Thạch sanh và kiểu truyện dũng sĩ trong truyện cổ việt nam và đông nam a

Cot truyen ciia no da dung hgp dugc nhi6u mo tfp c6 tfch cua cac dan toe khac nhau tren cCing reo dat Viet Nam va cac nirdc khac trong viing Dong Nam A, dong thai y nghla ciia truyen cun

MUC LUC

Trang M6DAU

1- Li do chon di tai 1

2 Lich sir van de 4

3 .Pham vi va phuong phap nghien cun 13

4 Nhung dong gop ciia luan an 21

5 Bo cue ciia luan an 22

N O I DUNG

CHUDNG 1 : KHAO SAT SU DIIN H O A CUA

CAC MO TIP TRUYEN THACH SANH 23 l.l.Quan niem ve su dien hoa 23

12 -Phan tich su diln hoa cua cac mo tip

truyen Thach Sanh 29

.12.1 iMo tip dUng si diet ran dc 29

12.2 Mo tip dung si diet chim dqi bang 40

12.3 Mo tip di xuong Thuy ciing 48

12.4 Mo tip ngu&i cam 53

12>5 Mo tip tieng dan than ky 58

12.6 Mo tip chong xdm luac 64

1,2.7 Mo tip nieu com than ky 68

CHUDNG 2 : KET CAU TRUYEN THACH SANH 75

2J Su ton tai ciia cac mo tip rieng le 75

22i.Hai nhan vat chinh cua truyen Thach Sanh

va su xau chuoi cac mo tip vao cot truyen 77

22.1 Su xuat hien cua hai nhan vat

va su xau chu6i cac mo lip vao cot truyen 81

22.3 Vi cai chet va su hoa than cua nhan vat Ly Thong 85

-3, Luac do ket cau cot truyen Thach Sanh

23.1 Luac do ket cau tiing mo tip cua truyen

-^ 2 Luge do ket cau cot truyen Thach Sanh 95

C H U O N G 3 : KIEU TRUYEN THACH SANH 6

VIET NAM VA DONG NAM A 98 3.1 Khao sat tu lieu 99

3J 1 Quan niem ve kieu truyen Thach Sanh 99

31.2 So luong va mat do cua truydn

^-L3 Dae didm tulieu 103

•^ Phan tfch va so sanh kieu truyen Thach Sanh

o* Vict Nam va Dong Nam A 105

32.1 Cot truyen co mot mo tip quan trong 107

^-2.2 Cot truyen c6 hai mo tip quan trong 131

32.3 C5't truyen tuong tu cot truyen Thach Sanh 140

-^•2 4 Nguyen nhan hinh thanh va t6n tai cac mo tip

CLia truyen Thach Sanh a Viet Nam va Dong Nam A 147

KET LUAN 153 TULIEU THAM KHAO 157

PHV LUC 165

N H O N G CONG TRINH CO LIEN QUAN

DEN LUAN AN DA CONG BO 168

M O D A U

L LI DO CHON DE TAI

ll.Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

Ti^r dau the ki XX den nay, a nuac ta, van hoc dan gian, trong do c6

truyen c6 da la doi tuong nghien ciru tich cue cua nhi^u nha khoa hoc Bang nhung cong trinh nghien cuu va dich thuat, cac hoc gia da dua viec nghien cuu van hoc dan gian cua ta xich gan hon vai khoa nghien cuu van hoc dan gian quoc le va dat duge nhung thanh tiai kha to Ion No da dat dugc nhung

van dt quan trong c6 tinh chat If luan v6 the loai, (ngu6n goc, ban chat va dac

trimg), qua trinh lich sir va phucrng phap nghien cum lac pham phoncolo

Tuy vay viec dicing If luan va phuong phap luan tren de' nghien cuu tuong tan mot hoac mot so tac pham van hoc dan gian cu the con rat hiem, dac biet

la trong nghien ctrii truyen c6 So lugng cac truyen c6 da dugc nghien cuu rieng chua dem du tren dau ngon tay Do la mot khoang vang khoa hoc ma

cong trinh nghien cuu nay ciia chiing toi muon gop phan bo sung

1.2 YnghTa khoa hoc cua viec nghien ciru di tai

Theo chiing toi thi "Thach Sanh" la truyen c6 tfch dung sT n6i bat nhat trong truyen c6 tfch ciia dan toe Kinh a Viet Nam Cot truyen ciia no da dung hgp dugc nhi6u mo tfp c6 tfch cua cac dan toe khac nhau tren cCing reo dat Viet Nam va cac nirdc khac trong viing Dong Nam A, dong thai y nghla ciia truyen cung ham chua nhiing di6u sau xa the hien phong each va ban sac dan toe, khien cho no tro thanh mot truyen c6 tfch hap dan va tieu bieu trong kho tang truyen c6 tfch Viet Nam Nhu vay nghien cuu truyen Thach Sanh, chiing

ta se hieu dugc mot each dSy du gia tri tham mi va nhung gia tri khac ciia truyen Han nua nghien cuu truyen Thach Sanh se khong chi thay van de cua

ban than tac ph^m ma con thong to dugc nhieu van de quan trong co tfnh chat dac trung cua the' loai c6 tfch ma no la dai dien

Vdi nhung y nghla sau xa va rong Ian nhu vay truyen Thach Sanh hoan loan xiing dang dugc nghien cuu trong mot cong trinh rieng Nhung cho den nay, ngoai mot so y kien ngdn nh^m minh hoa cho mot van d6 nao do hoac mot vai danh gia le te, truyen Thach Sanh chua tung dugc nghien ciru Iron ven nhu la mot tac phaim phoncalo Do chfnh la di6u thoi thiic chiing toi lira chon

tac ph^m nay khi thuc hien dt tai nghien cuu cua minh

L3 Y nghla thuc tiln cua viec nghien ciiu di tai.:

La mot giao vien giang day van hoc dan gian, viec danh mot thai gian nhat dinh de nghien ciili mot de tai khoa hoc nhu tren la rat can thiet va bo fch

doi vai chiing toi Day la dip dt chiing toi chiem nghiem lai va lam ro them nhung van di ly luan va phuang phap luan nghien ciiu van hoc dan gian nhu

ban chat va dac trtrng cua van hoc dan gian, nhirng dac diem th6 loai va tieu loai cua no Day ciing la dip de chiing toi thuc hanh nhieu thao tac khoa hoc

cin than han tat ca mgi truong hgp chiing toi da tung nghien cuu va trinh bay

trudc day Nhung van d^ chiing toi tiep thu dugc trong qua trinh nghien ciiu

va hoan thanh luan an chac chdn se giiip cho viec nghien cuu, giang day va huong dSn nghien cuu khoa hoc cua sinh vien co hieu qua hon

1 4 Muc dfch ciia viec nghien ciiu de tai

Muc dfch truac het ma de tai cua chiing toi muon huong tai la; Khao sat loan bg cac motip n6i bat nhat cua truyen co tfch Thach Sanh du6i hai goc do lich su va cau triic, tCr do tim hieu kieu truyen Thach Sanh tren cac pham vi rgng Ion hon

La mot mon nghe thuat, truyen c6 tfch co nhiing dac trung rieng ciia no

No sinh ra, ton tai va luii iruydn tijr dai nay sang dai khac, dugc sang tao va tai tao theo nhung quy luat rieng Khi nghien cuu van hoc dan gian theo phuong phap so sanh - lich su, lien sT B N Puchilop da rat chii y den "tfnh lap lai" va

coi no nhu mot dac tfnh n6i bat cua van hoc dan gian (A66,tr76) Tfnh lap lai

&y dugc bieu hien kha dam trong truyen c5 tfch, lam thanh cac kieu truyen

No vugt ra ngoai bien giai cac quoc gia, mang nhieu yeu to tuong dong ngay

ca a cac dan toe khac rat xa nhau Thach Sanh cung nhu da so truyen c6 tfch

lieu bieu khac khong bao gio la mot hien tugng ca biet, tach roi he thong ma lu6n luon n^m trong mot kidu truyen nao do, Tuc la nhidu mo tfp ciia truyen hoac CO khi ca cot truyen co mat trong nhidu truyen co tfch khac nhau ciia cac

dan toe lang gieng Tat ca tao thanh mot he thong dkng lap voi nhung he

th6'ng khac va tao thanh su phong phii ma vin gian di cua truyen co Tat nhien su giong nhau giOa chiing khong bao gia la tuyet doi Vi vay truyen Thach Sanh nhu mot ca the se dugc dat vao trong tuong quan so sanh voi kieu truyen Thach Sanh a cac dan toe Viet Nam va cac nuac Dong Nam A Lam nhu the la chiing toi muon tu goc do mot tac phaim, tai hien lai nhung moi

lien he co tfnh chat he thong voi nhimg tac phaim khac trong loan vCmg, iu do

CO thd thay ro hon ca nhirng net doc dao mang ban sac dan toe va nhung net tuong dong mang dam tfnh chat cong dong cua kieu truyen nay

Chac chan nghien cuu truyen Thach Sanh va kieu truyen Thach Sanh trong truyen co tfch Viet Nam va Dong Nam A se dem den cho chiing toi nhidu di^u hap dSn va bo fch trong viec nghien ctin va giang day van hoc dan gian

1.5- Nhiem vu cua viec nghien cuu di tai

Khi thuc hien de tai nay chiing toi nh^m thuc hien nhung nhiem vu sau:

- Khao sat ngudn goc va di6n tien cua mot so mo tfp noi bat cua truyen Thach Sanh

- Tim hieu mo hinh ket cau cua truyen Thach Sanh

- Xac dinh cac tieu loai cua truyen Thach Sanh o Viet Nam

- Tim hieu nhung net tuong dong va nhCrng net khac biet cua truyen Thach Sanh va kieu iruyen Thach Sanh of Viet Nam

- Tim hie'u net tuong d6ng va nhung net khac biet cua kieu truyen Thach Sanh o Viet Nam voi kieu truyen nay 6 Dong Nam A

^-LICHSLTVANDE:

Nhu tren chiing toi da trinh bay, Thach Sanh la mot trong so ft truyen co tfch tieu bieu cua Viet Nam xiing dang dugc nghien ciru trong nhung cong trinh rieng Lau nay tuy no chua dugc danh cho mot chuyen luan nhung da co nhieu nha nghien ciiu de cap den no trong cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia minh _ 2.1- Ve van de nguon goc truven:

Thang 7 nam 1956 trong Tap san Van Su Dia so 19, V6 Xuan Pho viet bai "Gop y kien ve nguon goc truyen Thach Sanh " Sau khi so sanh mot chiit

truyen Thach Sanh ciia ta voi nhiing truyen co mo tfp tuong tu a Cao Mien

(Campuchia), dac biet la truyen"Thach Sanh chem ch^ng",6ng neu mot nghi

van: "Truyen Thach Sanh co lien quan gi den "Thach Sanh chem ch^ng" a

Cao Mien khong ?"

Nam 1957 khi Hoa B^ng viet cuon "Khao luan v^ truyen Thach Sanh"

dua tren ba van ban truyen tho Nom, tac gia cung da dat van d^ vi nguon goc

cua truyen Thach Sanh Ong viet : " Truyen Thach Sanh mot ang van hoc

dan gian cua Viet Nam, chang nhieu thi ft chkc the nao cung co dfnh Ifu vi

nguon goc voi truyen "Thach Sanh chem chang" cua Mien con nguon goc thi phai noi la ciing ra tir An Do ".( A6, 15-17)

Nam 1963 bai vie't "Dung sy diet dai bang ciiu nguoi dep" trong truyen c6 Viet Nam va Dong Nam A, Cao Huy Dinh da khai thac kha ti mi mot mo tfp cua truyen co Viet Nam va Dong Nam A giong mo tfp ''Thach Sanh" Sau khi dua ra rat nhieu dSn chiing sinh dong, ong ggi y mot each suy nghi moi ve ngu6n goc truyen Ong viet: "Vay co nen tim nguon goc truyen Thach Sanh 6 mot thai ky xa xua hon va 6 ngay tren que huong Viet Nam kh6ng?"(A105,tr25I)

Tuy CO phan than trong song y kien cua Cao Huy Dinh da ggi y cho chiing toi nhieu di^u khi nghien ciiu truyen co tfch nay

GSn muoi nam sau bai viet cua Cao Huy Dinh, Phan Nhat trong bai "Tim hieu truyen Tiach Sanh o Cao Binh, Hoa An, Cao B^ing" sau khi dua ra kha

nhidu dau tfch vi hanh trang cua cac nhan vat ciia truyen Thach Sanh hien vSn con t6n tai o Cao Binh nhu : Thach Sanh hai ciii a Ngirom Sua ve ban 6 chg Cao Binh, dem ngii o cay da Cao Binh, Ly Thong que a Muc Ma (thi xa Cao

B^ng), noi giet ch^n tinh la chiia Do, co gai dep bi dai bang cap vao hang Nguom Sua, sau khi Ly Thong l^'p hang, Thach Sanh theo duong nuac thong tir song nay ra song B^ng de den xii* Long Vuang ( A 53, Tr 4), ong khang dinhrngt each chdc ch^n truyen Thach Sanh la truyen ciia Viet Nam Ong viet:

"Thach Sanh la ket qua cong lao boi dap cua mien niii va mien xuoi, ciia qua trinh lich su lau dai cung doan ket chien dau ben nhau giua dan toe Viet va Tay ciing cac dan tgc thieu so khac."(A53, TrlO)

Cung muoi nam sau bai viet cua Cao Huy Dinh, trong loi noi dau cuon

"Kho tang truyen c5 tfch Viet Nam" tai ban Ian thii" tu, ong Nguyen D6ng Chi

da de cap mot chut ve ngu6n goc truyen Thach Sanh, Ong viet: " Dan toe

Viet Nam liic nay co cugc banh truong manh me vi phfa Nam Trong cugc "di

thuc" lien tiep va do so nay, kho tang truyen c6 tfch cua chiing ta lai tiep thu kha nhieu nhiing truyen cua cac dan tgc anh em va cac dan toe lang gidng nhu Champa, d6ng bao Tay Nguyen, Lao, Khome Ciing nhu truyen Tam Cam, nhiing truyen Thach Sanh, truyen Hai anh em va con cho da, truyen Tho va

Ho diu CO mot nguon goc co the ngo la tu phuong Nam truydn vao "( A10,

TI, tr72)

Cong trinh "Kho tang truyen co tfch Viet Nam" chii yeu la cong trinh

suu tap, nhung phan nghien cuu a dSu tap I, tac gia da gop nhieu y kien xac dang va co gia tri khoa hoc cao Rieng y kien vi ngu6n goc truyen Thach

Sanh, mac dii da co ggi y cua Cao Huy Dinh nhung Nguydn D6ng Chi v§n

cho r^ng cot truyen Thach Sanh co ngu6n goc ngoai lai va lir phfa Nam Dieu khing dinh lai nhu vay khien chiing toi phai can nhac nhieu hon khi nghien Clin truyen co tich nay

Gan day nhat la bai viet ciia Chieng Xom An, nguoi Campuchia in trong

Tap chf Van hoa dan gian so 2 nam 1991:" Mot so suy nghi vi nguon goc

truyen Thach Sanh" Tac gia cho rang: " Phat giao An Do hay di ban "Thach Sanh chem ch^ng " cua nguoi Kho me ft co kha nang la diem khoi dau cho cau chuyen Thach Sanh Viet Nam Dong thoi chiing ta can liru y, cho den nay, nguoi ta chua phat hien ra bat ky di ban nao viet b4ng ngon ngO Khome chfnh thong co noi dung gan gui voi Thach Sanh cua nguoi Viet tren loan lanh tho Campuchia "(Al, tr 47) Dira vao mot so chi tiet ciia truyen Thach Sanh theo tac gia co lien quan den co tuc Trung Hoa nhu chi tiet cong chiia Quynh Nga gieo cau ken ch6ng va Thach Sanh bdn ten len troi du6i dai bang, tac gia nghi r^ng "co le mot so tap tuc, tham chf nhilu tro choi mang tfnh van

hoa cua Trung Hoa c6 dai da co nhCrng tac dong nhat dinh toi chi tiet nay cua

cau chuyen Thach Sanh ",

Nhu vay Chieng Xom An da b6 sung them mot huong suy nghT vi ngudn

gd'c Thach Sanh von la van de da co nhieu y kien ban luan

Ciing tim nguon goc truyen Thach Sanh nhung lai diing ixx goc do khac goc do th^ loai, mot so nha nghien ciru da kh^ng dinh rkng " Thach Sanh"

-thoat ky thuy la th^n thoai Hai ong Dinh Gia Khanh va Chu Xuan Dien trong

cu6'n "Lich s\x van hoc Viet Nam - Van hoc dan gian" tap II da viet :"Truyen

Thach Sanh thi von la thdn thoai dirge chuyen dan thanh truyen co tfch " (A35,T2,tr88)

Co le do anh huong cua thuyet "Thdn thoai hoc" trong nghien ciiii truyen

CO tfch cua mot so hoc gia Nga va phuong Tay nen cac tac gia tren duong nhu coi Thach Sanh co ngu6n goc than thoai la chdc chan ma khong can chiing minh Chiing toi cho r^ng y kien nay con cdn phai dugc nghien ciin them

2 2- Ve gia tri ciia truven Thach Sanh

Tit trang 86 den trang 170 cuon "Lich su van hoc Viet Nam - Van hoc

dan gian" tap II, khi ban ve nhung gia tri khac nhau cua truyen c6 tfch, hai

ong Dinh Gia Khanh va Chu Xuan Dien da nhieu Ian nhac den truyen Thach Sanh nhu la tac phaim minh hoa cho kien giai khoa hoc ciia minh Vf du khi

noi vi gia tri hien thuc va siic song cua Iruyen, hai ong viet: " Anh chang

Thach Sanh o tiip leu tranh dudi goc da voi luoi biia, ganh cui, tu bao gio r6i vSn gan giai voi nhan dan va hinh anh nguoi ti^u phu vam vo, dong kho trong tranh dan gian o cac chg que ngay let da kh^c sau vao lam trf nguoi nong dan ngay tir khi con nho tuoi "(A35, T2, tri22)

Tiee r^ng khi binh luan vi Thach Sanh hai ong duong nhu quen mat xuat

phat diem cua hinh tugng la truyen co dan gian, nen Thach Sanh dugc phan tfch nhu mot nguoi anh hiing nong dan the ky thu XVIII bdng xuong bdng

thit, trong "cugc dau tranh cho chfnh nghla".(Xin xem them iix trang 134 den trang 138, tu lieu A35, T2) Cong trinh nghien cuu ctia hai ong thien vi

khuynh huong sir dung phuang phap nghien ciin ngu van hoc Vi vay mac dii dSn chiing dua ra kha sinh dong va lai bien giai rat can ke, duong nhu cac ong

da dl den tan cCing cua phuong phap nghien ciin ngu van, chiing toi vdn thay trong do duong nhu con thieu mot cai gi nira

Hoa Bdng khi viet cuon "Khao luan ve truyen Thach Sanh" da danh hai

chuong III va IV di trinh bay gia Iri tu tuong va nghe thuat cua truyen Thach Sanh Neu gat bo mot so ddn chung lay tir truyen Nom thi nhung dliu ong noi vi cot truyen va chi tiet cung co the' coi la noi vi truyen c6 tfch Thach

Sanh, boi cot truyen Nom hoan loan dua vao cot iruyen c5 tfch Ong da danh cam tinh sau s4c ciia minh de suy ton y nghia cao ca cua tac phaim 0 phan ket luan ong viet : "Neu so mot vai uu diem trong truyen Tliach Sanh nhu the,

CO the tam ket luan rkng tac gia cua no, mot phdn nao, dudi hinh thii'c van hoc dan gian, da bieu hien dugc nhiing net so sai ma tham thfa, vkn tat ma sau xa

ciia chu nghla nhan van va chu nghTa hien thuc." Ve nghe thuat, ong da quan tam den cac chi tiet nhu : riu, biia, cung ten, nieu com, cay dan ciia Thach Sanh Nhung ong chi diing lai d sir khdng dinh vai tro cua nhiJng cong cu va

vu khf do doi voi Thach Sanh, lam sang danh them nhirng hanh dong anh hiing hay nghe sT, d nguoi dung si nong dan ay ma thoi Viec nhan manh y nghia xa hoi ciia cac hinh tugng tren da lam bien mat tfnh ky ao von tao ra ve dep cua truyen co tfch nay

Nam 1971, md dau cuon "Truyen Thach Sanh", Huynh Ly va Nguy6n Xuan Lan da danh gia: "Cau chuyen chang Thach Sanh, truyen co tfch, ra doi tir liic nao khong ai biet, tii' dau den khong ai xac dinh cho, nhung qua that ft

CO nhirng "sir tfch" ph6 bien nhu no No g^n li6n vdi sinh boat tinh than cua nhan dan ta" (A41,tr7)

Trong cuon "Tim hieu tien trinh van hoc dan gian Viet Nam " ong Cao Huy Dinh da danh tir trang 146 den trang 148 de ca nggi gia tri cua truyen co tfch Thach Sanh Ong viet :" Thach Sanh da ket hgp may y nghia chinh phuc

tu nhien, dau tranh xa hoi, khang dinh long nhan ai Cugc dau tranh lau dai,

quyct liet nhung tat thdng Nguoi lao dong ngheo kh6 ay vixa la nguoi hiin vita la diing sT O day tinh than quyet chien quyet thang ke thii cung dugc ket

hgp diing ddn vdi long yeu hoa binh chan chfnh va sir khoan hong cao ca cua ngudi chien sT nhan dan Ro rang la y chf va tinh cam, trf tue va nghe thuat, siic manh va chien thAng tuyet vdi cua nhan dan da dugc khai quat thanh bieu tugng ngudi diing si diet chan tinh san dai bang Thach Sanh la mot ban anh

hung ca dep (A20, 146-148) O trang 148 ong lai khdng dinh mot Idn niJa:

"Thach Sanh da long hgp ca ly tudng dan chii, nhan dao va dan tgc vao mot hinh tugng va cot truyen da dang ma nhat quan, hao hung ma binh di, hien

thuc ma lang man Trong Thach Sanh co mgi gia tri truyen thong ciia than

thoai, CO tfch, dan ca, tuc ngii va sir ca Viet Nam" (A20,trl48)

Cao Huy Dinh trong nhung trang viet ciia minh thuc su da danh tinh cam dac biet cho hinh tugng Thach Sanh Ong cung hon ai het khAng dinh vi trf lieu bidu cua truyen Thach Sanh trong van hoc dan gian Viet Nam Tuy vay rat tiec la tac gia mdi chii trong den gia tri phan anh ly tudng, khat vgng cua nhan dan lao dong qua hinh tugng, nhung gia tri cd tfnh chat xa hoi lich su

ma chua chii y den y nghla tron ven cua tac pheim va hinh tugng vdi tu each mot tac pham phoncolo

Nam 1978 trong cuon "Nghien cuu lien trinh lich su ciia van hgc dan gian Viet Nam", Do Binh Tri tuy khong danh nhung trang viet rieng cho truyenThach Sanh, nhung nhan khi ban ve gia tri cua truyen co tfch than ki, ong viet: "Phan Idn truyen co tfch th& ki cd ngudn goc rat cd Nhung qua trinh luu truyen trong xa hoi cd giai cap da dem lai cho chiing nhung bien doi

quan trgng Nhung yeu to phan anh nhiing tin ngudng nhOng tap tuc thoi c6

deu dugc "hieu lai" (chAng han trong truyen Thach Sanh chi tiet phan anh tap tuc hien sinh)".(A 95, tr 128)

2.3-Ve van di phan tfch tac ph^m va kieu truven Thach Sanh

Trudc nam 1963 da cd mot so tac gia binh gia truyen Thach Sanh, nhung

chua CO ai trudc Cao Huy Dinh dii'ng lai phan tfch mot mo tip rieng ciia truyen trong tuong quan vdi cac truyen c6 cd cung mo tfp ay d loan viing

Dong Nam A Tac gia da dua vao bai viet cua minh mot each nhin va mot phuong phap phan tfch tuong doi mdi doi vdi tac phiim phoncalo Sau Cao

Huy Dinh mot so tac gia khac cung diing cac thao tac tuong tu di nghien cuu

mot so tac ph^m van hoc dan gian nhu ca dao hoac truyen cd tfch nhung khong phai la nghien ciiu tiep truyen Thach Sanh

Bang di mdt thdi gian kha dai viec phan tfch truyen Thach Sanh khong dugc quan tam den nira, nd chi dugc l^y ra binh diem mot doi Idi khi cac nha nghien ciin ban ve mot van de nao do g^n giii vdi nd Cd le ngudi dau lien trd lai vdi Thach Sanh sau do la Dang Thai Thuyen khi viet tieu luan "De tai hon

9

nhan tu than thoai den truyen cd tfch than ky Viet Nam" nam 1980 Dang tiec

la tidu luan nay khong dugc in thanh sach nen ban doc ft biei den, nhung hien nay ban danh may con dugc liru giu tai kho tu lieu truong Dai hgc Su pham

Ha Noi Trong phan thii hai khi trinh bay di lai hon nhan trong truyen co tfch

than ky Dang Thai Thuyen da dua ra mot so y kien phan tfch hon nhan Tiach Sanh - Quynh Nga klia hap dSn Tac gia viet :" Thach Sanh la hinh tugng diing sT anh hung ca chuyen vao hinh tugng ngudi lao dong ly tudng 0 anh hiing ca, ngudi con gai dugc ciin la tinh tiiy, la "ciia quy, la ngudn cam hiing cua diing sT" (Cao Huy Dinh) Vi the chien cong cua dung sT cd y nghTa an hue Den truyen cd tfch thi chien cong do bidu hien quan he tinh nghTa " (A87,tr 35) Dang Thai Thuyen cho ring, d anh hung ca, khi Thach Sanh ciiu dugc Quynh Nga thi muc dfch ly ttrdng da dat Nhirng d truyen cd tfch, phai them mot doi tugng khac doi lap va nguy hiem ciia ddi song xa hoi mdi la dii Con sir im lang cua cong chiia Quynh Nga thi dugc Tac gia giai thfch rang dd

la do quan he cha - con trong gia dinh phu quyen chi phdi Nang im lang de tuan theo su s^p dat cua cha me Sau khi phan tfch kha chu dao de tai hon nhan trong truyen, tac gia cho rang de tai hon nhan d dang nay (nhu Tliach Sanh- ngudi viet nhan manh) nhap vdi de tai dau tranh gianh quyen song

"Hon nhan nhu la ly tudng Jfiu tranh gianh quyen song"

Mot so y kien cua Dang Thai Thuyen chua han da tricing vdi y kien ciia

chiing toi, nhung chiing toi rat chti y den each dan dat van di chat che, nhiing

phan tfch ti mi va sau sac nhung ggi md ve chi tiet va hinh tugng va tran trong nhiing dong gop ciia tac gia cho de tai nay

Mot nam sau, khi lam cuon "Ti^r dien van hgc", Chu Xuan Dien da trd lai van de truyen Thach Sanh trong muc giai thfch tii "Thach Sanh" Cd le do yeu cau ngin ggn va siic tfch cua tir dien, Chu Xuan Dien khong the' trinh bdy mgi kien giai cua minh ve truyen Thach Scinh, nhung ong da dua ra nhieu danh gia ro rang ve tac phdm va nhan vat Ch^ng han ong khAng dinh: "Thach

i n

Sanh la mot truyen cd tfch thdn ky rat phd bien d Viet Nam"(AI01,tr347) Them nua :" Thach Sanh lai n4m trong mot kieu truyen rat phd bien d Dong Nam A cd mo tfp "Diing sy diet dai bang ciiu ngudi dep" la mo tfp trung tam

lam loi cho cot truyen Tren ca sd md tfp trung tam nay, cac truyen ciing kieu

truyen vdi truyen Thach Sanh cd nhung cot truyen hoac con don gian hon hoac la da phiic tap tuy theo xa hoi ma nhiing truyen ay phan anh dang d thdi

ky nhiing quan he cong dong thi tgc cdn phd bien hay da budc sang thdi ky

xa hoi cd giai cap " (A101,tr347) O cho khac, ong danh gia them: "Nhiing

mo tip-cd nhat trong truyen la "diing sT diet chin tinh "va "dung sT diet dai

bang ciiu ngudi dep", nghi li tren cd quan he nguon goc vdi nghi le hien sinh

thdi cd , md tfp dudi cd quan he ngudn goc vdi nhiing bieu tugng than thoai

va quan niem ve vat to cd lien quan den mot giong chim dii, va ca vdi tuc le

cudp phu nii trong nhiing hinh thiic hon nhan thdi c6 "(AI01,tr348)

Nhiing phan tfch ciia Chu Xuan Dien chua nhieu va chua co he thong, co

le do han che ciia khuon khd mot vai trang tir dien Nhung nhiing danh gia cd tfnh chat khing dinh chac chan cua ong da gay dugc niem tin cho ngudi dgc

va cd sue thuyet phuc Idn Cd le dd luon luon la cho manh trong nhung y kien cua ong

Mot bai viet gan day lien quan den nhiing chi tiet ciia truyen Thach Sanh

cd le la bai "Mo tfp tieng hat trong truyen ke dan gian Viet Nam" ciia NguySn Thi Hue ( A32,tr 32-33 ) Trong bai viet nay, tac gia da thong ke dugc kha nhi6u truyen dan gian Viet Nam va cac nude lang gieng cd sir dung md tfp tieng hat ( am nhac ) trong cot truyen Tac gia cung da chiing minh gia tri va

y nghia ciia tieng hat (am nhac) ddi vdi ddi song tinh cam va lao dong cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong thdi dai truyen cd Nhimg bai viet chua khao ciiu dugc ngudn goc tieng hat d dang nguyen thuy cua nd, vi vay da tudc bo mat mot sd vai tro cd nhat cua am nhac khien cho y nghia ciia nd khong khac may

so vdi thdi hien dai Thuc ra thi vai trd trudc het cua am nhac d budi so khai

• n

ciia nd noi chung chfnh la lam tfn hieu de nhan ra mot bf an nao dd hoac bao trudc mot bf ^n nao dd sip bgc 16 Ching han tieng sam luon luon bao hieu mua, cho nen trong nghi ll cau mira ngudi ta danh trong va am thanh cua tieng trong tat nhien khong phai chi cd gia tri am nhac ma trudc het la mot hanh dong cd tfnh chat nghi le, la tin hieu noi trdi va dat, khien trdi cd the giao cam dugc vdi udc nguyen ciia con ngudi

Chiing toi cung quan tam den bai viet ciia Lai Phi Hiing trong tap chi Van hda dan gian sd 4 nam 1994 "So sanh tuong quan giira loai truyen chang trai khde ciia Lao vdi loai truyen ciing ten ciia Viet Nam " Anh coi truyen Thach Sanh ciing n^m trong chu de nay Hon niia anh cho r^ng trong truyfn Thach Sanh, mo tip "Diing sy diet yeu quai ciiu ngudi dep " la mo tip co ban Anh viet:"Truyen Thach Sanh cua ngudi Kinh, ngoai mo tfp co ban cdn cd hang loat mo tfp phu nhu: mo tfp hien te ngudi cho quai vat, md tfp tieng dan nhan nghia, mo tip xuong hang ciiu ngudi rdi bi lap Id'i len, md tfp nieu com

an het lai ddy " Chiing toi nghT, y kien nay da ggi y cho chiing toi xem xet thii tu va miic do quan trgng khac nhau ciia cac mo tfp trong truyen Thach Sanh Nhung chiing toi cho r^ng, khi quan he Thach Sanh - Ly Thong trd thanh mdi quan he ndi bat nhat trong truyen cd tfch nay thi tat ca cac quan he

khac diu bi liii xuong hang cac mdi quan he phu, quan he cong cu ma thdi

Chiing tdi se cd dip trd lai van de nay khi di vao phan tfch truyen Thach Sanh

Nhin lai lich su nghien ciiu truyen Thach Sanh, cd ihi thay ro may d'lim

sau :

- Da cd kha nhidu y kien, nhat la y kien ciia nhung nha nghien ciiu cd

ten tudi ban ve truyen Thach Sanh Cac y kien dd tap trung vao hai van di

chu yeu la ngudn goc truyen va gia tri xa hoi lich sir cua nd

-Truyen Thach Sanh chua bao gid dugc nghien ciiu nhu mot tac ph^m phoncolo Iron ven

i o

- Cac yeu to nghe thuat, cai tao nen ve dep ciia tac phdm chua dugc xem xet than dao trong cac nghien ciiu tren

- Hien nay da cd nhidu phuong phap nghien ciiu mdi dugc van dung de nghien cun van hgc dan gian, nhung nd cdn ft dugc dua vao de nghien ciiu tac ph^m tidu bieu nay

Tuy vay nhiing nghien ciin di trudc da ggi y cho chiing tdi rat nhieu van

de, ca d nhung diiu da giai quyet dugc va nhiing gi cac tac gia chua lam thda

man ngudi dgc

Dac biet sir khing dinh gia tri to Idn cua truyen vdi duong thdi va vdi chiing ta ngay nay khien cho chiing tdi tin tudng hon r^ng truyen Thach Sanh vdi vi trf tieu bieu cua nd trong tuong quan vdi kieu truyen va the loai, vdi siic song cua nd trong long dan tgc, xiing dang dugc khao sat trong mot cong trinh nghien ciiu rieng Nhiing nghien ciin tren ciia cac tac gia nhu nhiing nac thang dau tien giiip chiing tdi cd the budc tiep nhiing budc sau viing tin hon

^- PHAM VI DE T A I V A PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

3.1.Xac dinh thuat ngii:

Trong di tai "Thach Sanh va kieu truyen dung sT trong truyen cd Viet

Nam va Dong Nam A "ma chiing tdi lua chgn cd mgi sd khai niem can dugc lam rd

Trudc he't la khai niem "truyen co " Day khong phai la khai niem xa la

vdi mgi ngudi, nhat la vdi nhiing nha nghien ciiu van hgc dan gian Truyen cd bao gdm tat ca cac the loai truyen ke dan gian ra ddi tir "ngay xira ngay xua"

va luu truydn den ngay nay Nhu vay trong khai niem truyen cd bao gdm than thoai, truyen thuyet, truyen cd tfch, truyen ngu ngon, truyen cirdi Nhung trong luan van ciia minh chiing toi khong cd y dinh khao sat de tai nay tren loan bg cac the loai truyen cd ma chi sir dung hai thd loai truyen lam nong cot

cho su phan tfch ciia minh la than thoai va truyen co tfch, them vao dd cd mot

chiit so sanh vdi truyen thuyet ma thdi Trudc khi sir dung khai niem "truyen

13

cd "chiing tdi phan van giua hai khai niem "truyen cd tfch thdn ky" va "truyen

cd" Neu dimg khai niem "truyen co tfch than ky" e khong bao dung ndi

nhieu noi dung kha sau, rgng nhimg neu diing khai niem "truyen cd "thi se cd

mdt sd the loai truyen khong lien quan den di tai Song chiing tdi da manh

bao lua chgn khai niem " truyen cd"de trong qua trinh lam viec, khong gian

so sanh se khong bi han che boi khai niem nira

Khai niem thii hai la "kieu truyen" va "md tip"

Khai niem "kieu truyen" va "md tip" da dugc nhidu nha nghien ciiu trong va ngoai nude xac dinh Vf du nam 1910 A Aames va nam 1949 S.Thompson da lam tir dien ve tip va md tfp Sau hai ong mot sd tac gia MT, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban ciing dua ra nhiing dinh nghTa khac nhau ve nhiing

khai niem nay O Viet Nam, nam 1978 ong Phan Ke Hoanh trong bai "gdp

phan tim hieu ngudn gd'c truyen thuyet Au Co va Lac Long " (A31), da dung thuat ngii "dang thiic" dd ndi ve nhiing truyen cd nhiing yeu to lap lai nhau Nam 1983, tir didn van hgc da dua ra hai each dung thuat ngii "md tfp"

- Mdt la: coi md tfp la hat nhan ciia cot truyen La cai cong thiic tir dd cot truyen dugc trien khai

- Hai la: md tfp la yeu to hgp thanh cot Iruyen

Vu Anh Tuan dimg thuat ngir "tfp truyen" trong luan an phd tien sy cua minh: "Khao sat cau triic va y nghTa mot sd tfp truyen ke dan gian Tay d viing Dong B^c Viet Nam"

L6 Trung Vu lai dung khai niem "dang truyen" khi trinh bay dd tai:

"Khao sat ve dang truyen ngudi mo coi trong truyen cd tfch H'Mdng" Nhu vay la cung mot ndi dung thdi nhung cac thuat ngii dua ra that mudn hinh mudn ve Theo chiing tdi tim hieu thi khai niem kieu truyen hay tfp truyen va dang truyen ma cac tac gia dung deu chi chung nhiing truyen cd nhiing yeu to tuong tu nhau trong hat nhan ciia cot truyen

14

Cac y kien ve khai niem "md tfp" kha nhieu, nhimg chiing tdi chgn dinh nghTa da in trong "Tir dien thuat ngu van hgc" xuat ban nam 1992 "Md tfp -tid'ng Han Viet ggi la "mSu dd" (do ngudi Trung Quoc phien am chii motif trong tieng Phap), cd the chuyen thanh cac tir "khudn", "dang" hoac "kidu" trong tieng Viet, nh^m chi nhiing thanh to, nhirng bg phan Idn hoac nhd da dugc hinh thanh on dinh ben vung va dugc sir dung nhidu Mn trong sang tac van hgc nghe thuat, nhat la trong van hgc nghe thuat dan gian." (A24, 136) Tat ca nhiing truyen cd nhung md tip tuong tu nhau nhu vay lam thanh mot kieu truyen, khac vdi nhiing kieu truyen khac boi he thong md tip rieng, bdi quan niem nghe thuat ridng, boi y nghTa phan anh ridng Kieu truyen la mdt tap hgp nhiing truyen kd cd nhiing md tfp ciing loai hinh Trong mdt kieu truyen cd nhieu md tfp, nhung khong nhat thiet mdi truyen trong kieu truyen

dd phai cd du tat ca cac md tfp chung Cd the cd truyen chi chung vdi cac truyen khac mot hoac vai md tfp, nhung cung cd truyen cd nhieu md tfp chung

Khai niem tiep theo la khai niem " dQng sT "

Trong cuon "Sang tac tho ca dan gian Nga" tap I in nam 1978 cua A M Ndvicdva, cung danh mdt so ddng de xac dinh tfnh chat ciia nhan vat diing sT Ndvicdva cho rang truyen cd tfch than ky cd hai loai nh^n v^t chinh dien, trong dd nhan vat trang sT "cd sire manh'b^m sinh than ky hoac cd siic manh than ky sau khi da trai qua thir thach, cd phep bien hinh, tfnh each can truong, khao khat lap chien cong " (A59, tr 228)

Nam 1983, khi ndi ve tir "Thach Sanh " trong tir dien Van hgc, Chu Xuan Didn da dong thdi xac dinh khai niem "dung sT" Ong viet: " Nhan vat dung sT trong truyen Thach Sanh cd nhiing net tuong tu vdi nhan vat dung sT trong anh himg ca dan gian thdi thi tgc, bg lac Dd la loai nhan vat anh hiing cd nhiing kha nang phi thudng, dugc than thanh hda, cd tinh than diing cam, dai dien

15

cho cong ddng trong chien dau bao ve cong ddng, bao ve phu nCr, da lap dugc nhung chien cong lirng lSy."( AlOl, tr 348 )

Dang Thai Thuydn nhan ban vi Thach Sanh cung neu tidu chudn dung sT

nhu sau: "Tliach Sanh la diia tre md coi, nhimg Thach Sanh cdn la dung sT trong hanh ddng diet quai vat ciin ngudi, trong thai do dirdng hoang binh tTnh nhan dao trudc binh uy mudi tam nudc ".(A88, tr 7)

Trong cuon "Dam San" xuat ban nam 1988, Nguydn Van Hoan da xac dinh: "Siic manh thd luc va Idng dung cam, dd la phaim chat chii yeu ciia nhan vat anh hiing sir thi " (A30,tr 39) Sau dd ong nhdc lai mdt lan nira "Siic khde phi thudng la tieu chu^n sd mdt ciia ngudi anh hiing cd dai" (A30,tr 39)

Nhu vay vi khai niem "dung sT ", hau nhu tat ca cac nha nghidn ciiu khi

can dung thuat ngu nay ddu xac dinh tuong ddi thong nhat Chiing tdi ciing cho r^ng dung sT la nhung chang trai ndi bat d siic manh thd luc hon ngudi, ddng thdi hg ciing cd Idng dung cam, cd nhiet tinh vd tu chien dau vi con ngudi, vi cong ddng Cac dung sT thudng khong dugc nhan manh kha nang trf

tue, sir miru trf va y thiic sau sac vi hanh ddng nhu nhiing nhan vat van hgc

sau nay Nhan vat dQng sT thudng xuat hien trong than thoai, sir thi va truyen

cd tfch than ky, tiic la d thdi ky dau cua su hinh thanh xa hdi cd giai cap Vi vay con ngudi quan tam trudc hdt khong phai la "ngudi ddi lap'vdi minh ma

la the gidi tu nhidn bf ^n va hung du, liic dd ngudi lao ddng chua bi loi keo

va de bep bdi nhimg cugc dau tranh xa hoi Cudc sdng can nhirng ngudi khdng Id, nhiing "nhan vat vii tru" cd the sanh ngang vdi siic tir nhien va chien th^ng tu nhien Trong tinh hinh nhu vay, ngudi ta de cao sue manh the lire hon het cung la didu cd thd ly giai

Sau khi da xac dinh hai khai niem "kieu truyen " va "dung sT ", chiing tdi xac dinh lai khai niem "kieu truyen diing sT" ma chung tdi sir dung Duong nhien kieu truyen diing sT phai bao gdm tat ca nhung truyen cd nhan vat chfnh

la diing sT Nhung trong de tai ciia chiing tdi "kieu truyen diing sT" dugc gidi

16

^v<,MOC :.0.: AfiA»iCX

han bdi nhan vat dung sT Thach Sanh Nhu vay, trong nhieu kieu truyen dung

sT, chung tdi se lira chon tat ca nhiing truyen cd nhung md tfp tuong tu vdi nhung md tfp: Thach Sanh diet r^n, diet chim, di xudng thuy cung, tieng dan, danh ngoai xam, nidu com an het lai day dd so sanh

3-2- Xac dinh pham vi nghidn ciiu

Vdi de tai "Thach Sanh va kieu truyen diing sT trong truyen cd Viet Nam

va Ddng Nam A" chiing tdi du kid'n se trinh b^y nhiing van de sau :

- Khao sat va danh gia mdt sd md tip quan trgng ciia truyen Thach Sanh dudi hai gdc do: lich sir hinh thanh, dn dinh ciia cot truyen va ke't cau truyen

- Tren ca sd nhiing phan tfch ve truyen Thach Sanh, chiing toi se so sanh

nd vdi nhiing truyen cd md tfp tuong tu d cac dan tgc Viet Nam va cac nude Ddng Nam A Muc dfch cua vide so sanh nay la dd tim hidu nhiing net tuong ddng cd tfnh chat viing ciia kidu truyen ddng thdi thay nhung net khac biet mang dac sdc dan tgc ciia truyen

Nhu vay, truyen cd cua cac dan tgc Viet Nam va cac nude Ddng Nam A deu la ddi tugng nghien ciin cua chiing tdi

Chiing tdi khdng nghien cun tat ca cac kieu truyen diing sT khac nhau ma chi tim hieu kidu truyen dung sT cd mdi quan he gan hoac cd nhiing md tfp giong nhu truyen ye chang dung sT Thach Sanh ma thdi

Trong nhirng truyen dugc lira chgn de so sanh vdi Thach Sanh, chiing tdi chi quan tam den nhung md tfp tuong tu Thach Sanh, cdn nhung md tfp khac ciia truyen chiing tdi khdng de cap den d dd tai nay

Tuy nhien, chiing tdi cd biet ba van ban truyen Nom Thach Sanh da dugc xuat ban Khi nghidn ciiu de tai nay chiing tdi ciing cd tham khao nhiing van ban truyen Nom dd nhung khdng dua vao pham vi nghien ciiu cua dd tai Vi vay khi chiing tdi ndi "truyen Thach Sanh" thi khdng bao ham truyen Nom Thach Sanh

-17

Chiing tdi ciing biet cd mdt van ban cheo Thach Sanh lay cot truyen tir truyen cd dan gian, nhung chiing tdi cung khdng su dung van ban dd

3.3- Tu lidu diing de khao sat

La mot truyen cd dan gian ndn truyen Thach Sanh cung mang nhiing dac trung cua truyen kd truyen midng Nd khdng cd mot ban ke cd dinh ma cd mdt sd ban ke khac nhau Khi nghidn cuu chiing tdi khdng the dua vao tat ca cac ban ke ma phai lua chgn mdt van ban nhat dinh Trudc khi trinh bay sir lua chgn ciia minh, chiing tdi xin ra lai tat ca cac van ban Thach Sanh da cd Chiing tdi biet ban truyen Nom Thach Sanh dugc xuat ban sdm nhat la nam 1906 Nhu vay chdc chdn truyen cd tfch Thach Sanh phai ra ddi trudc dd Chiing tdi khdng phii nhan r^ng cd nhung truyen tho ra ddi trudc truyen kd, nhung truong hgp Thach Sanh thi khdng phai nhu vay Ong Hoa B^ng khi khao luan ve Thach Sanh da may lan nhac di nhac lai rang truyen Ndm Thach Sanh bat ngudn tir truyen cd tfch Ong Chu Xuan Didn trong tir didn Van hoc cung khAng dinh: "Ndi dung truyen tho va truyen cd tfch can ban ihdng nhat, nhung truyen thora ddi mudn han."(A101,tr 347)

Tdi cung dong y vdi nhiing y kien nay Thach Sanh phai luu truyen rgng rai trudc dd, mdi cd the trd thanh ddi tugng sang tac ciia truyen tho dugc

The' nhung vide xuat ban thanh sach truyen cd tfch Thach Sanh lai kha mudn Sach "LTnh Nam chich quai" dugc coi la ghi chep cd nhat nhiing truyen ke dan gian khdng cd truyen Thach Sanh Cuon "Truyen cd nude Nam" ciia Nguyen Van Nggc xuat ban nam 1934 cung chua in truyen Thach Sanh Chiing tdi chua tim thay van ban nao b^ng tidng Viet in truyen Thach

Sanh trudc cuon "Tim hidu va phan tfch truyen cd tfch Viet Nam" cua TvAn

Thanh Mai in tai nha in Sdng Ld nam 1955 Cd le ngay tir khi truyen Ndm Thach Sanh ra ddi, nd da dugc nhidu ngudi yeu thfch va ghi nhd den ndi cac

nha suu tim khdng cdn thay can thiet phai thong bao vd su cd mat ciia nd niia

chang?

1ft

3.3.1 Nhiing ban ke Thach Sanh da duoc xuat ban

- Tran Thanh Mai -Tim hieu va phan tfch truyen cd tfch Viet

Nam Song Ld ,1955

- Nguydn Ddng Chi - Kho tang truyen cd tfch Viet Nam

T2 NXB Van sir dia H 1957

Huynh Ly va Nguydn Xuan Lan Truyen Thach Sanh

- Anh Ddng - Truydn thuyet Thach Sanh Bao Kien Giang

Sdchii nhat,thang ba nam 1989

Ten va ndi dung chfnh cua cac van ban tren can ban gidng nhau chi khac nhau mdt vai chi tiet Vf du: Theo ban ke ciia Nguydn Ddng Chi thi qud Thach Sanh d Cao Binh Ban cua Anh Dong ghi Thach Sanh d xii Man Kham Nhung ban ciia Chu Xuan Didn va Ld Chf Qud' khdng ndi den que quan Thach Sanh Ban ciia Nguydn Ddng Chi va Anh Ddng cd chi tid't cong chiia gieo tu cau ken chdng cdn cac ban khac khdng cd chi tiet dd Chi tiet Ly Thdng chd't thi ban nao ciing cd Nhung trong ban ciia Nguydn Ddng Chi thi Ly Thdng bien thanh bg hung, trong ban ciia Anh Ddng thi bien thanh dnh uong, cdn ban ciia Chu Xuan Didn va Ld Chf Que chi ndi set danh chd't ma khdng cd hda than Doan ket, ridng ban cua Anh Ddng khdng cd chi tiet Thach Sanh danh quan 18 nude chu hau, vi vay ciing khdng cd chi tid't "nieu com an het lai day"

19

3.3.2 Lua chon van ban

Sau khi tim hieu ky tat ca cac van ban Thach Sanh da dugc xuat ban, chiing tdi quyet dinh chgn ban ke ciia ong Nguydn Ddng Chi trong cuon

"Kho tang truyen cd tfch Viet Nam" tap 2, vi hai ly do sau:

-Ban ke nay cd dii nhung chi tid't quan trgng ciia truyen ke Thach Sanh -Ban kd nay n^m trong bg 5 tap "Kho tang truyen cd tfch Viet Nam" la cdng trinh dd so va cong phu nhat ve truydn cd tfch Viet Nam cho den nay

Ve cac truydn ciing kieu d Viet Nam: Chiing tdi da dgc hau het cac truyen cd ciia cac dan tgc Viet Nam da dugc xuat ban va thdng kd dugc 80 truydn cd nhiing md tip gidng md tfp cua truydn Thach Sanh Trong nhirng truyen nay cd nhiing truydn gan nhu hoan loan gidng truydn ThachSanh

Vf du nhu: chang Sfnh (Meo), Chau Sanh - Chau Thdng (Kho me) Nhung cung cd nhieu truydn chi gidng truyen trdn d mot vai md tfp ma thdi

Chiing tdi se dimg 80 truydn nay lam tu lieu so sanh Chkc chdn dd

khdng phai la con sd cudi ciing

Cac truydn ciing kidu d Ddng Nam A: Do han che vd ngon ngu*, chiing tdi khdng the dgc true Ud'p van ban b^ng ngon ngir ciia cac nude ma phai thdng qua ban dich, ddng thdi cung do gidi han ciia mdt luan an nen tu lieu truydn chiing tdi sir dung la nhung tu lieu da dugc dich ra tid'ng Viet Vide diing tu lieu b^ng tid'ng Viet cd nhirng han che ciia nd Nd khdng thdng bao chfnh xac sd lugng truydn ciing nhu khuynh hudng truyen ma nhieu khi lai phu thude vao sir lira chgn va sd thfch ciia ngudi dich Dd khde phuc didu nay chiing tdi chi cd the hy vgng r^ng cac dich gia tfch cue lam vide va se dua ra thdm nhieu ban dich de sd lugng truydn xfch dan tdi con sd thuc te

3.4 Cac phuong phap nghidn ciin duoc sir dung

De giai quyet de tai nay, chiing tdi se sir dung cac phuong phap sau

- Trudc het la phuong phap thdng kd tu lieu

20

Chiing tdi tap hgp cac cud'n truyen cd Viet Nam va Dong Nam A da dugc xuat ban tir xua den nay Sau dd dgc tat ca va tim nhiing truydn cd nhiing md tfp gidng md tfp ciia Thach Sanh Thdng kd, phan loai chiing de xem, vf du, md tfp gid't chim ac cd trong bao nhidu truydn Cac md tfp khac ciing nhu vay

Sau khi da hoan thanh budc thdng kd tu lieu, chiing tdi se sir dung phuong phap phan tfch tu lieu Truyen Thach Sanh se dugc thao go va phan tich ti mi timg chi tid't va danh gia Irdn quan diem phan tfch mot tac ph^m phoncolo Trong qua trinh phan tfch truyen Thach Sanh, chiing tdi cdn dung hai phuong phap tiep can tac pham Mot la phuang phap phan tfch lich sir, de nhin nhan dugc qua trinh bien ddi lich sir cua timg chi tid't truydn va su ke't nap nhiing chi tid't mdi vao cot truyen Hai la phuang phap so dd hda nh^m

md hinh hda tat ca cac md tfp truydn ke cd trong tac pham Thach Sanh Nhd

md hinh hda cac md tfp cua tac pham, chiing tdi se dd dang so sanh nd vdi nhirng truydn ciing loai hinh khac

- Cudi cimg chiing tdi sir dung phuang phap so sanh loai hinh hoc de so sanh truydn Thach Sanh vdi cac truyen ciing loai hinh d cac dan tgc Viet Nam

va cac nude Ddng Nam A Sau khi so sanh cac md tfp ciia truydn, chiing tdi se sir dung lai phuang phap so dd hda dd dung md hinh khai quat cac md tfp chung d Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A Su gidng nhau va su khac biet giira chiing se dugc the hien va ly giai

4 NHUNG DONG GOP MCil CUA L U A N A N

4L.Lan d^u tien truyen Thach Sanh dugc nghidn ciiu nhu mdt tac pham phoncolo trong mot cdng trinh nghien ciiu rieng

4 2 L^n d^u tidn ket cau cua cac md tfp quan trgng ciia truyen Thach Sanh

va ke't cau toan cot truydn dugc md hinh hoa Dieu nay cho phep ngudi sir dung nd cd the dd dang nhan dien su gidng va khac nhau vdi nhiing md hinh ke't ctfu khac khi c£n phai so sanh

21

4 3 Lan dSu tidn kieu truyen Thach Sanh ciia Viet Nam va cac nude Ddng Nam A dugc khao sat tuong ddi hoan chinh trong tuong quan so sanh giira chiing

4.4 B^ng su sir dung phdi hgp nhieu phuang phap nghidn ciru khac nhau nhu phuong phap thdng ke, phuong phap lie sir, phuong phap so sanh loai hinh hgc, phuong phap phan tfch dan toe hgc vao vide nghidn ciiu mdt tac phaim, luan an da gdp thdm tid'ng ndi vao phuong phap luan nghien ciiu van hgc d^n gian vdn la mdt trong nhiing van dd cap thiet ciia vide nghidn ciin hidn nay

5 BO c u e CUA LUAN A N

Ngoai phdn md dau, phan ket luan va tai lieu tham khao, ban luan an gdm ba chuong

Chuong 1: Khao sat sir didn hoa ciia cac md tfp truydn Thach Sanh

Chuong 2: Kd't cau truyen Thach Sanh

Chuong 3: Kieu truyen Tiach Scinh o Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A

22

NOI DUNG

CHUDNG 1 KHAO SAT Sli D I I N HOA CUA CAC MO TIP

TRUYEN THACH SANH

11 QUAN NIEM VE S U D I E N HOA

Trong van hgc nghe thuat ndi chung va trongvan hgc dan gian ndi ridng, nghien ciiu md tfp cd mot y nghla rat quan trgng Theo dinh nghla ciia Tir dien thuat ngu van hoc thi md tfp la "nhiing yd'u td, nhiing bg phan Idn hoac nhd da dugc hinh thanh dn dinh ben viing va dugc sir dung nhieu lan trong sang tac van hgc nghe thuat, nhat la trong van hgc nghe thuat dan gian"

(A25,trl36) Tuy nhien ndi nhu vay khdng co nghia md tfp la nhiing thanh td

khdng hd bien ddi Trudc khi trd thanh md tfp nd da cd mdt qua trinh van ddng Sau khi trd thanh md tfp nd cdn tiep tuc van ddng Ndi each khac, nd cdn bien hda, cd thd phat Iridn them, bid'n ddi di va cung cd the bien mat hAn Didn hda md tfp la sir Idn tai, van ddng va bien hda ciia timg md tfp trong tirng thdi ky, thdi dai lich sir ciia timg dan tgc, tirng vimg cung nhu trong toan bg lich sir ciia dan tgc, khu vuc va toan the gidi

Dd dSn dd'n sir didn hda cac md tip, ngudi ta cd the tim thay nhieu nguyen nhan, nhieu ddng luc, nhidu yd'u td thiic day nd Trudc hdt su van ddng lich sir xa hdi da din theo su didn hda cac md tfp Bdi le md tfp ndi ridng va van hgc nghe thuat ndi chung la hinh thai y thiic ciia mdt thdi dai nhat dinh Nd la con de ciia thdi dai, nd cung la tam guong phan anh thdi dai Qua sir van ddng cua cac md tfp, ngudi ta cd the thay sir bid'n ddi ciia lich sir Chang han Lac Long Quan khi khai sang dat nude da danh dudi Mdc tinh Sau dd Mdc Tinh bid'n thanh than Xuong Cudng lam hai dan Nd rat hung han Nham Hieu, vien quan kham menh Tan Thuy Hoang dinh bai bd Id nop

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ngudi cho than da bi than vat chd't Den ddi Dinh Tien Hoang nha vua sai phap su phdi hgp vdi doan tap ky bay muu diet dugc than Xuong Cudng va bg

ha trir hai cho dan Nhu vay than thoai vd Lac Long Quan, vi than khai sang nude Van Lang den nay lai cd thdm chi tid't mdi lidn quan den Dinh Tidn Hoang, vi anh hung khai sang nude Dai Cd Viet

Van hgc dan gian luon ludn cd xu hudng "duong dai hda" cac tac pham Didu nay ly giai su van ddng ciia ban than van hgc dan gian theo thdi gian, lich sir xa hdi Sir bid'n ddi, ra ddi, mat di ciia cac md tip la truydn duong nhidn, cd tfnh quy luat Vf du Thanh Ddng tugng trung cho tinh than chdng

xam luge, nhung Thanh Ddng cung da trd thanh nhan vat co mat trong nhieu

truyen khac trong nhirng thdi dai each xa nhau Truydn "Sdc Thien Vuong" ke rang Thanh Ddng giiip Ld Dai Hanh danh quan Tdng Truydn "Tinh con chugt" cdn ghi, Thanh Ddng giiip Ld Thanh Tdng lam rd nghi an ma diet trir yeu quai Rd rang cac tac gia dan gian da gdn nhan vat anh hiing qua khii vdi nhiing chi tiet lien quan dd'n cac su kien duong thdi

Mat khac didn hda hay sir van ddng va phat trien ludn ludn la cugc dau tranh lau dai giiia cii va mdi, giiia khuynh hudng bao thii va khuynh hudng each tan, giiia tu tudng va hinh thiic nghe thuat da trd nen gia cdi, lac hau vdi nhiing nguydn lac nhan thirc ddi sdng, nhirng tu tudng va hinh thiic nghe thuat mdi me, tidn tien Truydn cd tfch chi cd thd ra ddi trong khi xa hdi da phan chia giai ca'p, cugc dau tranh giai cap dugc bieu hien trong nhirng quan he nhieu mat ciia gia dinh va xa hdi Nd da thay the' cho than thoai, sir thi la nhung sang tac nghe thuat ciia thdi dai trudc Nhung khdng phai su thay the the loai nay bang the loai khac didn ra mot each rd rang, phan minh Day la mot qua trinh chuyen ddi toan dien va cham chap, tao ndn hang loat su xen ke ra't khd tach biet giiia cac yd'u to mang dac trung cua the loai nay vdi cac yd'u

to mang dau vet ciia the loai khac trong ciing mot tac pham Vf du, md tfp dung si diet dai bang la md tip trong than thoai chinh phuc thien nhidn, nhung

24

khi chuydn vao truydn cd tfch Thach Sanh, nd trd thanh cugc chien dau ciia Thach Sanh vdi ac vat ciin ngudi dep, chung minh cho cai thien va long diing cam cua ngudi lao ddng chien thang cai ac, cai xau trong xa hdi cd giai cap Didu quan trgng quyd't dinh su didn hda md tip la sir thay ddi nhung nguyen tac nhan thiic con ngudi va the gidi Tir than thoai den truydn cd tfch

la mdt qua trinh "con ngudi hda" cac nhan vat Nhan vat ciia than thoai phan Idn la than, cac loai than linh, nhung dang sieu nhien Thd' gidi cua ho la vii tru bao la, nhirng dinh Olimpo (Hylap) dmh Mdru (An Do) Thugng gidi (Trung Qud'c) Dd'n Sir Thi, nhung nhan vat nira than nira ngudi xuat hien

Dd la su tach dan tfnh cha't than linh de trd ve vdi the' gidi loai ngudi Nhung anh hiing vdi siic manh va tai nang, cd ngudn gd'c tu than linh da xua't hien trong nhung ban anh hung ca ciia cac dan tgc Nhiing ngudi anh hung nay dugc dat d nhiing hoan canh ddi hdi bgc Id siic manh va tai nang ciia hg va hg ludn lap dugc nhung ky tfch ve vang Dd'n truydn cd tfch, nhan vat la con ngudi trong cac mdi quan he xa hdi Dii hg cd la tidn nir hay thai tir con Nggc Hoang dau thai thi hg cung van la nhiing con ngudi binh thudng, nhd be nhidu khi phai nhd sir trg giiip ciia cac dang sieu nhien dd chdng lai nhiing the luc ac va xau trong xa hdi cd giai cap Khdng gian vii tru rgng Idn gid day thu nhd vao trong cac gia dinh be nhd, chat chdi day nhung muu toan ddi thudng Rd rang nhiing nguydn tac nhan thiic con ngudi va the gidi cd qua trinh phat trien da dSn dd'n sir thay ddi cac thanh td ciia truyen nhu nhan vat, sir kien

Su giao luu van hda cung gdp phan vao qua trinh didn hda cac md tip C5 day ciing c5n lun y tdi su song trung cua cac md tip chua phai la san pham ciia su giao lun, do didu kien xa each ve dia ly qua Idn, giira cac dan tgc khdng cd dieu kien giao luu van hda ma van cd nhiing md tfp gidng nhau Chang han truydn Tam Cam cua Viet Nam va 650 truyen cd tfch khac tren the gidi cd nhidu md tfp gidng nhau lam thanh mdt kieu truydn toan the gidi

25

(Theo thdng kd ciia Dinh Gia Khanh, van ban A37) Dieu nay cd the giai thfch bang su tuong ddng cua dieu kien kinh te nhat dinh se din dd'n sir tuong

ling vd y thiic tu tudng va quan niem nghe thuat cho ndn chang can co su giao

luu ma cac dan tgc tren the gidi van cd nhiing md tfp gidng nhau Mat khac cac dan tgc, cac cdng ddng ngudi ciing khu vuc ciing cd nhidu tac pham van hgc dan gian hay ndi rgng hon, nhidu yd'u td van hda gidng nhau do giao lun van hda Nhiing md tfp tham gia giao luu gdm ca tiep nhan va tiep bid'n van hda cua cac dan tgc xung quanh Ngudi ta dd tim thay nhiing hinh tugng Nii

Oa, Hang Nga, Nguu Lang - Chiic NO*, Than Ndng trong truydn co Viet Nam

cd gd'c gae tir truyen cd Trung Qud'c Nhiing nhan vat But, Phat trong truyen

cd Viet Nam da dugc du nhap tir An Do Chir Ddng Tir tu tidn hgc dao vira mang dang dap Dao giao Trung Qud'c vira mang tU tuong Phat giao An Do Diing ve mat "ban the", van hgc dan gian vdi nhung dac trung co ban nhu

"tfnh tap the", "tfnh truyen midng", "tfnh di ban" da la mot he thdng md,

"bat den xanh" de md tfp ludn cd dieu kien cd the didn hda Di ban la he qua ciia tfnh tap the, tinh truyen midng ciia van hgc dan gian Ngudi ta cd the tim thay rat nhieu cau ca dao cd md tfp "con cd ", va truydn Thach Sanh cung cd dd'n bdn ban ke khac nhau Nhiing di ban nay tao thanh mot he thdng So sanh, ddi chid'u nd, ngudi dgc cd thd tim thay nhirng ly giai khac nhau ve timg Idp y nghla cua cac md lip Mat khac van hgc dan gian la mot bg phan ciia van hgc nghe thuat nam trong hinh thai y thiic xa hdi Cho ndn mudn hay khdng nd cung chiu anh hudng qua lai giiia cac hinh thai y thiic khac nhau trong xa hdi nhu trid't hgc, tdn giao, dan tuc, dao diic, tam ly Nhung yd'u to nay ciing tac ddng khdng nhd tdi sir didn hda cac md tfp, Ngudi ta thudng ndi tdi tfnh "nguydn hgp" va tfnh "da chiic nang" cua van hgc dan gian Tir mdt

md tfp "Niii Ngu Hanh" sinh ra tir qua triing ciia Giao long va Riia vang; (Giao long, tiic la rdng, thi lai la vat td cua dan nude Van Lang xua, cdn Riia vang thi lai da timg gnip dan nude Au Lac xua xay dung thu dd Cd Loa cua

26

minh, niii Ngu Hanh vira mdi gia nhap cuong vuc Td qud'c da dugc gan lidn ngay vdi lich sir may nghin nam dung nude), chiing ta thay rd sir didn hda ciia cac md tfp ching nhung theo su bid'n ddng ciia lich sir xa hdi ma cdn the hien

su tac ddng qua lai cua cac hinh thai y thiic xa hdi Ngudi ta cd thd thay d day nhung yd'u to cua trid't hgc phuong Ddng nhu am duong, ngii hanh; yd'u td vat

td cua tdn giao nguydn thuy

Ndi tdm lai su didn hda ciia cac md tfp khdng phai la dieu dac biet trong tie'n trinh van hgc Cd dieu, cac md tfp ludn dugc didn hda theo nhiing quy luat nha't dinh cua lich sir xa hdi, ciia ban than van hgc dan gian va trong mdi giao lun van hda Nd ciing ludn ludn didn hda trong khdng gian va thdi gian nha't dinh Chang han, md tfp trang cd mat trong van hgc dan gian ciia rat nhieu dan tgc tren the' gidi Dac biet, d cac dan tgc Ddng Nam A, nhiing dan tgc cd nen van minh liia nude, md tfp trang cang phat tridn da dang va phong phii Viet Nam, Lao, Xinhgapo, Mianma, Trung Qud'c deu cd than thoai giai thfch ve trang, nhung mdi nude, mdi khu virc lai cd nhiing each giai thfch

khac nhau Nhirng sinh the trdn mat trang co le nhidu nude deu quan tam ly

giai Chang han mdtip cay vu tru d trdn cung trang, dii d Viet Nam hay Trung Qud'c, dii mang ten la cay da hay cay que, chiing deu cd mdt didm chung la cay "trudng sinh bat tir" Song vi khoang each ciia khdng gian ndn md tfp cay vii tru Cling cd nhiing net di biet Cay da trong truydn cd Viet Nam, vi sg ban,

da bay Idn cung trang, mang theo ca chii Cudi Cdn cay que trong truydn cd Trung Qud'c thi lai di thuc tir trdn cung trang xudng mat dat nhu mot su kien thieng lidng, trang trgng va ky didu Cung nhu md tfp "trang", md tfp "mat trdi" Cling la md tip rat phd bid'n trdn thd' gidi va Ddng Nam A Tat ca cac nude nay deu thd than mat trdi vi vay cung cd nhieu than thoai ve mat trdi va nhiing nhan vat lien quan dd'n mat trdi, Trong ddm giao thira, ngudi Viet Nam Cling ga vi theo than thoai Viet Nam, ga la con vat duy nhat cd the goi dugc mat trdi Idn Ngudi Thai Lan va Campuchia cd didu miia ggi mat trdi Ngudi

27

Nhat Ban cimg nhau di Idn niii ngay sau giao thira de ddn mat trdi len trong budi sang dau tidn ciia nam Rd rang khoang each khdng gian da dem lai nhieu mau sac khac nhau cho ciing mdt loai md tfp

Mat khac, md tfp ciing cdn didn hda theo thdi gian Theo tac gia bai

"Vang trang trong than thoai Trung Hoa"( A5 ) thi hinh tugng con ngudi dau tidn tren mat trang la Tay Vuong Mau Ba ta dau tidn dugc midu ta nhu mdt

ac than Dd'n thdi Han Vii Dd', ba ta lai dugc midu ta nhu mdt luong than, bdi

le ba ta cho Vii De dao trudng thg, theo loi thinh cau ciia ong ta Hinh tugng Hang Nga cd nguon gdc tir su chuydn am tdn con cdc la Thiem Thu bid'n thanh Thudng Than, rdi thanh Thudng Nga, Hang Nga Mai dd'n ddi Duong, Hang Nga mdi trd thanh nang tidn xinh dep trong truydn cd Trung Hoa bdi le vao thdi ay, ngudi ta thay xua't hien nhieu cum tir ca nggi Hang Nga trong tho ciia cac thi nhan nhu: "Quang Han tidn tir", "Nguyet Didn Hang Nga" Nhiing cum tir trdn chua hd tha'y xua't hien trong tho ciia cac thi nhan trudc ddi Dudng Nhu vay md tfp cd bid'n ddi theo thdi gian Cd didu xac dinh dugc nhiing thdi diem bid'n ddi ciia md tfp khdng don gian

Ndi tdm lai, su didn hda ciia cac md tfp la mdt hien tugng cd thuc, didn

ra lien tuc nhu la mot phan ling tu nhidn va tu than dudi su tac ddng phirc tap ciia lich sir xa hdi va cac hinh thai y thiic xa hoi Su didn hda ciia cac md tfp didn ra trong khdng gian va thdi gian Cd dieu sir didn hda khdng bieu hien ra nhanh chdng va ro rang nhu nhiing phan ling hda hgc, nhung neu dat nd vao trong he thdng thi ciing thay dugc su didn hda mot each rd rang va cu the, Sau day chiing tdi se phan tfch sir dien hda ciia cac md tfp can ban ciia truyen Thach Sanh Hy vgng ring su phan tfch ciia chiing tdi se mang lai nhirng hieu qua nhat dinh dd' hieu tac pham cu the nay va de lam cdng cu khai thac them nhiing tac pham van hgc dan gian khac tid'p sau

12, P H A N TICH S U D I J N HOA CUA CAC MO TIP TRUYEN

THACH SANH

12.1- Md tip diins si diet rdn dc

Ran la hinh tugng kha phd bien trong truydn cd dan gian Nd khdng chi

cd d Viet Nam ma cdn trd thanh mdt hinh tugng quen thugc trong truydn cd Ddng Nam A va the gidi Dac biet d viing nhiet ddi nhu Ddng Nam A, ran cd nhieu va anh hudng dd'n ddi sdng cu dan nhieu hon nen nd trd thanh con vat

cd mat vao loai nhieu nhat trong truydn cd toan viing 0 nude la, tren doc cac

con sdng Da (Ha Son Binh), sdng Hong (viing Ha Ndi, VTnh Phii), sdng Lam (Nghe Tinh), va quanh viing vinh Ha Long , ddu cd ddn thd ran, giai, thudng luong va tram ngan nhirng cau chuydn kd ly ky vd rdn ,

Than thoai Viet Nam ndi dd'n cap va chdng Long Quan - Au Co (Ran va

Chim), than thoai Campuchia ndi dd'n vuong cdng Preh Thon (tfnh mat trdi)

va cdng chiia Naga (tfnh mat trang), than thoai An Do cd Kaundinya va Soma (vuong cdng Balamdn va cdng chiia con vua dia phuang nira ngudi nira ran) Tat ca nhiing than thoai nay ddu phan anh mdt he thdng luong hgp phd bid'n trdn toan vimg Ddng Nam A vd da't nude, niii sdng, viing cao, viing thap, the' gidi bdn trdn va the gidi bdn dudi Trong nhung than thoai dd, ran da la nhan vat trung tam Nhung van cd the nghT rang, nhirng than thoai ra ddi sdm nhat chua cd ran Va nd'u chim vdi rdn la hai con vat cd mat nhieu nhat trong truyen cd thi chim phai cd trudc rdn Bdi vi chim la the gidi bdn trdn, la bieu tugng cho mat trdi, la cai ma con ngudi phai tid'p xiic sdm hon va hang ngay Hinh anh "con chim lira" cd bg long sang rue, mdi ddm dd'n vudn cua cung

dinh an mot qua tao vang (trong truydn c6 tfch Nga), chfnh la con chim cd da'u vd't than thoai ve mat trdi Co le hinh tugng rdn bdt dau xuat hien khi loai

ngudi chuyen tir cugc sdng san bdn va hai lugm nhiing thirc an cd sdn sang cugc sdng lay chan nudi va trdng trgt lam chd dua thuc su Khi dd con ngudi

da bat dau quan tam den the gidi dudi chan minh Ve con rdn than thoai, cd nha nghidn ciiu cho rdng, nd tugng trung cho nude do tfnh chat udn lugn mdm mai ciia nd gidng nhu dudng nude chay E.M.Mdldtinxki thi cho rdng hinh

29

dang cua rdn gidng hinh nhiing tia chop, ma chdp la dau hidu ciia mua, lii, lut, nude Vi vay, rdn da dugc diing dudng nhu ddng nhat vdi khai niem nude Trong truydn cd Viet Nam, quan he giua rdn va nude la quan he quen thude Rdn la than nude, la vua dudi nude, hoac la bg ha ciia than nude O truydn

"Son Tinh Thuy Tinh" thi rdn la bd ha ciia Thuy Tinh 6 truydn "ciiu vat vat tra on, cun nhan nhan tra oan", rdn la con Long vuong trdn len bd choi Cdn trong truydn "Ba Tang Ma va dan con rdn" thi rdn la Ha Ba trdng coi ba khiic song ,

Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A la viing dat ma thidn nhien phii cho ra't nhidu sdng, hd, kdnh, rach Ddi sdng cu dan gdn chat vdi su chi phdi ciia nude dd'n miic nd khdng chi la yd'u td hgp thanh sir sdng (yd'u to bdn ngoai), ma cdn chfnh la su sdng (yd'u td bdn trong) Cho ndn khdng phai ngau nhidn ma D A T

va NU'CJC la hai khai niem vat cha't dau tien dugc tugng trung cho hinh anh

Td qud'c Dat - Nude luong hgp thi miia mang tot tuoi, cay cdi dam chdi nay Idc, con ngudi sinh sdi va no dii Rdn, con vat tugng trung cho nude liic ay se dugc ca nggi, se trd thanh vat td dang tdn kinh ciia nhieu bd tgc Lac Long Quan ciia Viet Nam cd the coi la mdt vf du ve loai nay Dat - Nude luong phan thi nha cira rugng vudn bi tan pha, con ngudi, miia mang bj hiiy diet Hinh anh gid bao, lut loi dugc md ta day sinh ddng trong nhiing truydn kd ve

su xuat hien cua ran nhu ac than Truydn Ong Ddng, Ba Tang Ma, hd Ba Bd.,

la minh chiing cho dieu dd Su lo sg trudc cac luc lugng tu nhidn to Idn, day bat trdc, khdng the hieu dugc, khien cho con ngudi nay sinh tam ly mudn cau than, mudn lam hda vdi thidn nhidn Ho loi keo tu nhidn vd phfa minh, cau xin thien nhien cam thdng va iing hd ho, che chd va giiip do hg Con rdn, con vat tugng trung cho nude, cho nhirng ddng sdng, cho lii lut cd anh hudng

Idn va sau sdc dd'n ddi sdng cu dan ndng nghidp, khdng ndm ngoai su ton

sung cua con ngudi Cimg vdi su cdu ciing, te Id, hien sinh hinh anh con rdn ddu tien trong than thoai chdc chan phai la nhung con rdn hidn Rdn sdng hda

thuan vdi ngudi, che chd cho ngudi thoat khdi hiem ngheo, cd hg hang hoac dau gia vdi ngudi Thdi ky dau tidn ay la thdi ky ciia nhiing dng vua ran la cha

de ciia ca ndi gidng Viet Nam, mac dii thfch ngao du thidn ha song vdn trd ve mdi khi nghe Idi cau khdn cua con dan "Cha oi, d dau khdng vd ma ciiu giiip chiing con." Dd cung la thdi ky ciia nhirng phd ma ran, nhiing cdng chiia ran nhu Naga, Soma kd't hon vdi con ngudi dd hd trg hg Mdt huyen thoai Campuchia da ke rdng: Vua Campuchia ngu tri d Angko, mdi ddm lai len nggn thap cao ciia cung didn, sdng vdi nang cdng chiia con thdn rdn de giir cho vuong qud'c binh ydn.(A36, tr 4) Dd cd le ciing la thdi ky ciia nhirng con

re rdn kd't hon vdi con gai nhung gia dinh binh dan de trd thanh thanh vidn tfch cue ciia cdng ddng Chi dd'n thdi ky mudn hon, khi tu duy cua con ngudi

vd the gidi tu nhidn da thay ddi, nhung con rdn "hidn" ay mdi trd thanh nhiing

"ngudi mang lot ran", dd ly giai tfnh "hien" ciia nd Ngudn gd'c sau xa ciia nhung con "rdn hidn" nay, chfnh la d su idi keo, cdu than ciia con ngudi d thdi

xa xua ddi vdi tu nhidn, mo udc tao cugc sdng hai hda, hda thuan giiia thien nhidn vdi con ngudi

Mac nhiing mong mudn va su khdn cau ciia con ngudi, thien nhidn vdn tid'p tuc gay tai hga Han han, lu lut, bao tap, mua gid khdng budng tha nhirng con ngudi simg kfnh nd ma cdn nhieu khi "vd tinh" cudp di bao sinh mang con ngudi Tam ly chd dgi va cau khdn dan dan nhudng chd cho sir cam ghet, thii han, tiic gian Thdm nira, nhiing sang tao trong lao ddng budi dau da thu dugc nhiing thanh qua lao ddng Con ngudi liic nay khdng chi cam thay sg hai thidn nhien, cui dau than phuc thidn nhidn ma cdn bdt ddu cam thay Stic manh ciia minh trong lao ddng va hy vgng cd thd thdng doat tu nhidn Liic nay con rdn hidn lanh chd che cho cdng ddng va la chd dua cho cu dan chdc chdn khdng cdn la chu dd hap ddn niia ma se nhudng chd cho hinh anh nhiing con ngudi ddi ddu vdi rdn, nhiing dung sT chien dau vdi rdn dii de bao ve sinh mang cua minh, bao vd cdng dong hoac bao vd ngudi than Cd le

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sau dd mdi xuat hidn nhiing truydn c6 vi chang diing si diet ran Con rdn linh

thieng tir chd dugc suy tdn, dugc cau ciing dd'n chd trd thanh ddi tugng ddi lap, phai loai trir, phai tidu diet la mdt hinh tugng da trai qua con dudng nhan thiic khdng ngdn Nd phan anh mot thuc te la nhiing con ngudi tir be nhd, tdi nghidp, day e sg dd'n nhirng con ngudi hidn ngang ddy siic manh, y thiic dugc

su hon han cua minh vdi thd' gidi tu nhidn, dam duong ddu vdi tu nhidn Thuc

ra su phan tfch nay chi de giai thfch rd rang con dudng xuat hien ciia nhan vat diing si diet rdn trong truydn cd chii hoan toan khdng phai khi cd kieu truydn diing si diet rdn thi khdng cdn ton tai kieu truydn trudc va kieu truydn trudc khdng dugc tid'p tire sang tao nira bdi tam ly cua ngudi sang tao cung vd ciing uyen chuyen va phirc tap Cd the hinh dung rang con ngudi cam ghet thiiy tai nhung chua cd each gi chdng thuy tai, cho ndn ddi vdi hg, thiiy tai vira dang ghet vira dang sg Tam ly a'y lam nay sinh hai each ddi phd Mdt mat, hg mo udc tir trong cdng ddng cd mdt ngudi tai ba (do than thanh hda than hoac dugc than thanh day phep) Con ngudi than thanh dd se cd kha nang che tri thiiy tai, dem lai cugc sdng thanh binh cho cong ddng Khat vong lang man trdn chdp canh cho hang loat truydn ke vd dung sy diet rdn nhu Son Tinh, Ong Ddng, Thach Sanh Mat khac, hg lai ra siic Idi keo ac vat, mong mudn nd dung ve phfa minh hoac chira minh ra trong nhirng nan thiiy tai Tam ly dd ddn dd'n tuc xdm minh hinh giao long ciia cu dan mien bidn Viet Nam va ven bidn Ddng Nam A Tam ly dd cung dan dudng cho hang loat mid'u ddn thd rdn d khap cac reo ven sdng, bien

Bang vao hai each ddi phd ciia con ngudi vdi thuy tai mang lot rdn theo quan niem than thoai, ta nhan thay chu dd ngudi diing sT tai ba chien thdng rdn thoat dau chfnh la chu dd than thoai sang tao Truydn cd tfch Thach Sanh

cd md tfp "dung sT diet ran", ciing thude chii dd "diing si diet rdn" trong he than thoai tren Mdi quan he diit ndi md ao ciia chu dd than thoai trong

?D

"Thach Sanh" ddi hdi chiing ta phai xem lai truydn cd tfch nay, dac biet la hai nhan vat Thach Sanh va chdn tinh

Truydn cd tich va truydn tho Ndm ddu ke: Thach Sanh ra ddi tir bao thai nhan nghia cua ba me ngheo Nhtmg Thach Sanh khong phai la mdt chang trai binh thudng ma la thai tir con Nggc Hoang ddu thai Hon nii*a, nam mudi

ba tudi, Thach Sanh dugc tidn Ong day phep la Dac didm xuat than khdng binh thudng la dau hidu ciia nhirng hanh ddng phi thudng sau nay cua nhan vat, cung la da'u hidu ciia kieu nhan vat thdn thoai va truydn thuyd't Hg la con

de ciia tu nhidn hay than thanh, ra ddi do kd't qua ciia nhiing kd't hgp ky la Rama, Asin, Ddng, Son Tinh deu nhu vay O truydn cd tfch dfch thuc, nhan vat la nhung ngudi binh thudng, dung di, chi khi di vao the' gidi ky ao con ngudi mdi cd nhiing hanh ddng ky ao (vf du: Ta'm , Ivan ) Chang Thach Sanh sdng ra't gdn thidn nhidn, Bdu trdi la ndc nha khdng Id bao boc chang,

va cay da - cay vii tru ndi chang vdi tu nhidn rdng Idn Su ra ddi va hoan canh sdng khac thudng ay khid'n Thach Sanh cd dang dap "con ngudi vu tru" trong than thoai va sir thi,

Khi nghien ciiu truydn Thach Sanh, Ong Vii Xuan Phd khang dinh rang

hg "Thach" khdng phai la gd'c hg ngudi Viet Nam, ma la ngudi Campuchia Tuy vay cai tdn Thach Sanh vdn sdng rat ben chat vdi ngudi Viet d ca midn Nam va mien Bdc Didu nay ddn chiing tdi chii y dd'n mdt gia thuyd't khac vd cai tdn "Thach Sanh" Ngoai y nghla la anh chang hg Thach, Thach Sanh cdn

cd nghia la "da sinh", la tinh khf ciia da, cua dat, ciia niii Va hieu theo nghla

dd thi trong hinh tugng Thach Sanh chdng chan tinh, thap thoang bdng dang ciia nhiing truydn than thoai nhdc nhd nhiing quan he ludng phan giira "da't va nude", "niii va sdng", "viing cao va vimg thap" Hidn tugng ngudi sinh ra tir

da khdng phai la hiem trong than thoai Viet Nam va the gidi Nai Nggc trong truydn "tid'ng hat ciia ngudi da" trong truyen cd Tay Nguydn sinh ra tir mot hon da gidng hinh ngudi Tdn Ngd Khdng trong truydn "Tay du ky" vdn la

33

mdt nhan vat than thoai cd gdc tfch tir mdt con khi da tfch tu sinh khi cua trdi da't lau nam ma thanh Cdn Gia Bao Ngoc trong truydn tieu thuyet ndi tid'ng

"Hong lau mong" lai ra ddi tu vidn da ma NO: Oa va trdi cdn sdt lai trai bao suong gid ndng mua Nhu vay thi Thach Sanh hay da sinh cung khdng phai la mot phan doan khdng cd co sd

Cimg vdi udc mo chinh phuc tu nhien, chien thang tu nhidn, con ngudi phai xay dung va td ve cho nhan vat ly tudng ciia minh, phai nang hg Idn cho tuong xiing vdi tu nhidn ky vL Cho ndn chiing ta khdng ngac nhidn khi thay nhan vat than thoai thudng la nhirng ngudi khdng Id, nhiing nhan vat dao sdng xay niii, lap bidn, va trdi nhiing con ngudi lam ndn ta't ca, chien thang ta't ca bdng siic manh thd lire, bang co bap Ong Dimg ba Da chuydn niii rdi sdng, Lac Long Quan pha hang cao thanh hd rdng, anh em Krdngpha mdi lot long

da nhay qua bdy nggn niii rdi mdi chiu dd cho me cat rdn Cung nhu vay, ganh cui khdng Id ciia Thach Sanh khid'n Ly Thdng phai kinh ngac "ngudi nay that khde nhu voi" Hon nira tidn Ong dd'n day phep cho chang da vach ra mdi lidn he giiia chang va than linh, la cai gay bien hda dd chang tieu phu binh thudng cd dugc siic manh than thanh, trd thanh than thanh Trong cugc chien dau vdi rdn, bao gid dung sT cung chien thang tuyet ddi Rdn dii dd'n dau cung phai chd't bdi tay dung sT va sau khi chd't nd thudng bi chat lay dau hoac mdt bd phan ciia dau nhu ludi, rang Tat nhidn bdi vi dau tap trung mgi su dgc ac dong thdi ciing la tang vat de nhan dang ke thii

Vd nhan vat ran: Cd ban ke ggi la "chan", cd ban ggi la "tran" Dua vao ban "Thach Sanh chem chdng" ciia Campuchia, dng Hoa Bang dinh nghla rdng "chdn" hay "chdng" la tid'ng Cao Midn chi nhiing loai hung dir, dgc ac,

CO hai ( ke ca ngudi Idn vat va ydu tinh ma quy )"( A6-tr 6) Nhung dii cd giai

thfch nhu thd' nao chang niia thi con "chdn" hay con "chdng" hay con "tran" cQng vdn mang hinh dang ran "Trang den xanh dd hoe hoe ca minh", va quan trgng hon la trong an tugng cua ngudi Viet Nam tir xua dd'n nay, con vat danh

34

nhau vdi Thach Sanh khdng phai la con gi khac hon con Iran hay con rdn Idn

Su xuat hidn ciia nd bao gid ciing di kem vdi mua gid, sam chdp diing diing, vdi cay dd nga nghidng, ham dn siic manh ciia tu nhien gay hai, ciia siic nude Tir quan niem than thoai suy tdn "rdn" tugng trung cho nude - tu nhidn sinh Igi va gay hai cho con ngudi, ma cd nghi Id thd cung, hien te Nhiing truydn

kd vd rdn thudng cd chi tid't "nop ngudi cho rdn", chfnh la dau vd't ciia tuc hidn

te vat hy sinh trong ddi sdng cu dan cd Dd td Idng tdn kfnh ciia minh, con ngudi phai lay than xac minh lam vat hien te than hnh ( Sau dd kha lau, vat hien te mdi dugc thay bdng siic vat va hoa qua ) Ly Thdng, Thach Sanh, cung

la nan nhan cua nghi Id cdng nop nay Nhung tir than thoai chuye'n sang truydn cd tfch Id hid'n td' dang nop vat hy sinh cho ran thdn tir trang nghidm,

tu nguydn vdi udc mong giai han ciia dan chiing da chuydn thanh sir cdng nop day dau khd va khdng the cudng dugc ciia con ngudi cho ac vat Hon nii:a tir vide cdng nop day dau khd a'y mdi xuat hidn thdm nhiing chi tid't:

- Lira gat de trdn cdng nop

- Bi lira gat de trd thanh vat hi sinh khdng tu giac va la ke ddi nghich bat ddc di

Theo ban ke truydn Thach Sanh ciia dng Huynh Ly thi tran tinh trong truyen Thach Sanh bdt nha vua hang nam phai cdng nop mot chang trai cho

nd an thit Cdn trong da so truydn cd khac, ngudi lam vat hi sinh thudng la cac cd gai dep Nhu vay tuc hien td' ngiroi nay cd le cdn phan anh mdt phong tuc tdi cd la hdn nhan cdng nop de thuc hidn sir kd't than, hda hidu trudc day giiia hai ke manh va yd'u Chiing ta cd the lidn tudng dd'n hinh thiic hdn nhan a'y trong hinh tugng cdng chiia Huyen Tran kd't hdn vdi vua Chiem Thanh, Kieu Nguyet Nga cdng Phidn, Chidu Quan cdng Hd, Tay Thi cdng Ngd

Trong than thoai Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A ndi chung, hinh tugng rdn khdng chi tugng trung cho siic nude, luc lugng tu nhidn quan trgng thu: nhat ciia cac nude ndng nghidp trdng liia nude, ma phdn nao cdn mang y nghla ciia

35

tu nhidn huydn bi chua dugc kham pha Liic dd, ngudi dung si diet rdn se la dai didn van hda, la ngudi kham pha ra bf mat ciia tir nhidn de giai phdng con ngudi Va mdi lan tu nhidn dugc kham pha la mdt lan con ngudi Igi dung nd

de tidn Idn nhirng budc cao hon, xa hon trdn con dudng chinh phuc nd Thach Sanh tidu diet chan tinh ciing mang y nghla dd.Cudc chien dau giiiaThach Sanh va chdn tinh didn ra ra't ac liet Chdn tinh thodt an thodt hidn, gio vudt nhe nanh cdn Thach Sanh su dung biia mdt each kheo leo, thuan thuc, nhd phep thuat hgc dugc va sire khde phi thudng da gid't dugc chdn than Chan than chd't, cai bf mat hoang da va riing rgn da bi phoi bay, bi khuat phuc Va tir trong xac chdn tinh xuat hidn mdt bg cung ten vang Thach Sanh nhan dugc

bg cung ten vang tir xac chan tinh hay chfnh sir giai ma tu nhidn huydn bf da mang lai Igi fch cho con ngudi Bdng bd cung ten dd Thach Sanh se lam ndn nhung chien thdng tid'p theo: gid't dai bang, ciiu ngudi dep.Chi tid't Thach Sanh nhan cung tdn thdn sau khi gid't chdn tinh lam cho chiing tdi lien tudng dd'n Odip, nhan vat ndi tid'ng trong than thoai Hy Lap Con Sphinxt dua ra mdt cau hdi hiem hdc Bao nhidu ngudi da chd't vi khdng the tra Idi dugc nd Nhung khi Odip tra loi diing cau hdi, bi mat ciia Sphinxt bi kham pha thi con quai vat

ay phai bid'n mat, canh cira thanh md ra dd dua con ngudi cd trf tue sidu pham

dd Idn ngdi vua

Tir than thoai dd'n truydn cd tfch, hinh tugng rdn trai qua mdt qua trinh bid'n ddi kha phiic tap va sau sdc ca vd ndi dung va hinh thirc Con rdn thdn linh trong than thoai da phat tridn thanh con rdn ky ao trong truydn cd tfch 6 than thoai, rdn la luong thdn hay ac thdn la do khoac ao ciia tu nhidn sinh Igi hay gay hai Siic manh cua rdn ciing la sir phdng dai va cu thd hda tfnh chat dir ddi ciia siic nude, bao, lut Hinh thd ciia rdn cung la hinh thd ciia loai bd sat dugc phdng dai gap nhieu lan de phii hgp vdi siic manh ciia tu nhidn thdn thanh Tid'p ndi than thoai, truydn cd tfch ciing cd vd van hinh anh rdn va nhiing ba con gan ciia nd Con rdn cd tfch da danh dau mot budc bid'n ddi cua

36

quan niem tham mi ve hinh tugng Con rdn thdn thoai mang dam mdu sdc van hda viing, cdn con rdn cd tfch la sang tao nghe thuat mang dau an timg dan tgc Tfnh ky ao cua nd vdn gidu tfnh cha't tugng trung nhung da cu the hon Idn Nd phu thugc vao dac diem rimg niii, sdng bidn, mdi dan tgc va mu:c do tugng trung phong phii dd'n miic nao ve con vat ciia dan tgc dd Chang Ivan (truydn cd tfch Nga) chien dau vdi con rdng ba ddu, sau ddu, mudi hai dau d lau dai bac, lau dai vang va lau dai nggc bfch dd' cun ba cd gai xinh dep tuyet tran Cdn chang Thach Sanh cua Viet Nam chien da'u vdi chdn tinh "cd nhieu phep bid'n hda la ky, thoat bid'n, thoat hidn, nhe nanh gio vudt dinh vd la'y

chang " Trong truyen c6 tfch, hinh tugng rdn dugc chia tach lam hai nhanh:

- Rdn khdng 16, hien lanh, la ngudi luong thidn bi phii phep hoac la ngudi mang lot ran Rdn nay thudng mang tfnh nam, va khi hd't phii phep hoac thoat lot se la cac chang trai tdt Trudc sau con rdn nay cung dugc ml hda de trd thanh nhirng con ngudi dep den mLi:c ly tudng ca d ndi dung va hinh thiic

Hg than thien vdi mgi ngudi va trd thanh thanh vidn tai gidi ciia cdng dong

Cd le hinh tugng ran "thidn" nay la su chuydn di nhirng hdi tic ve con rdn sinh Igi (tugng trung cho dat nude ludng hgp) trong thdn thoai

- Hai la: Rdn hung dii, tan ac, ke thii dang sg va khdng ddi trdi chung cua con ngudi Con vat nay dugc ky ao hda, gan thdm nhiing dac tfnh khdng phai ciia bd sat nhu: biet bay, tid'ng gdm dir ddi, phun ra lira Nd trd thanh con vat dai dien cho cai ac tot ciing trong truydn cd Con chdn tinh trong truydn Thach Sanh thugc loai thii hai nay Dd'n day, tfnh chat tugng trung cho da't va nude cua Thach Sanh va rdn da md nhat de chd mot ndi dung khac

Mot trong nhiing thugc tfnh mdi ciia con rdn cd tfch la phun lira A.P.Anhikin ra't cd ly khi lien he dac didm nay ciia rdn vdi su sung bai lira Nhung dem su sung bai lira gan cho rdn, mdt con vat khdng bao gid biet phun lua va vdn tugng trung cho nude theo quan niem than thoai la mdt su bid'n ddi quan niem tham ml ve hinh tugng Chiing toi cho rdng, hinh thu va tfnh cha't

37

ludn ludn ddng ciia ludi rdn gidng hinh anh bap biing ciia nggn lira, tir dd ludi rdn dugc ky do hda thanh hinh thirc phun lira chang? Thugc tfnh vira sdng dugc d nude vira sdng dugc d can ciia rdn khid'n nd trd thanh con vat dung hda dugc mau thudn thdng nha't am - duong, nude- lira chang? Trong mdt tac phdm cu thd nhu " Thach Sanh ", con dudng chuyen ddi ciia hinh tugng rdn la

cd thuc, nhung that khd chi ra chfnh xac, minh bach cai gi la than thoai, cai gi

la truydn co tfch Bdi vi chfnh su md do, diit ndi mdi la sir tdn tai thuc su cua

hinh tugng cho dd'n ngay nay Cd dieu sir chuydn ddi ciia hinh tugng la mdt thuc te khdng the phii nhan K.X.Davletov cho rdng: "Truydn cd tfch xay dung nhiing quan niem ciia minh vd rdn khdng phai trdn co sd thuc tai ma trdn CO sd tu tudng nguydn thiiy Nd tid'p nhan nhirng hinh anh nay tir than thoai, lai d mdt dang da bid'n hda hoan loan va trai qua mot con dudng ra't dai ciia sir phat trien than thoai"(A15) Con dudng chuyen ddi va phuang thiic chuyen ddi rat phiic tap va khdng hoan loan true tid'p Tim hidu nhiing truydn than thoai va truyen cd tfch cd rdn hay nhiing ba con gdn ciia nd, chiing tdi tha'y rdng: trong thdn thoai vd rdn, rdn thudng la nhan vat chinh trong thd' ddi lap vdi diing sT, cdn trong truydn cd tfch thi ngoai loai truyen loai vat, con rdn

cd the la nhan vat chfnh, d nhiing loai truydn cd tfch khac, nd ludn ludn bi day xudng hang thii hai, trd thanh nhiing nhan vat phu, nhan vat trung gian dd cac nhan vat chfnh trong truydn bgc Id cai xau va cai tot, cai ac va cai thidn thdng qua nd Trong truydn cd tfch Thach Sanh cung vay, mac dii nguon gdc ciia hinh tugng nhu chung tdi da ndi d trdn la tir than thoai tri thiiy, nhung trong cd't truyen Thach Sanh, mau thudn giira Thach Sanh va chdn tinh khdng phai la chinh, ma la su ddi lap giiia Thach Sanh va Ly Thdng Vi bi Ly Thdng lira gat nen Thach Sanh mdi di dd'n mid'u chdn va mdi phai bat ngd chien dau vdi chdn tinh Diing trudc chdn tinh, Ly Thdng va Thach Sanh bgc Id hai tfnh each, hai thai do trai nguge nhau ma neu khdng cd chan tinh, su ddi lap dd chua dugc bgc Id Ly Thdng gia ddi, ranh ma, nham hiem va hen nhat cdn

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