy md tnldng tu thuc day cho hgc sinh theo chuong trinh bac a'u hoc , nhu cac lang Hai Thanh (Nghi Tien), Xuan Dinh (Nghi Thach), My Chiem (Nghi phong), Hai Con (Nghi Thai ), Xuan Tmh (Nghi Thinh ), Ky Tran (Nghi Tmdng), Thu Liing (Nghi Thu ) , Ky Phiic (Nghi Tmng), Kim Khe Thugng (Nghi Long) (58,28)

-\- Diem Chau la mot trong nhiing phu ldn cua Nghe An liic bay gid va

den nam 1916 mdi md du 6 Idp ( tii ddng a'u den Idp nha't) thu hiit hang nam khoang tij" 200 den 250 hoe sinh, da sd la con em gia dinh kha gia, dia chii quan lai Ngoai tnldng d phii ly, con eo them mot sd tmdng d Nho Lam Cau Bung, Hau Luat, Long An (51.36)

-f- Thanh Chumig : Ca huyen chi eo mot tmdng Phap-Viet d Ro va cac

tmdno- so dang tieu hgc d Bieh Thi, Dai Dinh, Dai Ngan vdi 250 hoe sinh (60,17)

O mdt sd huyen khac tinh hinh van boa giao due edn kem han nhieu, nhu ca phii Anh Son chi cd mot tmdng tieu hgc, cac tong chi mdi cd bac a'u hgc Cac lang d viing Thinh San (thuoc Dd Luang ngay nay) chi cd dam ba ngudi hgc bac ti^u hgc va chi vai ngudi vuon tdi miic cao dang tieu hgc, khdng cd tii tai (60,15) (5 Huang Son, Ca'm Xuyen, Diic Thg, mdi huyen ciing chi cd mot de'n hai tmdng tieu hgc va mdi tong cung mdi hinh thanh mdt trudng a'u hgc (so hgc) Ngoai he thdng tmdng hgc cdng cua nha nudc va tmdng tu, edn cd mot loai hinh giao due khac ciing da xua't hien d Nghe Tinh Dd la cac tmdng cua giao hdi Thien chiia giao

Tieu chiing vien Xa Doai nam 1895 da cd 232 hgc sinh^cac mon hgc gom Latinh, giao ly, chii Han, Nhac Thanh, lich sir, dia ly toan hgc, doc sach chii Ndm Hgc sinh ra tmdng tuang duong trinh dd tieng La tinh vdi mot hgc sinh Idp 3 tmdng tmng hgc ben Au Nam 1899 Tieu chung vien da cd 300 chiing sinh, 10 giao su, (4 thiia sai va 6 thay giang)

Nam 1925, theo de nghi ciia giam doc ciia Tieu chiing vien Xa Doai

va dugc lanh dao giao phat7giiip da, Tieu chung vien " da mua sam sach vd cai to chuong trinh va mdn hgc cho kip vdi ngoai, bat chiing sinh phai thi la'y bang d ky thi tdt nghiep hang nam cua tmdng Nha nudc, thue thay ngoai ke

ca cac mdn toan, khoa hgc Tuyen mot sd xua't sac de gui di Penang, chau

Au, Rdmma , it ra ciing vao hgc d Pellerin Hue

Ngoai y mudn chii quan cua thuc dan Phap, trong khi cd tao ra nhiing dieu kien thuan lgi phuc vu cho bo may cai tri tme tie'p d Viet Nam thi chiing ciing tao ra mot mdi tmdng van hoa mdi vugt ra ngoai muc dich van hoa giao due kieu thuc dan

"Lap tri thiic mdi do cac tmdng hgc mdi dao tao cd cac thanh phan

crdm nhiing ngudi la ciru gia tii de (con em cac nha co thu vdi de qudc Vna'c

d^v\ Phap) hg ta't nhd lai cha me hg bi day^ bi gie't vi nude ,- ngudi tmdc^

ngudi sau sdm mudn the' nao hg ciing phai theo da'u cha anh diing len do la'y cai ganh nang non song ma cha anh hg edn de giiia dudng, de mang tdi dich

(1, 259) Do la nhiing Nguyen Tat Thanh, T r ^ Phii , Ton Quang Phiet, Dang Thai Mai, Phan Dang Luu, deu di tdi mdt con dudng ciiu nudc: eon duang Nguyen Ai Quoc

Nhu vay tii khi Phap chiem Viet Nam, qua trinh thdng tri ciia nd da tao ra nhiing luc lugng mdi, nhiing mau thuan mdi, trong dd mau thuan dan tgc giiia giai ca'p nong dan, cdng nhan, mdt bg phan tri thiic phong kieh, ti^u tu san, ph^n ldn dia chu v^a va nhd vdi bgn thuc dan Phap ngay cang sau sac - trd thanh mau thuan chu yeu nha't Nhiing thanh phan xa hdi nay khdng chi cd mat trong phong trao quan chiing ma chie'm nhieu vi tri trong ye'u trong ca nhiing ngay dau Dang cdng san Viet Nam mdi ra ddi

II- ANH H U 6 N G T I C H C U C CUA CACH MANG THE G l d l

T 6 I PHONG TRAO GIAI PHONG DAN TOC 6 NGHE-TINH

Budc vao the ky XTX dac biet la tii nhiing nam 1850-1860 do co su pho bie'n ky thuat co khi ( nha may dugc lap biia bai hang nang va may cai san xua't cac loai ddng ca ) cho nen tbuy6n buom d^n d^n dugc thay the bang t^u thuy, ca nd Nhieu nudc xay dung dudng sat vdi toe do nhanh ( nam 1870

the' gidi da cd 20 van km dudng sat ga'p 5 lin so vdi nam 1850) Nam 1866

Anh-My dat dudng dien thoai ngam day bien Bg mat cac thanh phd chau Au

thay doi ban, cac thanh phd ldn din thap den hoi than Ky thuat quan su da

dugc cai tien mau chong Ngudi ta su dung nhiing siing va dai bac ban tam xa lap dan vao 6 phia sau T^u chien vd sat, thuy Idi va ngu loi ke' tie'p xua't hien

Su phat trien ve kinh te, quan su da giiip cho giai ca'p tu san cung cd dia

vi thdng tri cua hg "Vi luon luon bi thiic d£y bdi nhu cau ve nhiing noi tieu thu mdi, giai ca'p tu san xam lan khap toan cau Nd phai xam nhap vao khap noi, khai thac khap noi va thie't lap mdi lien he d khap noi" (70, 545)

De thuc hien viec nay, giai ca'p tu san Phap da su dung cac nha tmydn

giao sang Viet Nam gay ca sd, trong do giao phan Vinh la mot trong diem Tu:

con dudng tren, cd nhiing con ngudi Viet Nam da dot pha hang rao "be' quan

toa cang " ciia nha Nguyen, tiep nhan nhiing tien bo cua the gidi de ciiu nudc

Nguyen Tmdng To la mot tmdng hgp dien hinh

Do uyen tham ve nho hoc nen dugc mdi day chii Han d Tu vien Xa Doai , ong dugc giam muc Gauthier day tieng Phap va cac mon hoe ph6 thdng (1855-1858); sau dd Nguyen Tmdng To dugc dua sang Phap, tren dudng di dugc ghe qua Xinhgapo, Huong cang, Rom (La Ma) 0 Pari, ong dugc hoc

them cac mdn khoa hgc thudng thiic, cac mdn thuc nghiem Nam 1861 trd ve Sai Gdn thi Phap da chiern Gia Dinh Ong lam phien dich trong ndi dau ma't

nudc Trong quang ddi ngan ngiii ciia minh, ong da viet nhieu ban de

nghi quan trong d^ gm len Tu Diic nhu Te cap luan , Giao mdn / M ^ / 7 J 1 8 6 3 ) ,

Du tdi te cdp bam tit va Luc idi tit (1866), ngay ca khi dugc dieu sang cdng can tai Phap (1867), ong con vie't Te cap bat dieu - mot ban dieu tran ra't not tieng Cac ban dieu tiin cua Nguyen Tmdng To da ndi nen ndi Idng thiet tha

mudn canh tan ve cac mat chinh tri , kinh te, quan su, van boa xa hdi lam cho dan giau nude manh de gianh lai chii quyen va tien kip cac nudc van minh tren the gidi Ong da nd luc cho de'n hoi thd cuoi ciing, nhung khdng dugc trieu dinh nha Nguyen tbij:a nhan Nhu vay cd the tha'y rang cung thdi dai vdi Nhat Ban, Nguyen Tnrdng To la Fu-ku-za-wa cua Viet Nam (37), nhung lai thieu mdt Minh Tri duy tan, hoac mot luc lugng ddi cai each manh me nhu d Nhat Ban Nen mac dii da cd "cai mam khai boa dau tien d nudc ta" (15) ma da't dai van chua cd ngudi cay xdi Tai nang cua ong van khdng dugc nha nudc phong kien su dung cho qudc ke' dan sinh

Di san tu tudng a'y chi dugc Nguyen Lo Trach (1852-1895) phat hien, nghien ciiu, chuyen hoa, luu tmyen cho cac sy phu Idp sau nhu Nguyen Thugng Hien (40, 105), Huynh Thiic Khang Phan Bdi Chau khi xem bai

'Thien hg dai the luan' ciia Nguyen Lg Trach thi tu tudng the' gidi cua cu mdi bat dau "nay mam" Dgc cac sach nhu Trung ddng chien ky, Pho-Phdp chien

ky va Doanh hoan chi luge, Phan Boi Chau hieu dugc tinh hinh canh tranh tren

the gidi va tham trang mat nudc ndi gidng diet vong, long Cu cang dugc kieh thich them Dae biet khi dugc Nguyen Thugng Hien ke cho nghe ve Tang Bat

Hd mdt nghTa diing Can Vuang d Nam Tmng Ky, da tiing bon tau nhieu noi d Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Thai Lan de lo viec ciiu nude" (40, 113), thi Phan Boi Chau Cling hudng ra the gidi vdi niem by vgng chd ddn mot ca hoi thue hien y

nguyen ciia minh Nhiing thdng tin sot deo nay nhanh chdng tham tmyen

trong cac sT phu Nghe-Tinh qua nhiing mdi lien he da cd sSn tii tmdc giiia Phan Bdi Chau vdi Dang Nguyen Can, Dang Thiic Hiia (Thanh Chuong), vdi Dang Thai Than Dang Tu Kinh, Nguyen Dinh Hd, Ngd Quang, Nguyen Dinh Cii, Nguyen Diic Cdng (Nghi Loc); vdi Dang Van Ba (Thach Ha); Ngd Diic

Ke (Can Loc), Le Van Huan , Pham Diic Ngdn, Le Quyen (Diic Thg), Nguyen Dinh Kien (Huang Son), Cao Liem (Dien Chau), Hd Si Qui (Quynh Luu), Nhiing "tan thu" ma Phan Bdi Chau dua ve dugc cac nhdm sT phu d cac huyen trong hai tinh luan ban soi noi Phan Bdi Chau la ngudi dugc ban be tin tudng khich le xua't duong ciiu nudc

Bao Thdn chung (25-1-1929) nhan ngay Luang Khai Sieu chet da nhac lai: "Ta/7 Am bang cua Luang Khai Sieu vdi sT phu Viet Nam dau the' ky chang khac gi thang thuoc hay vdi ngudi mang benh "tram kha"; con Trung Qudc hon, mot tap sach vai muai trang ma thay ddi Idng ngudi nhu chdp, mdt tap

sach ndi chuyen nudc Tau ma lam cho 20 trieu ngudi dan nude Nam pha'n khdi"

Ciing bao Than chung khang dinh anh hudng sau sac cua Tan vdn Tan thU: ''Nhiing Thanh Nghi bao Tan Ddn Tiing bao Am bang that, Tu Do Thu, Trung Quae hon, da danh thiic dam sT phu ta gan nhu true tie'p Vi trong dd

ndi chuyen nudc Tau ma cd nhieu chd triing benh ngudi minh lam "(29,27)

Dau the' ky XX, the gidi quan ciia cac sT phu con ban hep Hg cam ghet phuang Tay xam luge, nhung lai it hieu bie't ve su bie'n dong d phuang Dong Nho giao rang buoc nen mot sd ngudi phu thuoc chd dgi Nha Thanh: mot sd cudng say Nhat Ban den miic mudn gui ta't ca niem by vgng vao ngudi anh ca da vang" "ddng van, dong chiing" Phan Boi Chau va mot sd dong chi ciia ong bi mat tdi nude Nhat tu ban

Mac dii da chuyen muc tieu xua't duong cau vien sang xua't duong cau hgc , cac chi sT Ddng Du vSn khdng dugc chinh quyen Nhat thuc long giiip

do Gang ngay Phan Bdi Chau va cac sT phu cang hieu tham vgng thdng tri Chau A ciia de' qudc Nhat va ciing khdng phai khdng mudn lgi dung tham vgng dd d^ giai quye't nhiing khd khan cua minh Nhung vi chua du Idng dii canh nen Nhat van tam thdi "chiu lep ve'" vdi bgn de' qudc phuang Tay Nam

1908, tmdc yeu c^u ciia thuc dan Phap, chinh phii Nhat da ra lenh true xua't nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc ra khdi Nhat Ban

Budc hang Dong Du cd gay cho phong trao Duy Tan nhiing khd khan Nhung chi cuu nude cua Phan Bdi Chau va cac dong chi cua dng khdng he nao niing, hg sang Tmng Qudc, roi Thai Lan tiep tuc gay dung co sd , diic nit kinh nghiem, hgc-hdi va tim con dudng mdi

Tii nam 1911 cho den naml930, phong trao giai phdng dan tgc Viet Nam chiu anh hudng sau sac cua cudc each mang dan chu tu san d Tmng Qudc, dac biet la cudc each mang vd san Nga (1917) va nhiing tu tudng cdng san do Nguyen>^i Qudc chuyen hoa va tmyen ba vao Viet Nam

Phan Bdi Chau viet:"Thang 10 nam Tan hgi (1911) quan each mang Tmng Hoa danh chiem Vii Xuong, dugc toan qudc hudng ling, nen chua day

3 thang da danh dd dugc ngai vang nha Man Thanh; chinh phu Dan qudc thanh lap d Nam Kinh Tdi nghe dugc tin nay vui miing khdn xiet mau ndng phuc thii soi len siing sue"( 15,138) " Viec each mang Tmng Hoa thanh cdng

CO anh hudng to ldn de'n nudc ta, nhan dan pha'n khdi ban tmdc nhieu lam, neu bay gid d ngoai tao dugc thanh the thi khdng lo gi khi the ben trong khdno- song lai dugc "( 15 140) Cu Phan tin rang ehinh phii mdi do each mans dung len se xay dung dugc mot nude Tmng Hoa himg cudng khong kem <^i Nhat Ban va by vgng Tmng Hoa va Nhat Ban se giai phong cho cac

dan tdc Cu thanh that udc ao lien ke't vdi cac nudc a'y de chdng lai bgn thuc

/\

dan ngudi Au

Sau su kien nay, thugng tuan thang 2 nam 1912, nhiing ngudi each mang Viet Nam tii trong nudc va Thai Lan sang ciing vdi bg phan con sdng d

Tmng Qudc da " mugn tii dudng nha dng Luu VTnh Phiic lam hdi sd, md toan

th^ hdi nghi cd ddng du ca ngudi ba ky" (15,140) Nhiing va'n de ma Phan Bdi

Chau tam dac tii Ddn udc luan eiia LuThoa (Rousseau) va viec tie'p xiic vdi

cac nha each mang Tmng Qudc da cd tac dung quyet dinh de Ong de ra nghi an" dan chu chu nghTa" Duy Tan hdi trd thanh " Viet Nam quang phuc hdi " vdi" Tdn chi duy nha't cua Hdi la danh dudi giac Phap, khdi phuc nudc Viet Nam, thanh lap nudc Cong hoa dan qudc Viet Nam" (15,141)

Nhung anh" hudng ciia cudc each mang Tmng Qudc khdng chi cd y nghia day nhanh su chuyen bien tii quan chu lap bieh sang "dan chii chu nghTa", ma cudc each mang a'y eon la nhiing na'c thang nang d^n nhiing ngudi ydu nudc Viet Nam dat tdi trinh dd nhan thiic ly luan giai quye't va'n de dan tdc Ve sau Phan Bdi Chau va cac the be sT tu - thanh nien yeu nudc de'n vdi

dng - ciing hieu dugc it nhieu khi Phan Bdi Chau nghien ciiu Dieu tra el idn tuang cua Nga la tu "ve chu nghTa va che' do cua chinh phu lao nong " (1920)

(15,189), khi ehinh the Tdn Tmng Son " lien Nga, lien cong, phu trg cdng ndng " (1924) Chinh thuc te lich sir nay da chi phdi tu tudng ciia Idp thanh nien tre xua't duong nhiing nam sau chien tranh the' gidi thii nhat, nhu Ho Tiing Mau, Le Hong Son, Le Hdng Phong, Luu Qudc Long, Le Thiet Hung,

khien hg bi mat hinh thanh t6 chiic "Tam tam xd" - ngudn nhan su khdi dau

cho Viet Nam Thanh nien each mang dong chi hdi (VNTNCMDCH) 1925) Su chuyen bien ciia phong trao each mang giai phdng dan toe d Nghe-Tinh trong 30 nam dau the ky, cuoi cimg chiu anh hudng ciia phong trao cong

(6-nhan, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga (1917) va chu nghTa Mac-Lenin Ba van di

nay dugc ITnh hgi theo con dudng neng- con dudng Tay Au , theo budc chan Nguyen Tsit Thanh - Nguyen Ai Qudc Ndi la mdt hudng rieng, nhung tren thuc te' van ciing nay sinh tii phong trao Duy Tan Bdi vi Nguyln Ta't Thanh la con Nguyln Sinh Sac - mdt gia dinh yeu nudc, cd mdi quan he than thie't vdi Phan Bdi Chau, Nguyen Thugng Hi^n, Phan Chau Trinh,

Chu nghTa Mac, chu nghTa Lenin, tu tudng lanh dao cua cudc each mang vd san Nga (1917) di vao Viet Nam bang nhieu con dudng'tbdng qua nhiing ngudi linh tham gia cudc chien tranh 1914-1918 hoac nhiing ngudi xua't duong sang Tay Au Nhung hudng chinh van la qua con dudng Nguyen

Ai Qudc, dac biet la sau khi Ngudi trd thanh ngudi cdng san (6) De gui dugc nhieu bao chi tmyen don ve nudc Nguyen Ai Qudc da chu ddng va dugc ngudi ban cii d trudng Qudc hgc la Le Thanh Canh giiip da bd tri mot mang

ludi nham chuyen tai nhanh cac tai lieu di tuyen tmyen van ddng each mang

Cdng viec nay dugc cac thuy thii d Mac- xay(Marseille) hang hai thuc hien

Dd la cac td bao Les Paris, bao Viet Nam hdn, tap ki ye'u A.M.L Day la nhiing tai lieu qui gia ma cac td bao tien bd hoac co tinh than dan tgc da sir dung "de cdng kieh hoac canh cao ehinh quyen Dong Duong " (14)

Sau khi VNTNCMDCH ra ddi, chu nghTa Mac - Lenin co anh hudng sau dam trong phong trao yeu nudc Viet Nam ndi chung, Nghe-Tinh ndi rieng Dao Duy Anh da ke lai nhiing quan diem ma Tran Mgng Bach (Tran Dinh Thanh) - mot trong nhiing ngudi tham gia sang lap Hgi Phuc Viet - ve nhan thirc tu* tudng ciia td chiic mdi nay khi xem xet cac cuoc each mang Anh, Phap, My; ve sir chuyen bien trong tu tudng chinh tri ciia Tdn Trung Son Cudi ciing hg da "nha't tri vdi nhau rang khong nen di theo con dudng each mang cac nudc phuang Tay, thuc te chi dgn dudng cho giai cap tu san len nam

chinh quyen , ma tu do bdc Idt nhan dan, khie'n giai ca'p vd san edn phai d6 mau d^ gianh la'y quyen lam chu cho minh; ciing khdng the di theo con dudng each menh cua Tmng Qudc da tdn bao nhieu xuong mau ma rdt cudc de cho bgn tu ban lien minh vdi bgn quan phiet phong kie'n ma ban nudc va tan hai nhan dan, khie'n nhan dan edn phai tie'p tuc do mau chua bie't de'n bao gid de danh do bgn thdng tri ca'u ke't vdi bgn de' qudc xam luge (1,29) Tii thuc te' cua phong trao chdng Phap ban 60 nam ciia dan tgc Viet Nam va su that bai ciia Phan Bdi Chau trong gan 30 nam qua, Tr^n Mgng Bach da di den ket luan:

"Nudc ta la mdt nude khdng cd quyen dgc lap thi each menh cua nudc ta phai bat dau bang budc each menh qudc gia (ngay nay thi ndi thanh each menh dan tgc ) Luc lugng each mang chii yeu eiia nudc ta phai la cac giai ca'p cong ndng chii khdng phai la cac giai ca'p dia chu tu san dugc; vi trong hai giai ca'p nay chi trii mot ph^n cd Idng yeu nudc, mdt phan ldn lai lam tay sai cho chinh quyen thuc dan ma dan ap va bdc lot nhan dan Da la'y cdng ndng lam lire lugng each menh chii ye'u thi cd nhien khdng the dung budc d each menh giai phdng dan tdc d^ cho giai ca'p tu san liing doan ehinh quyen ma phai budc len mot budc niia la lam each mech the' gidi (tiic la each menh xa hgi chu nghTa nhu nude Nga) de gianh la'y quyen lam chii cho ngudi lao ddng thuc su Ton Dat Tien tmdc khi chet da de ra ba chinh sach ldn ciing da la gian tiep nhan rang each menh Tmng Qudc phai hudng theo con dudng each menh d Nga"(l,30)

IIL CAC THE HE TRI THlTC NGHE-TINH- NHAN TO QUAN TRONG TRONG QUA TRINH CHUYEN BIEN CACH MANG

Nsay tir nhung nam cac tinh Nam Bg ldn lugt roi vao tay Phap sT phu Nghe-Tinh lam viec trong bg may trieu Nguyen da chi trich su liii budc ciia vua quan Hg dua ra nhiing de nghi ca'p thiet de ciiu nudc

Ngu su trieu dinh Phan Huan (119,33) da dang sd chi trich Tu Diic khdng coi viec nudc la viec chung, tu y giai quye't cdng viec khdng ban bac vdi thien ha ma edn nghe nhiing quan lai cd nhan thiic sai lam trong viec bd binh bay tran ciing nhu thi hanh cac sach luge ngoai giao vdi ke thii Tham chi dng edn de nghi chem dau dai than Phan Thanh Gian va dudi Tmong Dang Que' de cho nha vua khdi pham sai 1 ^ va da't nudc tranh dugc bdt tai boa Sau khi ma't ba tinh mien ddng Nam Bd (1862) , Ong cao quan ve que Theo cac sT phu duong thdi ke lai, dng da ngam ngam van ddng cac nha khoa bang trong viing to cbiic nhan dan chdng lai lenh tri^u dinh va chu^n bi san sang chdng Phap Nhung cdng viec mdi bat d^u thi dng bi mac benh roi qua ddi

Si khi cua dng th&i nhuan vao tam kham cua ngudi dan Nghe-Tinh Chinh Phan Huan nhen nhdm nggn lira quye't danh "ca trieu dinh lan Tay" Hai nam sau khi dng ma't, sT phu Nghe-TTnh da quyet dinh lap ra NghTa doan (1865), va de'n 1868 cac sT phu ra Idi keu ggi hiep siic chdng Phap (22,88)

Ciing thdi vdi Phan Huan, edn cd Hoang Phan Thai (1819-1965) Ong ngudi thdn Cd Dan (nay la xa Phiic Thg ) huyen Nghi Lgc tinh Nghe An Cac nho sT duong thdi danh gia dng la con ngudi thdng minh, tai gidi, mac dii ong chi dd d^u xii Nbin the' su, nhin ngudi thdi Nguyen, dng khao khat dugc ddi thay, dugc xoay chuyen Ong da lien ke't vdi mdt sd sT phu va nhan trd ve Nghe-Tinh chuan bi de xay dung can eii de khdi nghTa, tu xung la Ddng Hai Dai tudng quan

Hich ciia dng tmyen di dugc van than yeu nudc hudng ling nhiet liet Tii Mai d Ddng Thai, Le Loc d Trung Le lien den giiip siic Mot sd sT phu quan lai eiing xin tham gia Cir nhan Tmong Xuan Thai, sua't dgi Hoang Nguyen Cat bd lao Phiem Nhuan da ra hgp tac tich cue vdi ong Chii tmong danh thanh Vinh de gay thanh the, md rgng dia ban bi bai Id (6-1865), ong bi

chinh quy^n phong kieh Nghe An bat va dem chem d^u (16-10-1865) "Cudc khdi nghTa tuy khdng thanh cdng, nhung khi phach cua Hoang Phan Thai van nhu mdi ngdi sao sang giiia bau trdi Viet Nam dang d^y bie'n ddng" (58,36)

Nhu vay khi tri6u dinh Nguyen cd chu tmong thoa hiep, liii budc tmdc

su xam luge cua Phap, da xua't hien mdt phong trao chdng ddi rd ret Phong

trao din din mang tinh cha't qnin chiing, cd liic hin nhu ap dao dugc phai chu chie'n trong txiin dinh Chinh sii nha Nguydn da thtra nhan "liic a'y trilu dinh viia dinh xong di^u udc vdi Phap, ben ngoai chua hiin su the', xdn xao ban

tan" "Cac sT phu d Nghe An hgp nhau ban ngang ndi ngugc, chi ngdi ndi chuydn Khdng Manh, vien viec ddi xua bai bac ddi nay" (119, 34)

Sau cudc muu bien (cudi 1864) d Kinh thanh cua 4.000 sT tir do Hong

Tap, Tmong Van" Chinh va Nguyen Van Vien cam din, bi dan ap tan khd'c, cac sT phu nhu Trin Hy Tang (Nam Dinh), Phiing Kbdc Nhuan (Son Tay) phe

phan nghiem khac thai do va chinh sach ciia Tu Diic va chu tmong tieu diet

giac Phap, trii diet bgn giao sT gian diep ngay cang diy manh boat ddng

Nam 1866, Tran Ta'n (que d Chi Ne, nay la xa Thanh Chi, huyen Thanh Chuong, tinh Nghe An) lam bang bien d Thanh Chuong da ciing vdi phd tdng Phan Dien tim each ngan chan nhiing boat ddng pha hoai cua bgn phan ddng dgi lot thay tu xam nhap trong nlmn dan, chuan bi xam luge Dua vao hiep udc ngay 5 thang 6 nam 1862, bgn chiing da to cao dng ve Trieu Tu Diic lo sg bgn Phap nhan su kien nay gay khd de da cu bien ly bd Hd la Dd De va ngii

su Nguyen Que ra Nghe An tra xet (3-1866) Mac dii bi phat 80 tmgng va thu van bang bang bien, nhung sau do ong lai cung ngudi hoc tro eiia minh la Dang Nhu Mai khdng nhirng tiep tuc triing tri bgn phan ddng tay sai eiia thuc dan Phap (6-1968) ma con td chiic khdi nghTa (Giap Tuat, 1874) (2L 86) Cudc khdi nghTa nay dugc ddng dao sT phu va nhan dan cac huyen d Nghe An

hudng ling va cd phdi hgp vdi khdi nghTa ciia Tran Quang Can va Nguyen Huy

Dien d Ha Tinh D6 la mot cudc khdi nghTa cd tieng vang ldn, gay an tugng

sau dam trong tam tri ngudi dan Nghe Tinh Phan Bdi Chau nhd lai tudi tre cua minh, da vie't:"Nam chin tudi la nam Giap Tuat, Tu Diic thii 29 (1876)*, van than d Nghe An, Ha tTnh khdi nghTa, la'y khau hieu "Binh Tay" d^ hieu

trieu cac phu huyen Ngudi diing din la cac dng T r ^ T& d Thanh Chuong,

Dd Mai d Didn Chau va Le Khanh d Ha Tinh Nghe dugc viec nay tdi ciing tu tap nhiing ban hgc trd nhd trong tmdng la'y dng tre lam siing, hot vai lam dan, gia dua lam quan Binh Tay Cha tdi danh mang nhung tdi van khdng chiia"

Khi thuc dan Phap danh Bac Ky lin thii hai (1882-1883), Nguyln Xuan On

(que d Dien Chau, Nghe An) (19, 89), dd tien sT khoa Tan Miii (1871), trong mot bai tau ve nhiing viec can lam da vach rd cho trieu dinh tha'y tac hai cua chii tmong boa vdi Phap 1874 Chinh su yeu hen ciia trieu Nguyen da khuye'n khich Idng tham cua thuc dan Phap Nguyen Xuan On de nghi trieu dinh tiep tuc td chiic cudc khang chien Nhung "Idi khan xin danh mdt tran mdi at dugc Idng lang da sdi cua giac" khdng nhiing khdng dugc Tu Diic cha'p thuan ma dng edn bi each chiic Ve que dng rao riet chuan bi khdi nghTa Thai do tich cue a'y da dugc phai chii chien dac biet chii y Tdn Tha't Thuyet la'y danh nghTa vua Ham Nghi da phong Nguyen Xuan On lam An Tinh hiep doe quan vu dai than cd nhiem vu thdng ITnh nghTa quan hai tinh chdng Phap

Sau khi kinh thanh Hue that thii, nhieu van than sT phu Nghe Tinh diing len khdi nghTa "d vung Anh Son, Chanh son phdng Le Doan Nha da bien son

phdng Nam Trieu thanh can eii chdng phap a Do Luang, Hong Id Tu khanh

Nguyen Nguyen Thanh la'y cd tang me va bi benh cao quan ve lang tap hgp

lire lugng O Dien Chau, tri huyen Trin Quang Diem, tham bien Dinh Nhat

* Yd thdi si an Phan Boi Ch^u nho sai : nam Giap Tuat -Tu Due thii 27 (1874)

Tan bd quan ve lang mo quan chdng Phap Vii Tic Thd d Van Phin, Dau Xuan Tuong d Hiiu Bang, Le Trgng Vinh a lang Vin, Tran Van Say d Con

Cat, Nguyen Khi Mau d Tmng Phudng, Nguyln Dinh Hau d Ra'm Tao, Dinh

My, Dinh Thien d lang Ddng Xuong, Lam Ba d Van Vat, Ngd Si Tu d Ly Trai, Dau Vinh d Ddng Thap, Doan Giap d Nho Lam da td chiic cac ddi nghTa

quan U Quynh Luu, Phan Ba Nien diing ra chieu tap nhan dan xay thanh dap

luy, tich trii luong thuc, chuan bi khdi binh Khdi nghTa cua Nguyen Xuan On cudi ciing tha't bai, nhung da co anh hudng sau xa:" Nha't thdi keu ggi, mudn chiing ddng long, tuy ngudi ndng dan d noi thao da, ke sT d chdn hong mdn, khdng mdt ai cd Idi ndi khac Trong vdng ba nam, ldn nhd tram tran, ngudi chet chdng chat, dan cu tan tac, pha gia tai cung ca'p cho binh sT ma ngudi ta khdng oan, hi sinh bao den ng nudc ma ngudi ta khdng la'y lam cong, la vi nghTa khi kieh thich long ngudi vay" (19, 95)

Ndi den thdi ky Cin Vuang, khdng the khdng ndi tdi phong trao chdng Phap sdi ndi d HaTinh Ngudi pha't cd nghTa din tien hudng ling chieu Can

Vuong la Le Ninh ngudi langTmng Ld (huyen Diic Thg) NghTa quan nhanh chdng chiem thanli Ha Tinh, thu toan bo khi gidi, luong thuc, tien bac va voi ngua, tiling tri bgn quan lai gian ac Sau khi Le Ninh ma't( 15-12-1887), cac em

va cac cong sir cua dng la Le True, Le Pha't,Tr^n Cap thay dng cam quan chien da'u dudi su chi huy true tiep ciia Phan Dinh Phung Cuoc khdi nghTa cua Phan Dinh Phiing khdng chi la su tiep ndi eiia phong trao Le Ninh, ma trong sd nghTa quan eo ca nhiing ngudi da tiing tham gia khdi nghTa Giap Tuat (1874) ndi tieng nhat la pho tudng Cao Thdng (20, 41), mot ngudi lanh dao, td chuc

va xay dimg kre lugng, mot nha sang che vii khi Phong trao Can Vuang d Nshe -Tinh dien ra tren mot qui mo ldn, keo dai trong 10 nam, lam tieu hao

mot bd phan va lam cham budc binh dinh cua bgn thuc dan Phap d viing Bdc Tmng Ky Tuy tha't bai, phong trao da dd lai a'n tugng trong nhan dan, tao tien

de cho phong trao each mang dau the' ky XX

Sau khi phong trao Cin Vuong tan ra, cd nhieu ngudi da tiing chien

da'u cho dgc lap dan tdc trong hai thap ky cudi the' ky XIX, nay lai tiep tuc budc vao cudc van ddng each mang d^u the' ky XX Phan Bdi Chau va nhiing

du dang Can Vuang bdt dau tap hgp nhau lai va phat trien mot td chiic mdi

Cu Phan Bdi Chau vdn la ban cua cu Nguyen Sinh Sdc (than phu Bac Hd) va

cu Vuong Thiic Quy (Vuong Thiic Quy con trai cu Vuang Thiic Mau, bang bien tinh vu trong phong trao Can Vuong) dau cu nhan khoa Tan Mao (1891) nen thudng lui tdi lang Sen va xa Chung Cu "Cac cu nhieu lan hdi hgp vdi cac

sT phu tai den Thanh Ca dudi hinh thiic nghe giang kinh ban viec thien, nhung thuc ra la de tuyen tmyen td chiic, gay quT boat ddng each mang (107, 3)

Le Quyen (1859-1917) (20-62), nam 1883 tham gia khdi nghTa Le Ninh

d Tmng Le Khdi nghTa Le Ninh tha't bai, dng lai tim den Ngan Sau gia nhap nghTa quan Phan Dinh Phiing Khi cudc khdi nghTa Huong Khe bi dan ap khdc liet va tan ra, Le Quyen dem mot sd bo thuoc ra Ddng Thanh tim Lanh Nggi (tiic Tac Bay) Hai dng da nhdm hgp dugc mdt sd nghTa quan d cac viing Yen Thanh, Anh Son, NghTa Dan Cong viec dang dugc tien hanh thi Lanh Nggi bi bgn tay sai thuc dan Phap bdt Dgi Quyen lai trd ve Ha Tinh, de lien ket luc lugng, nhung Le Quyen lai tim dugc cac sT phu yeu nudc thuoc the he mdi nhu gap dugc Ngo Quang, tien sT Ngo Diic Ke', tii tai Pham Van Ngon, a'm sinh Le

Vo (em Le Ninh) Dugc hg gidi thieu m Nghi Loc gap Dang Thai Than hoc tro than tin ciia Phan Bdi Chau, va dac biet la gap dugc Phan Boi Chau va trinh bay vdi dng ve chinh kien ciia gidi si phu yeu nudc Ha Tinh

Di tien viec dam luan qudc su, cu Phan gui Le Quyen deh nha mdt

ngudi ban than la Vuong Thiic Qui O day Le Quyen da lien lac cac dng Ca Khiem, Giam Hanh va Nguyen Thi Thanb con gai cu phd bang Nguyen Sinh Sdc

Sau khi xem xet dia ban Thanh Chuong, chgn mdt sd viing lap can cii

va thdng nha't chu tmong phuc qudc, cac sT phu da cu Le Quyen ra Quynh Luu lien lac vdi con chau Hd Ba On (22, 91) Ddi Quyen da gap Hd Si Phon, Hd Si Lan, Hd Ba Kiqn (con trai Ho Ba On), Tr^n Thi Tram (vg Hd Van Tri em thii

7 cua Hd Ba On), mdt nii kiet trong phong trao yeu nudc cudi the' XDC Tai day dng edn lien ke't dugc vdi Ho Trgng Chuyen (tiic Ca Tung) mdt bd tudng

cua Di Tham viia ve Nghe Tinh cd vii thanh nien gia nhap nghTa quan Yen

ky liic nao trong long dan ciing nao niie mdt tinh than ciiu nudc Khong co mdt cudn hdi ky nao ciia cac bac lao thanh each mang khdng nhdc tdi nhiing

ky niem dep de sdi ddng trong tudi tre ciia minh Giiia Idp sT phu eon sdt lai va Idp thanh nien tri thiic mdi cd sir giao hoa ndng thdm ve tinh cam, hudng vao nhau, tin vao nhau "Viec Pham Hdng Thai que d Hung Nguyen (Nghe An) nem tac dan, tin nhieu thanh nien d Nghe xuat duong, viec mat tham biia vay nhieu noi, tao nen kliong khi soi ndi Trudc dd it lau, nhieu chinh tri pham bi giam d Con Dao ldn lugt ra ve: Giai Huan, Cii Ba, Cir Tmh, Ddc Can (Dang