Quá trình giải quyết vấn đề ruộng đất ở thái nguyên từ sau cách mạng tháng tám năm 1945 đến hết cải cách ruộng đất

Dang Cong san Viet Nam, ngay sau khi thanh lap vao ddu nam 1930, trong Chinh cu'oiig van tat da de ra "Tif sdti dan qityen each mang va tliS dia each mang" [71, 2] vol hai nhiem vu chdng

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BANG CAC CHC VIET TAT

Cai each ruong dS't Dia ehii eirdng hao gian ae Chinh tri Quoc gia

Dia chu khang ehien Dia ehu thirang

Giani to Giam 16 va Cai eaeh ruong dat HaNoi

Khoa hoe xa hoi Mfiu, sao, thuofe

Nghien euu Lieh su

Nha xual ban Phii Thu luong Dien Ifch

Sir That Trang Trung lam Luu Iru' Quoe gia

Uy ban khang chien hanh ehmh Van - Sir -Dia

MUC LUC

Trang

Ma dau 4 Chuang 1: TINH HINH R U O N G DAT 6 THAI NGUYl^N TRUOC CACH J 4

MANC; THANG TAM NAM 1945

L I Val net ve tinh Thai Nguyen 14

1.2 So' hull ruong dat of Thai Nguyen truoc each mang thang 23

Tarn nam 1945

Chuang 2: QUA TRINH THUC Hlfi;N CHINH SACH RUONG DAT CUA 44

DANC; () THAI NGUYfi:N 01/9/1945 DfiN 7/1957) 2.1 NhiJng cai each tung phan va qua t n n h thuc hien 44

2.2 Nhung chuyen bien ve so huu ruong dat duoi tac dong ciia 57

nhiing cai each tung phan

2.3 Nhung chuyen bien ve giai cap 65

2.4.Thi diem triet dc giam to 6 Thai Nguyen 72

2.5 Thi diem va hoan thanh CCRD 90

Chuang 3: MOT SO VAN Df^ RUI RA QUA N(,HIEN CUU QUA TRINH

(,lAl QUYET VAN D(5 RUONG DAT 0 THAI NCJUYftN j | 5

{Til NAM 1945 Di^^N NAM 1957)

3.1 Nhung thanh qua va sai lam cua viec giai quyet van de ruong 1 L5

d a t 6 T h a i N g u y e n (tii n a m 1945 den n a m 1957)

3.2 Mot vai suy nghl tii viec nghien ciVu qua trinh giai quyet van 141

de ruong dat 6 Thai Nguyen (tii nam 1945 den nam 1957)

KET LUAN L55

Chi'i Ihich 159 Cdc bien ciia Iiign an 160

Tdi lieu tham khdo 162

Miic liic phii liic 182

MO DAU

I liNIl CAP THIET CIIA DE T A I I AIAN AN

Ruong dal - lu heu san xual quan trong, Ihu tai san quy gia cua cu dan nong nghicp () eac niroc nong nghicp, trong moi ihoi ky lich sir kc lij' khi xuat hien giai cap va nha nu'Oc, eac giai cap va cac thanh phrin xa hoi xual plial tir nhCrng cjuyen lo'i khae nhau da eo nhu'ng each nhln eung nhu each giai quyel

khae nhau doi vol van 61 ruong dal, song nhln chung, tat ca deu tim each dC

nfun lay nguon tu heu san xuat va ihu" (ai san quy gia nay, v'l no quyet dinh su

"ton vong" cua giai cap mlnh.Vicc so him doi v6i ruong dat cua lirng giai cap, tung thanh phan xa hoi khong chi c6 anh hircVng (rue dien den doi song kinh (c cua dat nu6c, eung nhu eua tiding luc luong xa hoi, ma eon tao ra nhung tirang

quan ehinh tri- xa hoi chung Nha nuoc a in6i thdi ky, xuat phat tii' quyen Igi

cua giai cap cam quy^n dfiu eo nhung ehinh saeh, giai phap khae nhau doi van

66 ruong dat va nhirng ehmh sach, hien phap nay lai eo tac dong tro lai den

ddi song kinh te - ehinh tri eua dat nuoc

O Viet Nam, tuyet dai da so cu dan la nong dan song chu yeu bang

nghe trong lua nude, ruong dat cang tro' nen quan trong va quy gia Xuyen suot qua trinh lich sir ti^r khi vuong tri6u Ly duae thanh lap (dau the XI) tro di,

nha nuoc phong kien tu ehu luon quan tam den van 66 ruong dat Cac vuong trieu coi day U\ mot van de eo Ifnh "quoc su", luon d^ ra cac ehinh sach nhfun

nam duue ruong dat, mot mat vira dc c(5 diroc nguon thu ve thuc tir nguon tu

lieu san xuSit nay, vua lam nguon bong loc, luong cho doi ngu quan lai, binh

Ifnh; mat khae, giai quyet mot phan nhung doi hoi cua nong dan - lire luong san xuA't dong dao va quan trong nhat cua xa hoi, tao ra su IVinh on cho dat nir6e

Sang th5i ky Phap thuoe, ti:r euoi the ky XIX tro di, ehinh saeh khai thae boc lot tan bao eua de quoe Phap ci:ing v6i viec ehiem doat ruong dat eua giai cap dia chu phong kien da lam cho sd huu ruong dat cua nong dan ngay cang

bi Ihu hep Nong dan mat ruong dal hoae khong eo ruong dat lam an da trd thanh nguon nhan cong doi dao nhung re mat cho dia chu va gi6i tu ban cong

nghi6p Phap, ngay cang bi b^n cijiig hoa Khat vong c6 ruong dat 6i lam an di

lien v6i doe lap dan toe cang trd nen bu'e thiet doi v6i nong dan

TiJ' euoi nhiJng nam 20 eiia the ky nay a Viet Nam da hlnh thanh nhirng

lire luang ehinh tri - xa hoi, eac dang phai khae nhau, tao ra euoe chay dua tranh gianh quyen lanh dao each mang Viet Nam

Dang Cong san Viet Nam, ngay sau khi thanh lap vao ddu nam 1930,

trong Chinh cu'oiig van tat da de ra "Tif sdti dan qityen each mang va tliS dia each mang" [71, 2] vol hai nhiem vu chdng de quoe va ehong phong kien,

gianh hi doe lap dan toe va dem lai ruong dat cho giai cap nong dan, trong do, nhan manh nhiem vu ehong de quoe de giai phong dan toe duae dat len hang driu, con nhiem vu ehong phong kien duoe xac dinh la nham xoa bo che do boc lot phong kien, danh do dai dia ehu, con doi v6i phii nong, trung nong, tieu dia chu ma chua ro mat phan each mang thi phai lai dung [71, 3] Duc^iig loi diing dan nay da duae sii* ling ho to I6n eua nong dan va eac tang I6p xa hoi khae, lam nen euoe Caeh mang Thang Tam vT dai, thanh lap Nha nuoc dan chu nhan dan dau tien a Dong Nam chau A

Sau khi Caeh mang thanh cong, Nha nuoc Dan ehu nhan dan da thi hanh ngay mot loat bien i^hap nhu giam 16, tam cap nhung ruong dat eua thuc dan Phap va Viet gian phan dong nham giai quyet mot phan quyen lai cho nong dan, tao ra su phan khai va yen tam san xuat, tieh cue dong gop sue ngudi, sue cua cho each mang va khang chien Thang 12 nam 1953, Quoe hoi

nu6c Viet Nam Dan ehia cong hoa da thong qua Lngt Cat cck^h ntgng dat va

thuc hien thf diem Cai each ruong dal, lien tai thuc hien triet de khau hieu

"Ruong dat ve tay dan cay" Chu Iruang nay da c6 vu nong dan hang hai san xuat, dong gop ngay cang nhieu cho khang chien, gop phan lam nen thang lai eua chien euoe Dong - Xuan 1953-1954 va chien thang lich su Dien Bien Phii, ket thiic thang lai euoe khang chien ehong thuc dan Phap xam lirae Tiep do, nham hoan thanh bu6c euoi eung cua euoe each mang dan toe dan chu nhan dan, Dang va Nha nu6c ta thuc hien Cai each ruong dat trong pham vi loan mien Bae, danh do hoan loan uy the kinh te- ehinh tri ciia giai cap dia chu phong kien, thu tieu hoan loan phuang thuc boc lot phong kien, tao da thuan lai cho each mang ea nu6e di len

Thai Nguyen la mot trong nhu'ng tinh c6 vi Iri quan trong ve chinh kinh te a phia Bfic cua To quoc Trong each mang dan toe dan chu, Tliai Nguyen s6m tiep nhan anh sang each mang ciia Dang Mot so xa eua linli duae chon de xay dung ATK eua Trung irang Gan suot thoi gian cua euoe khcing chien ehong thuc dan Phap, Thai Nguyen la tinh tu do, la mot trong nhung nai trii chan ciia cae ea quan dau nao eiia Trung uo'ng Dang va Chfnh phu Tliang 11 -1952, hai xa Dong Bam va Dan Chii thuoe huyen Dong Hy duae Trung irang chon lam nai nghien ciiu thi diem ehii truang phong tay phat dong quan chung nong dan da'u tranh vai giai ea'p dja ehii Tir ket qua eua dat thi diem giam to nay, Dang ta da due riit duae nhung kinh nghiem de chi dao giam to va CCRD sau nay Tiep do, 6 xa ciia Tliai Nguyen duae Trung uang chon lam thi diem Cai each ruong dal dfiu tien trong ea nu6e Thang 4-1954,

tri-47 xa ciia tinh da thuc hien Cai each ruong dal dat I Thang 10-1954, 22 xa thuc hien Cai each ruong dal dot II

Nhu vay Thai Nguyen eo mot vi tri (/nan trong trong viec llnfc liien cdc

chinlisdch thi diem ciia Dang vd Nltd nn/rc ta ve viec giai quyet van de ruong dat trong each mang dan toe dan chii Nghien eiiu qua trinh giai quyet van de

ruong dat a Tliai Nguyen giai doan tu* sau Caeh mang Thang Tam den het

euoe Ccii each ruong dat a mien Bfic (ti^r nam 1945 den nam 1957) gop phan llm hieu moi quan he giua giai quyet van de dan toe va dan chu Irong euoe each mang nay; hieu them vj tri va vai tro cua tinh Thai Nguyen trong euoe khang chien truang ky ciia dan toe eung nhu trong viec thuc hien eac chii

truang, ehinh saeh ciia Dang va Nha nuae ta doi v6\ van de ruong dat Dong

thdi nghien euu van de nay gop pluin vao viec lim hieu lang xa noi rieng, lich

sir che do ruong dat noi chung va lam sang to nhidu vaii 66 dang dat ra doi vai

nong dan, nong thon, nong nghiep trong thdi ky doi mai

D6 tai con nham gop phan vao viec nghien ciiu lich sir dia phuang ma

tac gia luan an coi day la tai lieu phue vu cong tac nghien euu, giang day lich sir tai truang Dai hoc Su pham Tliai Nguyen thuoe Dai hoc Thai Nguyen truac mat va lau dai

Chfnh vl vay loi chon 66 tai: " Qua trinh giai quyet van de ruong dat a

Thai Nguyen tu sau each nigng thang 8 nam 1945 den het cai each ruong ddf lam luan an tien sy

2 LICH SLT NCHIEN CUU VAN \)t

Tu lru6e den nay, van 66 ruong dal da duae Irlnh l)ay trong nhieu lac

pham cua cae nha lanh dao Dang ta va ciia cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hoc lir nhien va khoa hoc xa hoi

Ve lich sii che do ruong dal ihai ky c6 trung dai va can dai, c6 eac chuyen khao ciia eac tac gia Phan Huy Le [103], Truang Huu Quynh [135],

Vu Huy Phiie [126], [127] eung nhieu bai viei tren cac tap chi: Van - Sit-Dia,

Nghien cit'u lich su\ Dan toe hoc,,.; eac luan an Tien si, luan van Cao hoc, luan

van Dai hoc dugc bao ve lai nhi6u Vien Nghien ciiu, tai khoa Lich su eac Truang Dai hoc a nuae la nhu: Dai hoc Tong hap Ha Noi (nay la IVirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van), Dai hoc Su pham 1 Ha Noi

Ve van de ruong dat Irong Ihoi ky each mang dan loc dan chu, l;ru6c het

phai ke den cac lac pham cua cac dong chi lanh dao Dang la nhu Giai cap vd sdn vai van de nong ddn trong cdch nigng Viet Nam cua dong clii Le Duan [66], Van de ddn cdy cua Qua Ninh va Van Dinh (luc cac d6ng chi Trudng Chinh va Vo Nguyen Giap) [114], Cdch nigng ddn tgc ddn chu nhdn ddn cua

dong chi Truang Chinh [58] Ben canh do, c6 nhi^u lac pham ciia cac nha

nghien ciiu nhu Cdch nigng ruong dat a Viet Nam ciia Trtin Phuang (chu bien), Hoang Uofc, Le Due Binh [129], Phdc qua tinh hinh ruong dat vd doi song nong ddn trit'dc Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm ciia Nguyen Kien Giang [86], Kinh te nong nghiep Dong DiiWig ciia Yve Henri [91], Ddnh gid cho dung nhung thdng Igi ciia nhiem vu phdn phong vd nhung sai Idm trong cdi cdch ruong dd't cua Van Piiong [124], Ban ve nguon gd'c tiftudng cua nhung sai Idm trong cdch mgng ruong dd't ciia Minh Nghla [118], Nong ddn vd nong thdn Viet Nam thai can dgi ciia Vien Su hoc [202]

Ve "Qud trinh gidi quyet van de ruong dd't a tinh Thdi Nguyen ti( sau cdch mgng thdng 8 den het cdi cdch ruong dd't" moi chi duae trinh bay torn luac Irong cuon sach "Cdch mgng mgng dd't a Viet Nam" do Tran Phuang chii bien [129 ], Lish su'Ddng hg Bac Thdi [108], "Lich sd Ddng

ho huyen Dgi Tu" [105], Lich sd Ddng bo huyen Ddng Hy [106], "Lich sd Ddng ho huyen Phd Yen" [107], moi so bai vict c6 lien quan nhu "Cdi cdch ruong dd't- thdnh qud vd sai Idm" cua Van Tao lien lap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sdso 2-1993 [148] Dang luu y la cac iuan van Cao hoc: " Ddng lanh dgo thi/c hien chinh sdch ruong dd't a Dgi Tu\ Thdi Ngiiven (1945- 1954)" ciia Nguyen Trong Can [57], "Ddng lanh dgo thi/c hien chinh sdch ruong dd't trong nhilng ndm 1945-1953" ciia Vu Thi Hai duoc bao vc lai

khoa Lich sii, truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van nam 1998 [89] Hai luan van nay da phac hoa duae nhuiig net ca ban v6 vice thuc hien

duo'ng loi ruong da't ciia Dang trong thai ky khang chien ehong Phiip a mien

Bae, trong do eo dia ban huyen Dai Ti^r, tinh Thai Nguyen

Nhln chung cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tren day da phac hoa duae biic

tranh loan canh v6 van de ruong dai a nuae ta tu thai phong kien tu chu cho

den triro'c Cai each ruong dal Qua Irnih giai qiiycl van dc ruong dai a dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen lu sau Caeh mang Thang Tam dcii hci Cai each ruong dat cho deii nay vfm chua c6 cong trinh nao duae cong bo Tuy nhien nhung cong trinh nghien euu Iruo'c day da giilp cho chilng loi, phuang huang va phuo'ng phcip tiep can de tiep luc di sau nghien euu vaii dd ma chung loi dal ra

3 MUC DiCH, (A(n MAN PHAM VI NC.MlftN CUU CUA LUAN AN

Muc dicli

Thuc hien de tai *'Qud trinh gidi quyet van de ruong dat ()' Thdi

Nguyen tti sau each mang thdng 8 nam 1945 den het cdi ateh ruong dai '\

loi nhfim nhung muc dfch sau day:

- He thong iioa eac nguon tu lieu ve van de ruong dai a Thai Nguyen til sau Ccich mang Thang Tam den het Cai each ruong dai

- Buac dfiu dung lai hue Iranh ve so huu ruong dal tren dia ban ihih Thai Nguyen ti^r sau Caeh mang Thang Tam deii hcl Cai each ruong dai (lu nam

1945 den nam 1957)

- Ban them v6 nhiing thanh qua va sai Ifim cua cai each ruong dai a dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen Dong thai nil ra mot vai bai hoe kinh nghiem ciia vice giai quyet van de ruong dai a Thai Nguyen Irong giai doan lich su duae n.izhien ciru

Gioi han

"Van de rugtig deft" la mot khai nicm rong, lien quan den nhidu mat, do

do trong luan an nay ehiing toi chi gidi han nghien ciiu nhung noi dung ca ban sau day:

- Xem xel niirc do sa huu ruong dai eua eac doi tuang so huu (chii don di6n> dia chu, phu nong, trung nong, ban c6 nong, ruong dal cong lang xa, ruong nha Ihof),

- Phuang thuc su dung ruong dat eua tiing giai tang, trong do nhan manh deii hlnh thiic phai canh thu to, thue mirofn nhan cong eua giai cap dia chii, tring I6p phu nong,

- Qua Irinh thuc hien eac chfnh sach ve ruong dat ciia Dang Cong san Vict Nam va Nha nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa, dae biet la chfnh sach Giam to va Cai each ruong dat; tac dong Ira lai ciia chfnh sach nay doi voi sa huu ruong dal va quan he giai cap a nong thon ciing nhu doi v6i euoe khang chien ehong thuc dan Phap tren dia ban ti'nh Thai Nguyen

Pham vi nghien euu

Pham vi dia ban duae nghien ciiu ciia luan an la linh Thai Nguyen hien nay, trong do, lap trung a 4 huyen duae thuc hien Cai each ruong dai la: Dai

Tu, Dong Hy, Pho Yen va Phii Binh Cac huyen eon lai chi de cap a miie do

can thiet lam sang ro van dc dat ra

Pham vi thdi gian duae nghien ciiu la lir khi Caeh mang Thang Tam thanh cong, nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa ra ddi, chfnh quyCn nhan dan cae ca'p duae thanh lap (thang 9-1945) deii khi hoan thanh ca ban euoe Cai each ruong dat d cae dia phuo'ng trong tinh (thang 7 nam 1957)

4 N(,U6N TU LIEU CUA LUAN AN

- Nguon tu lieu chfnh ciia luan an la cae Tu' lieu luu trCf, bao gdm cac

Tliotig tu\ Chi tin, Sac ietih, So lieu thong ke, Bao cao cua cdc co' quau f)diig

va Nha tut'dc cdc cap dang luu lai Trung tam Luu trir Quoe gia 111, Phong Luu

tru Tinh uy Thai Nguyen, Phong Luu Iru Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen, Ban Tuyen giao Tinh uy Thai Nguyen Day la nguon tu lieu gdc, dang tin cay Tuy nhien, do duae ra ddi trong bdi canh be bon ciia euoe khang chien ehong Phcip nen nhirng lai lieu nay ed nhCrng mat han che buoc ngudi sii dung phai luu y, nhat la ddi vdi eac sd lieu thdng ke Trinh do cua ngirdi lam thdng ke

liic dd cdn nh\6u han che nen eac bao cao, cae sd lieu thdng kc ciia thai ky

nay nhi^u khi khong thdng nhai; cd loai tai lieu ciing mot noi dung bao cao, nhung sd lieu cua cae ca quan, tham chf cua citing mot ca quan trong hai thdi diem gan nhau eung ed su khae biet nhau VI vay, Irong khi xir ly sd lieu thdng ke va eac bao cao, mot mat chung toi van ton trong noi dung van ban (don vi do lirdng, cac con sd duae ghi trong cac bang bicu ); mat khae, trong nhieu trudng hap, ehiing toi Ihay cd nhung sai sot nen can phai tham dinh bang each Ifnh loan lai cho phu hap hoae ddi chieu vdi cac bao cao, cac sd lieu ciia cac nganh cd lien quan trong citing thdi diem dd

- Nguon tai lieu Ihii' hai la lai licit dien dd De hieu them thuc te cae van

de cd lien quan deii ruong dai trong Ihdi ky nay eung nhu dc tham dinh lai mot sd vail de ma cac tai lieu luu tiu khong ndi ro, hoae cae lu lieu cd nhung mau thufin, ehiing tdi da di khao sal tai moi sd lang xa da thuc hien Cai each ruong dat, gap gd mot sd cu gia cao tudi, nhan ehiing lich sii dc vua bo sung vira tham dinh cae lai lieu luu tru

- Luan cin cdn ke thira cac ket qua nghien ciiu cd lien quan dcii 66 lai

luan ciji lir Irirdc deii nay

5 CO sO LY LUAN VA PHUUNCJ IMIAP NCJIULN CUU

vail de ruong dat va nhung quan diCm doi mdi ciia Dang trong each nhln nhan,

dcinh gici v6 viec giai quyei van 66 ruong dat trong each mang dan toe dan chii

Phiiong phap nghien ciiu

Luan an van dung phuang phap duy vat bien ehiing va duy vat lich sir

de xem xet, danh gia cac su kien, hien tuang cd lien quan den vaii dc ruong dat d Thai Nguyen tii' sau Caeh mang Tliang Tam deii het Cai each ruong dat Tac gia coi day la "sai chi dd" xuyen suot qua trinh nghien euu de xay dung luan an,

Luan an sii' dung phuang phap nghien ciiu Ijch sir va Id gfc la ehii yen

Cac khfa canh lien quan dcii vaii 66 ruong dai d dia ban va thdi diem duoc

nghien euu dirge trinh bay theo cac giai doan lich sii' va dirgfc xem xet, danh gia dua tren quan diem lich sir cu the; ddng thdi eung dugc dat trong mdi quan

he ed tfnh he thdng, tiic la phai xem xet ruong dat dudi nhieu gdc do cd mdi quan he huu ca vdi nhau; giua bdi canh chung ciia phong trao each mang ca nude vdi nhung net dae thti ciia tinh Thai Nguyen

Luan an sir dung phuang phap thdng ke, phan tfeh, ddi chieu, pliuong phap so sanh lich sii', Irong dd, vice phan tfeh cae sd lieu thdng ke, cae bao cao long ket dugc coi trong

Ngoai ra, luan an cdn su' dung phucmg phap dien da dan toe hoe Nhu da

trinh bay trong muc ''Nguon tu' lieu cua luan an", dae thii eiia de tai la sir dung

nguon tai lieu ehinh la cac bao cao va cac sd lieu thdng ke, nen ed nhieu chd efin dugc lam rd Vi vay, ehiing tdi da tieii hanh khao sat thuc dia d mot sd dia diein, vira dc suu tam them tu lieu ma eac bao cao, cac sd lieu thdng ke khong phan anh dfiy dii, id net; vira de thani dinh lai cac tu lieu va sd lieu ma cac bao cao, cac sd lieu thdng ke da phan anh

6 DONG GOP CUA LUAN AN

- Luan cin la cong Irlnh dau lien nghien ciiu cd he thdng \'an 66 ruong

dat d tinh Thai Nguyen tir sau Caeh mang Thang Tam deii het Cai each ruong

dat {{{I Ihcing 9 nam 1945 deii giua nam 1957)

- Tir viec he thdng hoa eac nguon tai lieu, luan an lam \6 qua

Irlnh giai quyet van de ruong dat d tinh Thai Nguyen trong giai doan lich SU' tir sau Caeh mang Thang Tam den het Cai each ruong dat tren

3 phuang dien chii yeu: sd hil'ii ruong dat, phifong thifc khai thdc

ruong dat cua cdc giai cap, cdc tang lo'p vd ddc biet Id viec thit'c hien chu fru'Ong chinh sdch Cdi cdch ruong dat ciia Ddng va Nha nu'd'c la

a Thdi Nguyen- ket qud vd y ngliTa ciia chung Qua dd, luan an neu

len mot each khai quat viec giai quyet van 66 ruong dat d Thai

Nguyen trong thdi ky dugc nghien ciiu, giiip ngudi doc, can bg va nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen hieu them euoe each mang ruong dat d Thai Nguyen trong tien trinh lich sir

7 BO c u e CUA LUAN AN

Luan an gom phan Md dau, Ket luan, noi dung luan an dugc ca\i true lam 3 chuang 9 liel va 158 trang khong ke phan danh muc tai lieu

tham khcio Ngoai ra, cdn cd phan phu luc v6 mot sd van 66 cd lien quan

deii luan an

Cluiang 1 TINH HINH RUONG DAT 6 THAI NGUYEN

T R U 6 C CACH MANG THANG 8 NAM 1945

Ll VAI NET \t TINH THAI NGUYEN

1.1.1 Dia ly hanh chinh

Thai Nguyen la mot trong 13 linh mien niii phfa Bae eua Viet Nam, cd dien tich tu nhien 3541,5 km^ each trung tam thii do Ha Noi 80 km v6 phfa Bac; giap cu vdi cac linh: Bae Can (phfa Bae), Bae Giang (phfa Dong Nam), Lang San (phfa Dong Bae), thanh phd Ha Noi (phfa Nam), Vinh Phiie, Tuyen Quang (phfa Tay va Tay Nam)

Vdi vi tri dia ly nhu vay Thai Nguyen la cau ndi giua dong bang song Hong vdi cac tinh mien nui phfa Bac: Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, Lang San Thai Nguyen cd hai doan Quoc Id chay qua: Quoe Id sd 3 chay theo hudng Bae - Nam, tu* cau Da Phiie (Phd Yen) den cau O Ga - Phii Luang, giap gidi vdi tinh Bac Can); Quoc Id IB chay theo hudng Tay Nam - Ddng Bac tir Cclu Gia Bay (thanh phd Thai Nguyen) den e^u Md Ga (Phu Thugng- Vd Nhai) Ngoai ra Thai Nguyen cdn cd hai tuyeii dudng sat: Thai Nguyen- Ha Ndi; Thai Nguyen- Kep eung nhi6u tuyeii giao thdng ndi tinh va lien tinh nhu

dudng qua Dai Tir len Tuyen Quang; xudi Ddng Hy, Phii Binh v6 Bac Ninh,

Ha Ndi rat thuan Igi cho viec giao luu giua cae dia phuang trong tinh va

vdi eac thih ban Thai Nguyen theo sach Dir dia chi ciia Nguy6n Trai la phen

dau thir hai ve phuang Bac [191, 238]

Dja danh Thai Nguyen xual hien tir dau thdi Ly (dau the ky XI) Khi dd Thai Nguyen la mot chau, ngang cap Id Deii nam 1226, nha Tran doi Ihaiili

trail Tliai Nguyen, tuang duang vdi phan dat eiia 2 tinh: Tliai Nguyen, Bac Can va mdi phan linh Cao Bang ngay nay

Thdi thuoe Minh (1407-1427), vao nam VTnh Lac thii' 5 (1407), Iran Thai Nguyen doi thanh phii Thai Nguyen, true thuoe ly Bd Chfnh, lanh 11 huyen Nam thii' 6 (1408) thang lam phu, nam thii* 17 nhap huyen Tu Nong vao huyen An Dinh, huyen Dong Hy vao huyen Phii Luang, huyen Dai Tii' vao huyen Tuyen Hoa

Nam 1428, vuang trieu Le dugc thanh lap, Le Thai To chia dat nude thanh 5 dao: Tay Dao, Ddng Dao, Bfic Dao, Nam Dao va Hai Tay Dao Thai Nguyen thuoe Bac Dao Dudi dao la Iran, Id roi deii phii, huyen, chau va euoi ciing la xa Nam Quang Tliuan thu 7 (1466), Le Thanh Tdng ddi thanh Thai

Nguyen thi^ra tuyen Nam 1467 nha Le tieii hanh 6\6u Ira dia hlnh, dia gidi

eiia eac dao, xay dung ban dd Hong Due va hoan thanh vao nam 1469, xac dinh chat die han lanh tho va bien gidi dat nude, doi Thai Nguyen thanh Ninh Sdc thira tuyen Deii nam 1483 ggi la xir Tliai Nguyen vdi 3 phii, 7 huyen va 6 chau [69, 147]

Thai Nguyen theo saeh Ten lang xd Viet Nam dau tlieky XIX, gdm 2

phii (Phii Binh va Thdng Hoa), 1 I huyen, 2 chau, 79 tdng, 379 xa, thdn, phudng, trang, md, phd [201, 78-821

Nam 1831, Vua Minh Menh chia ca nude thanh 29 tinh, dudi linh la phii, huyen, chau, long va xa Thai Nguyen la mgt tinh gdm 2 phu Phii Binh

va Tlidng Hoa Nam Minh Menh Ihii 16 (1835), Chau Dinh, 3 huyen (Van Lang, Dai Tir va Phii Luang) dugc tach ra lap thanh phu Tdng Hda Deii liic nay Thai Nguyen gdm 3 phu, 9 huyen va 2 chau, dugc chia nhu sau:

- Phii Pliu Binh gdm 5 huyen: Tu Nong (nay la huyen Phii Binh), Pho

Yen, Dong Hy (nay la Ddng Hy)^ Binh Xuyen (nay ihude VTnh Phiic) va Vu Nhai

- Phii Tdng Hoa gdm 1 chau, 3 huyen: Chau Dinh (nay la huyen Dinh

Hoa), huyen Dai Tir, Phi'i Luong, Van Lang (nay la vinig bfic song Cong lliudc huyen Dai Tir)

- Phil Thdng Hod gdm 1 huyen, 1 chau: huyen Cam Hoa (nay la dai

huyen Na Rl, viing Phii Thdng ciia Bach Thdng va huyen Ngan Scm tinh Bac Can) va chau Bach Thdng (nay la dal cae huyen Bach Thdng, Chg Ddn, Chg

Ra linh Bac Can)

Dcii cudi the ky XIX, theo Dai Nam nhat thdng chi Thai Nguyen gdm

3 phii, 9 huyen, 2 chau, 81 long, 371 xa, thon, phudng [69, 147-1531

Sau khi danh chiciii va binh dinh Thai Nguyen, dc cai tri va dan ap cac ciidc ndi day ciia nhan dan ta, ngay 20 - 10- 1890, thuc dan Phap cfil huyen Rinh Xuyen ciia phu Phii Binh de nhap vao Vinh Yen; cac huyen cdn lai ciia phii Phu Binh va phii Tdng Hoa lach khdi linh Thai Nguyen de gop phfin tao nen Tieu quan khu Thai Nguyen (mdi trong ba lieu quan khu thuoe Dao quan binh I Pha Lai thanh lap ngay 9- 9- 1891) 1130, 356-365J; chau Bach Thdng tcicli ra khdi phii Thdng Hoa tao thanh mot bd phan cua Tieu quan khu Lang San; huyen Cam Hoa tach khdi phii Thdng Hoa la bo phan ciia Tieu quan khu Cao Bang Nhu vay, lir Ihang 10- 1890 deii thang 9- 1892, tinh dan sir Thai Nguyen bi xoa bd, sap nhap vao cac dia ban khae nhau dal dudi quyen quan ly eiia gidi cam quyen quan su Phap

Thang 10-1892, thuc dan Phap lap lai tinh Thai Nguyen gdm phii Tdng Hoa, phii Phii Binh, chau Bach Thdng va huyen Cam Hoa, dat dudi quy6n cai tri ciia mdi vien mot cong sii' [56, lOj

Tu day cho deii Caeh mang Thang Tam va trong khang chicii chdng Phap, dia ly hanh chfnh ciia tinh Thai Nguyen khong cd gl thay ddi

Hoa binh lap lai, thang 8 - 1956 thanh lap Khu tu tri Viet Bfic, Thai Nguyen la mot trc^ng sau tinh (C^io Bfnig, Hfic Can, Lang Scrn, Hiai Nguyen,

Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang) va trd thanh thii phu ciia Khu tu tri Viet Bac Trude yeu Cclu ciia sir nghiep each mang, ngay 21- 4 - 1965, Qude hoi nude Vict Nam Dan chii Cong hoa quyet dinh hgp nhat Tliai Nguyen vdi Bfic Can thanh tinh Bfic Thai Deii 29 - 12 - 1978, Qude hoi khoa VI ra Quyet nghi sap nhap

2 huyen Ngan San va Chg Ra vao linh Cao Bang

Ngay 11- 4- 1985, Hdi ddng Bo trudng (nay la Chfnh phii) ra Quyet dinh sd 113 QD/HDBT thanh lap thi xa Song Cdng (gdm 1 thi Iran va 3 xa ciia huyen Pho Yen va Ddng Hy cat sang)

Nham dcip ling yeu cTiu phat Irien kinh le- xa hdi trong thdi ky ddi mdi

va dc thuan lien han ve mat quan ly cac don vi hanh chfnh, ngay 6 - 1 1 - 1996,

ky hop thii* 10 Qude hdi khoa IX ra Nghi quyet ve phan dinh lai dia gidi hanh

chfnh mot so tinh Bfic Thai dugc tach thanh 2 tinh: Bac Can va Thai Nguyen

(til'ngay 1-1- 1997)

Tinh Thai Nguyen dugc tai lap gdm 1 thanh phd Iriic thuoe tinh (thanh phd Thai Nguyen), 1 thi xa (thi xa Song Cdng) va 7 huyen: Phii Luang, Dai Til', Dinh Hoa, Ddng Hy, Phii Binh, Phd Yen va Vd Nhai vdi 177 phudng, xa, thi trail

1.1.2 Dieu kien tu nhien

Dia hlnh Thai Nguyen chia lam 3 viing:

- Vung phfa Tay va Tay Bfic ciia tinh bao gdm cac huyen: Dai Tii', Dinh Hoa va cac xa phfa Tay eiia huyen Phii Luang la viing niii rirng hieni trd, dia hlnh cilia cat manh Xen giua eac dai niii la eac khu ruong nhd doe, hep

- Viing phfa Ddng gdm hai huyen Ddng Hy va Vd Nhai, do cao trung binh 500-600m, dja hlnh phiie tap, vdi nhung khdi niii da vdi to Idn d Than

Sa, Thirgng Nung, Nghinh Tudng, dae biel la khdi niii da vdi Phuang Giao d

phfa Ddng Nam huyen Vo Nhai 66 so va hiem trd, lao ra nhidu thung lung

hep va sau Trong Idng niii da voi d cac huyen Vd Nhai va Dinh Hoa cd nhieu hang, ham rdng, Irong chicii tranh cd the lam kho clnia hang hoa, vu khf hoae lam nai irii chan thuan tien

- Viing Iriing du gdm cac xa phfa Nam cua huyen Phii Luang, phfa l a y huyen Ddng Hy, thanh phd Thai Nguyen, thi xa Song Cdng va cac huyen Phii Binh, Phd Yen ddi niii Ihap xen Ifin vdi ddng bang

DiCu kien tu nhien ciia ba \ iing tren day da tao cho Thai Nguyen the nicUih Irong ciufin su khi chieii tranh xay ra, dd la sir hd Irg Ian nhau, kci hop Ifiii cdng va plidng ngu; va trong ht)a hlnh dd la the manh phat tricn kinh Ic kci hgp giua nong - lam nghicp

D\6u kien lir nhien, vi Irf dici ly ciia linh da phan hoa khf ban no^i day

Ihaiih 3 viing: Phfa Tay nong va miia nliicni, phfa Ddng lanh va ft mua; phfa Nam khf hau cd Ifnh chai trung gian chuyen tiep giua phfa Ddng va phfa Tay, giua cac tinh mien niii ddng bac va ddng bang Bac Bd Khf hau lliai Nguyen khdng khae nghiet, sir phan hoa Ihco do cao khdng Idn, moi viing trong linh d6u cd he sinh thai dam bao cho con ngirdi sinh sdng

Dal Tliai Nguyen chii yeu la dai Feralfl, dat da vdi va dat ruong Dat ddi rat thuan tien cho viec Irdng che va ca phe Viing ddi cdn thuan Igi cho vice chan nudi dai gia siic, tao ngudn phan bdn cho cay trdng [79, 39] Day la dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec thanh lap eac ddn dien trdng cac loai cay cdng nghicp

Trong Idng dat Thai Nguyen cd nhieu khcxing san quy nhu than, vang, quang, Ihiec, ehl ; cac md sfit, bac, vang, chi, kem ti^r lau da la ngudn hap

dan ddi vdi nhifiu nha khai khoang trong va ngoai nude Theo Dgi Nam iduft

thdng chi, chi Ifnh rieng khoang thdi gian tri vl ciia 4 trieu vua: Gia Lonu,

Minh Menh, Thieii I r i , Tu Dii'c, ca linh cd 139 md dugc khai thae (trong d(')

cd 4 md chi) till md ehl d Quan T\\6u - Thai Nguyen la md Idn Day la mot

trong nhung cdng trudng khai md cd quy md, tap trung hang tram cdng nhan Luc lugng lao ddng d eac ham md thdi dd gdm ca binh Ifnh va dan phu, san xuat theo che do lao dich, ciidiig biic vdi ti^n cdng rai tliap Ngoai ehl, till trii" lirofng ciia sat, than, quang nai day cOng klia Idn va can thiet cho viec phat tricn n6n cdng nghiep eiia dat nude

Van theo Dai Nam nhat thdng chi, thdi Nguyen, thuc md vang d Vd

Nhai (cac md Kim Hi, Thufin Nang, Bao Nang) la 53 lang/1 nam; thue sfit d eac md Phd Yen, Ddng Hy, Phii Luang la 10.400 can [69, 171]

Vdi nhung 6\6\\ kien tren day Thai Nguyen la tinh giau tidm nang de

phcit tricn nong nghiep (trong dd the manh la trdng cay cong nghiep tren viing ddi), lam nghiep va cdng nghiep Thai Nguyen ndi liciig vdi dae san la che Tan Cuang, ed gia tri kinh te cao trong viec xuat khau va tieu thu trong

UU(lQ

1.1.3 Dieu kien xa hoi

Thai Nguyen tir lau la dia ban cu' tii ciia nhieu ddn toe, Theo Bao cao

tdng ket CCRD vao nam 1953 dan sd Thai Nguyen cd 212.796 nhan khfiu, bao gdm Kinh: 154.645 ngudi; Tay: 28.952 ngudi; Niiiig: 8.478 ngirdi; Trai Dai: ^.058 ngudi; San Chf: 5.444 ngudi; Man: 3.658 ngudi; Hoa Kieu: 3.320 ngudi; Cao Lan: 146 ngudi; Ngai: 73 ngirdi; Meo: 9 ngirdi; Thdng: 6 ngudi; Nhai: 6 ngudi; Thai: 1 ngudi [43,21

Theo thdng ke nam 1997, dan sd loan tinh la 1.018.786 ngudi, thudc 8 dan tgc: Kinh, Tay, Nung, Dao, San Dlu, San Chay, ITnidng va Hoa |59, 12| Ddng nhai la dan tgc Kinh (cdn ggi la ngudi Viet) chieiii 75,47% (769.226 ngudi) Day la dan tgc mang ngudn gdc ban dia, chiciii sd lugng ddnu nhai Dan tgc Kinh gdm nhieu bd phan hgp thanh: dan ban dia, dan duoc liiycn md

viio lam cdng trong cae md, ddn dien, cd bd phfin lii ngUdl di cU tu cac viing ddng bang len Dia ban cu trii ciia ngirdi Kinh rdng khfip tir viing trung du phfa Nam deii cac vimg niii rirng hco lanh phfa Bfic, trong dd tap trung nhieu

d thanh phd Thai Nguyen (171.203 ngudi) va cac huyen: Phd Yen (128.401 ngirdi); Phii Binh (126.965 ngudi); Ddng Hy (68.815 ngirdi); Phii Luang (55.560 ngirdi); Dinh Hoa (35.958 ngirdi); thi xa Sdng Cdng (35.013 ngirdi); Dai Tir (22.272 ngirdi) va Vd Nhai (125.479 ngirdi) [59, 12] Ngudi Kinh cd kinh nghiem san xuat va kha nang tiep thu nhanh cac tieii bd khoa hoc ky thuat Td chiie xa hdi ciia ngudi Kinh rat chat che, tu nong thdn deii thanh thi mang net dae thii lieu bieu cho eo' cau xa hoi Viet Nam Xuat phat tir dae diem cu Ini, ngudi Kinh cd truyen thdng trdng liia nude, lam nong nghicp va cae nghe thii cdng

Dan tgc cd sd ngirdi ddng thu hai la Tay (108.946 ngirdi) bang 10,68% dan sd loan tinh [59, 12], cd mat d Thai Nguyen tir rat lau ddi, cu trii rdng khfip Irong pham vi tat ca cac huyen, song ehii yeu d nhung huyen mien niii, viing cao: Dinh Hoa, Phii Luang, Dai Tir, Vd Nhai, sdng bang nong nghiep

la chfnh Hg cd trinh do phat trieii kinh te - xa hdi kha cao

Ciing tieiig ndi vdi ngudi Tay la dan tgc Niing (52.220 ngudi) bfing 5,12% dan sd loan tinh [59, 12] Ngudi Niing cd nhieu nhdm: Nung Phan Sinh, Niing Chao, Niing Inh Pham vi cu trii ciia ngudi Niing gan nhu ngirdi Tay, d tat ca eac huyen, thi trong tinh, song tap trung ddng nhat la d Ddng

Hy, Vd Nhai va Dai Tii'

Ngoai ra Thai Nguyen cdn cd 24.997 ngirdi San Dlu, sdng bang nghe trdng liia nude d cac viing niii Ihap va ddng bang; 21.825 ngirdi Dao sdng tren viing niii cao va 41.572 ngudi thuge eac thanh phan dan tgc khae: Hmdng, Hoa [59, 12], sdng rai rac d khap cac dia phuang Irong tinh Mdi dan tgc d6u cd von van hoa mang ban sfic rieng, rat phong phii, da dang

Xem xel linh hlnh dan eu, dan tgc d Thai Nguyen, cluing tdi thay cd

nhung diem dang luu y cd anh hudng den van 66 ruong dat:

a- TuYct dai da sd cif ddn sdng d ndng thdn Cac dan tgc Kinh, Tay,

Niing, Hoa sdng thanh cac lang cd id chii'e tuang ddi hoan chinh, chat che,

cd Ic luc rieng, cd tfn ngirdng thd thanh hoang thd dia vdi dinh chiia, den mieu Ccic dan tgc San Dlu, Cao Lan sdng thanh xdiii, tuy khdng ed id chiic chat che nhu ngudi Kinh, song eung cd ngirdi quan ly, cd le tuc, thd ciing

Tinh hlnh tren day anh hudng tdi ca cau ruong dat ma net ndi bat la d mdi

lang (hay xdni) ciia cae dan tgc, cho deii sat Cai each ruong dat cdn ton tai mot bg phan ruong dal cdng vdi mii'c dam nhat khae nhau, phue vu cho cac

boat ddng hanh chfnh va cac nghi Vc thd ciing ciia cdng ddng

b- Ket cdu cdc toe ngu'd'i ciia tinh tu'o'ng ddi da dang bdi vising dat nay

von la trung tam giao luu giua iiii6n niii Ddng Bfic vdi ddng bang va trung du

Bac Bg Tlieo Dgi Nam nhat thdng chi, thdi Gia Long ca linh cd 6700 suat

dinh Deii cudi the ky XIX cd 6761 suai [69, 157] Con s d d d han chua chfnh Xcic, nhirng cho thay, dan "ban dia gdc" d Tliai Nguyen khdng nhieu Song qua thdi ky chien tranh Trinh - Mac, thdi ky thue dan Phap khai thae thuge

dia Thai Nguyen vdi nhOng lifini nang v6 dal dai ndng nghiep, \6 cac ngudn

khoang san la noi thu hiit hap dfin ngudi cac tinh deii sinh ca lap nghiep Them vao dd la nhung quan lai ngirdi Viet sau thdi gian nham tri khdng trd

v6 que, nhu'ng luc lugng chdng ddi Iri^u dinh bi thai the da chon Thai

Nguyen lam nai sinh sdng lau dai, lam cho dan sd eo hoc tang nhanh Xin dan ra mot sd lieu Iheo bao cao ciia cdng sir tinh Thai Nguyen (nam 1938) thi sd dan cac tinh chuyen dcii Hiai Nguyen sinh sdng la 3165 ngudi, trong

dd cd ngirdi cac linh la Lang Sctn (989), Tliai Binh (809), Nam Dinh (807), Bfic Ninh (315), Hung Yen (268), Ha Ddng (243), Ha Nam (217), Ninh Binh (151), Bae Giang (132), San Tay (122), sd cdn lai la thuge eac tinh Phiic Yen, Hai Duang, Ha Ndi, Cao Bang Van theo bao cao tren thi, hang nam cd

mot so luong 16n ngudi cac linh dcii Thai Nguyen lap nghiep So lieu cu the

diroc the hien a hieu 1

Bieu 1: So ddn di en den That Nguyen tu 1930-1938 [84, 20]

ve sd huu ruong dat dan deii da dang ve thanh phan giai cap xual phat mgt phan ti;r dae diem di chuyen dan cu nay

c- Tinh dan xen tgc ngu'd'i trong cW tru the hien tu'o'ng ddi rd net

Tinh dan xen nay dfui deii vice hgc hdi Ifui nhau trong san xuat Trudc Caeh mang, cd hien lugng cae chu dat ngudi dan tgc "hgc hdi" nhau each khai thae ruong dat, bde lot ndng dan cua dia chii ngudi Kinh, lam cho each khai thae, kinh doanh ruong dat, bde lot ndng dan ciia cac chii dal thuge cac dan tgc vua cd nhung net rieng, lai vi^ra cd nhung nel chung

Cac dae diem vc dieu kien lu nhien, dan cu, dan tgc tren day da cd tac ddng dcii su phat Irien kinh le- xa hdi eiia linh Ket cau kinh te ciia lliai Nguyen la ndng- cdng- him nghicp va dich vu Ket cau xa hoi- van hoa cua phan ddng cu dan tap trung d kel cau lang xdni, ban lang

1.2, SO UlTlJ RllON(; f)AT 0 THAI NC.UYKN I RUOc CACH MANCJ THANCJ

"Tu'cdc tlid'i ky lich sii'cd xu'a, tinh Thdi Nguyen dd ddng vai trd ma vi tri dia ly dd quyet di/di cho nd, Id vai trd tinh dem giil'a cdc tinh mien chau thd vd mien fhu'gng du Qua cdc bien cd lich sii\ Thdi Nguyen dd tft'ng Id mdi

vi tri bdn U\ vd tinh chat bdn le dd dd du'g'c sd dung nhieu phdn

Cho tdi tigdy nay nd vdn Id giao diem qud dd, tren tdi cd nhil'ng IJnh vu'c nghien cu'u ciia chung tdi Licli sii\ khi hau, ddn tgc, trao ddi hang lu)d, lu'u thdng-tien te v.v ddu eung thdx rdng tfnh ndy khdng thodt khdi nhfi'ng rdng biidc md cdc dinh lugt thien nin'en dd quy dinlr

Day Id mgt tinh ndng nghiep, day eung Id tinh gidu khodng sdn, day Igi

Id mot tinh Idm nghiep

Klii cudc killing liodng kinh te clutng Inen nay qua di, tin cdi tinh dep de ndy, noi cd nhieu chd cd phong idnh gid'ng nhu' vimg Nodc-mdng-di ciia chung la nhat dinh se Ihinh vwgng len mot cdch khdng lu'd'ng tru'dc du'g'c Vi

nd cd vd vdn phu'o'ng tien thuan loi di^' trao vdo tay nhu'ng con ngu'di diing (dm khdng ngan nggi tru'dc khd khan gian kho" |84, 59-60]

Nam 1887, khi chua hoan thanh cdng cudc binh dinh tinh Thai Nguyen, Ihijc dan Phap da cap giay phcii cho cac dien chii ngudi Phap ehiem dat de

lap ddn di6n Qua trinh nay 6\6n ra lien tuc keo dai suot tu nam 1887 den

giua thc)p ky 30 Ngay Irong nhung nam driu lien, da c6 mo( loat nguoi Phap

duoc cA'p dal dc lap don diCn So lieu duoc the hien O hieu 2

Bieu 2: Cac don dien dau tien tiia ngiioi Phap a Thai Nguyen (84, 19]

Thoi gian lap 4-1887 9-1897 6-1898 7-1898

1 -1903 7-1898 Tdng cong

Dien li'cli (ha)

Thu doan cudp doat ruong dai cua ndng dan ciia bgn dien chii Phap Nam rat Irang Iron Nghi dinh ngay 1-5-1900 cho phep Kliam sii' Trung ky, Thdng sir Bfic ky, Thdng ddc Nam ky cd quyen cap cho mdi ngudi 300 ha trd xudng, cdn Toan quySn Ddng Duong ed quyen cap ft nhat ti^r 300 ha trd len [203,298]

-Dua vao nghi dinh eua Toan quy6n Ddng Duong cho phep nhung nha doanh nghiep Phap dugc khan hoang nhung dat bd trdng de lap ddn dien va dugc su giup dd eua vien cdng sii dfiu tinh, bgn thuc dan da dung vu luc de dudi hang Irani gia dinh ndng dan di nai khae de ehiem dat, ehiem ruong Dudi danh ngliTa "cdng ty dan dung ddn difin" do Guillaume lam ehii cd tru

sd d Cha va Thae Nhai, eung nhu cdng ly "Reynaud cha va con" cd tru sd d Son Col (Phd Yen) da diing nhan vien eiia sd dia chinh ed Ifnh di kem de do dai qui hoach cho ddn di6n, ai cd ruong dat Irong pham vi quy hoach dd se mat quyen lam chii; neu ai cd thai do chdng lai lap tiic hi ket tdi chdng ddi nha nude bao ho va bi trung phai nghiem khae [107, 13-14]

Ngoai nhung ten chu ddn dien thuc dan, bgn quan lai, cudng hao, cai ddi, binh Ifnh, cac vien cliue, nha budn, cha cd eung dua vao the luc ciia dc qude de chiein doat ruong dat cua ndng dan Hg mo dan nii^n xudi len lam

hoae bfit dan dia phuang khai pha, hoae bao chiein, hoae md sdng bac, budn Ihude phien, cho vay nang lai de Kia gat ndng dan deii viec phai ban ruong cho ehiing

Cho dcii nam 1918, theo Ta Thi Thuy, sd ddn dien ciia ngudi Phap dugc lap d l l i a i Nguyen tii' 1884 deii 1918 la 24 gdm 3 ddn dian cd dien tfeh dudi

30 ha, 21 ddn dien lir 50 ha trd len, vdi cac dng chii: "Dreyfus va cdng ly",

"Cdng ty Van Gia" (1*), "Reynaud, Blanc va cdng ly", anh em Guillaume, Melnian, Hermel, Commaille, Darribe, Girard 24 ddn dien Tliai Nguyen chiein 5% tdng sd ddn dien ciia Bac Ky) vdi dien tfeh 80.757,5623 ha (chiein

19,35% tdng dien tfeh ddn dien) Trong sd cac ddn 6\6u 66 cd 3 ddn 6'\6n

tren 5000 ha va 4 ddn dien han 10.000 ha [189, 110-111]

Cling vdi cac dia chu ngudi Phap, cdn cd ca nhung dia chii ngudi Viet Nhieu ngudi trong sd hg Igi dung, cau ket lam tay sai cho Phap eung cudp doat ruong dal cua ndng dan de thanh lap cae ddn dien Idn Den nam 1945,

ed 6 ddn dien Idn cua ngudi Viel bieu 3 Dang luu y la nam 1943, ba Nguyen

Thi Nam- mgl lu san d Mai Phdng len mua lai ddn dien ciia Reyllon d Ddng lly, ddi ten thanh ddn dien Cai Hanh Long (2''')

Bieu 3: Cac don dien luii cua ngudi Viel 6 Thai Nguyen

Ten dien chu

Nguy6n Trong Thuat

Dien tich (ha)

4-IQ26

7 8-1920 2-1927 1-1937 11-1911

Ngoai cac don dien lan con c6 he thong don 6\tn nho dugfc thanh lap

drnVi dang tam cap, dang xet cap, cap han ciia ca ngiioi Phap va nguoi Viel

So lieu cii the o l)ieu 4

Bieu 4: Cac loai don dicMi nho o Fhai Nguyen duoc Caeh mang [84, 20]

Loai don dien

T a m cap Dang xet cap

D a cap hAn Dang xet cap han

27600

Bao Ccio long ket CCRD cua linh Thai Nguyen, cho biet deii nam 1943 chi tfnh rieng 10 dia chu Phiip da chiein Idi 24.290ha = 68.366 nifiu rudng dal (chiein ty Ic 56,8% dien tich ruong dai cua linh) 143,10]

Ve hoat ddng kinh doanh cua cac ddn dien: qua cac bao cao cdn luu trCr

duoc va qua khao sal thuc le mdi sd vimg cho Ihay, trdng trot va chan nudi la

hai hoat ddng kinh doanh ehmh Ve trdng trot, liia duae trdng nhieu nhat, liep den la che va ca phe Thdng ke chua dfiy du lir 12 ddn dien cd Idn cho Ihay, vao nam 1938, dien lich trdng liia la 2794 ha (chiein 10,26% trong long

sd dien tfeh 27234 ha) Tiep deii la che, Irau cd chung dien tfeh 669 ha, ca phe chi cd 56,25 ha Sd dien tich cdn lai dicing de chan nudi, trdng rung Ta Thi Thuy cho biet them, vao nam 1918, tinh lliai Nguyen cd 3 ddn dien chuyen canh liia (831,9 ha), cac ddn dien khae deu trdng liia kel hap che, ca phe, chan nudi [189, 284 - 290] Dieu daiig luu y la, che, ca phe mdi diroc trdng trong Ihdi ky khung hoang kinh le 1929- 1933, khi gia gao tren thi trirdng trong va ngoai nude sul giam, san xual ndng nghiep cua cac ddn dien Irong linh trang bap benh, ngudi Phap thay lua liang ca phe va che Nhung do

It vdn, ky ihuat canh tac lac hau nen kel qua thu duoc kem

Ve td chiic kinh doanh ciia cac ddn dien, cho deii nay, chung loi khdng

cd du tir lieu Ihii hieu viec kinh doanh ciia cac ddn dien ngirdi Phap Mdi sd Bao cao Irong thdi ky CCRD cdn luu lai cho thay, thdi gian dfiu, cac chu ngu'di Phap kinh doanh theo phuoiig ihirc lir ban chii nghia Chung cho Ihue dcii, chan nudi dai gia sue nhirng khdng cd hieu qua nen sau dd chuyen sang liuili thiic bde Idl phong kien liic j^hat canh thu Id Vf du, lai cac ddn dien Ddng Quang, Gia Sang, Tan Cirong (huyen Ddng Hy), ehiing thu mdi nifiu lir 8-9 phu'ong Ihdc ddi vdi ruong loai 1; 6-7 phiroiig (3^'^) ruong loai 2; 4-5 pliuong ruong loai 3 Miic Id lirdng nhir khdng cao nhirng uen thuc Iciai cao lion nhieu vi cac chu ddn dien Ihirdng lira la dien bring each, khi thu id dung pliu'Ong hai day, sd thdc cua mdi phuung hai day lai them 3 kg nua Ngoai ra,

ta dien cdn phai thue Irau ciia chu vdi gia thue mot vu la 10 phu'ong thdc ddi vdi mot con Irau dire va 6 phiro'ng thdc ddi vdi mot con trau cai Tlidi ky khung hoang kinh te, miic Id lang len lir 1-2 phirong

Ccic ddn dien cua ngudi Vict phc1n Idn deu trdng liia nen ngay tir dfiu

thanh lap, cac ehu ddn dien lay phat canh thu td lam plufc/ng thuc hogi ddng

chinh Luc luong deii ITnh canh d ca hai loai ddn dien (Phap - Viet) la nhirng

ngirdi ndng dan sd lai va dan phieu bat tir noi khae deii Sd phieu bat clui yeu

la dAn ngheo khd cac tinh ddng bang len, mot sd la ngu'di cac dan toe Ihieu

sd d cae tinh lan can sang Mudn vao lam thue d eac ddn dien, nhirng ngu'di nay phai qua cac Ihii tuc hanh chinh vdi chfnh quyen dia phu'Ong (phai Irlnh the thue than, dang ky lam trii de bao ve an ninh) rdi thue dat lam nha d Sau

dd lam giao keo thue ruong Ban giao keo diroc in san cae phrin "ciiiig", chi dien them cac phfin "mem" lien quan deii lai lich ngudi nhan linh canh Ndi dung mot ban giao keo thudng ghi ho ten, tudi, que quan, sd the thue than

{civd ngirdi nhan linh canh) xin nhan cay sd ruong ( ) d xa Ihude ddn dien,

vdi miic thue phai nop ( ) Ben dirdi cd cam ket thue hien dfiy dii, neu khdng

se chju toi lira dao va bdi thirdng cac khoan phf ton Neu khdng lam tiep llii phai bao trirde cho don dien, neu khdng bao thi coi nhu vSn lam va ngudi linh canh phai nop td day du Cudi ciing la chu ky (hoae diem chi) ciia ngudi linh canh Phfa ben trai cd dau va chu ky ciia ly trudng xa sd tai Cd ddn dien

in hop ddng b^uig ea ehu Phap va chu Viet (xem Pint luc)

Miic td binh quan ciia cac ddn dien ngudi Viet duoc ap dung la 7 ndi thdc mot iiiSu, tuy ruong lot hay xau ma cd the tang giam, mdi ndi la 22 kg Nhu vay, cay 1 iiifiu ruong, ngirdi linh canh phai nap 154 kg, 1 sao la 15,4

kg Neu nang suat binh quAn 1 sao rudng chi cd 40 kg - nhu bao cao ciia Cdng su* Thai Nguyen nam 1938 Ihl miic Id d day la tren dudi 40%, khdng cao so vdi cac dia chii d trong vung va so vdi d ddng bang (50-70%)

Dieu hanh cdng viec kinh doanh ciia cac don dien ngirdi Vict la mot

Ban dieu hdnh ddn dien gdm cac chiic danh: thu ky, quan ly, thu kho, trudng

trai (a'p), kiem lam, cd ea lire luong vu trang vua de bao vc san xuat, vua de trail ap nhung la dien chdng ddi Chiing gfin nhu cd loan quyen trong vice cho ngirdi nhan linh canh, thue mudn nhAn cdng Nhieu trudng hop, bon nay nhan lam td cho chii ddn dien nhung sau dd lai cho ndng dan linh canh vdi

miic td 10- 11 iidi/1 mau, goi la ngu'di qudn ly qud dien Chu ddn dien khdng

nhirng nam quyen ve kinh te ma cdn cai quan ca ve chfnh tri- xa hoi, chiing cau ket chat che vdi ly trudng cac xa trong dia phan ddn dien de kim kep ngirdi ndng dan, bao dam ngudn thu td thudng xuyen

De hieu them tinh hlnh eac ddn dien cua ngudi Phap va ngirdi Viet d Thai Nguyen, chiing tdi dan ra nidl vai sd lieu Ihdng ke ciia mot ddn dien cu

the- ddn dien Thae Nhai (Bieu 6) Bieu nay cho thay, ddn dien nay da ehiem

doat 62,7% rudng dat cua xa (mot thdn chua cd sd lieu), 59%; sd ho phai linh canh rudng ciia ddn dien va ho bi bde lot nang ne: binh quan trong 50 nam mdi ho phai nop sd thdc td la 33.298 kg (666 kg/ mdi nam), mot mfiu rudng nop 8874 kg thdc (mot nam thuc te la mot vu vl phan Idn rudng d day chi cay duoc iiidt vu miia- la 178 kg, tiroiig dirong vdi 8 ndi thdc) Dang luu y la, sd

"td phu" (le lat bieu xen, lam khong cdng) bang nua Id chfnh Ngoai ra, la dien cdn bi bde lot bang Id lao dich: mdi nam phai den lam vice khdng cdng cho chu hang chuc ngay

Bieu 6: Mot vai sd lieu ve tinh hiiih don dien Jailloii (ddn dien Thae

Nhai, xa Hop Thanh, hnyen Pho Yen tii 1896-1945) [180, 1]

bi tra lA'n

1.2.2 Chieni hun (4') ruong dat cua dia chu ngudi Viet

Cho Idi nay, chiing tdi van chua cd du cac lir lieu va sd lieu chfnh thuc

ve tinh hinh chiein him ruong dat cua cac giai cap, tang Idp, trong dd cd cua dia chu trong toan thih tru'dc Caeh mang Vi vay, de cd the hieu duoc so bo

ve van de nay, chiing tdi sir dung sd lieu va lu lieu duoc dieu tra dien hnih trong Cai each ruong dat

Theo Bdo cdo tdng ket CCPD va tai lieu dieu tra dien hinh cua 5 xa va

cua 28 xa (6 huyen) dieu tra don gian de long ket CCRD thi tinh hlnh ehiem hiru ruong dat ciia dia chii nhir sau:

Chi tmh rieng 24 dia chu Idn da chiein huu 8.154" "4" 3" chiein ty le 6,7% (so vdi dien tfeh rudng dat cua toan tinh) Cdn cac loai dia chii vi;ra va nhd miic dp chiein huu rudng dai nhir sau:

Bieu 7: Chieni huu ruong dal ciia dia chii nam 1945 [43, 10]

Bang cac thii doan khae nhau giai cap dia chii tlm moi each de chiein

doat rudng dai eua ndng dan Theo Bdo cdo so' kel linh hinh mnig thdn ciia

tinh Tlidi Nguyen [34, 3] va qua dieu tra d mdi sd vung, chiing tdi thay cac

thu doan chiein doat rudng dat ciia cac dia chii Idn thirdng la:

a) Dua vao ehinh quyen thuc dan, ind dan mien xudi len lam, hoae biil dan dia phirong khai phii dat dai

b) Bao chieni, tiic la mua xung quanh, khdng cho dAn dia phirong vao khu VU'C ddn dien rdi dfin driii bru ep dan phai ban re hoae chiein doat ca mot

viing sau do duoi han dan lung laug di nai khae nhu lang Thanh Thti, lang Kim Tinh (Pho Yen), dfin h^ng Thanh Thu mai l6i Ihang 8 nam 1945, khi Ccich mang thanh cdng mdi diroc Ird ve que cQ 0 Dinh Hoa khi lap ddn dien, Lirong Tam Ky eung duoi dan mot lang di noi khae de chiein cii, lap len lang Khau Bao

c) Md sdng bac, budn thudc phien, cho vay nang lai de dua dan vao bAy rdi buoc ho phai dem gan rudng de tra no, nhir dng Tam xa Bao Cudng, huyen Dinh Hoa, hut thudc phien da the chap cho Luong Tam Ky ( cdn goi

la Phii Ky) 6 inAu 5 sao, dng Bang Nho xa Bao Cirdng ed 11 m 8 s, danh bae cam hei cho Lirong Tam Ky

Cd ngu'di vay ciia Dinh Tlii Lan (Ddng Hy) 5 ddng (liic dd gia ban 1 mSu rudng la 15 ddng phai the chap 1 mfiu, qua han khdng gia dirac la mat rudng) Cd ngirdi da mat het ruong, bi chii no tich thu gia san phai di noi khae nhir Ly Tia, Ta Van Huu v.v

d) Bd tien ra mua ngdi thir cho ndng dan rdi bat ndng dan phai hoan no bring each gan rudng Dien hlnh cho thu doan nay la Phii Ky (Dinh Hoa), Nguyen Thi Mai (Hung Son), Ong Ly Biit da mat 30 mau, dng Virong 25 mSu cho bon nay

e) Sau khi phat xit Nhat vao Ddng Duong, nhieu dia chii driu eo than dau, viing lac, loi dung chinh quydn Nhat, bcU chet dan khi dan cftn mua de nop cho Nhat Phu Ky d Dinh Hoa khi sSp siia thu thfiu dfiu cua dan da cho ngirdi di mua vet eiia cac xa, khi mua dugc nhieu rdi dng ta mdc ngoac vdi Phu Tinh mua sd than dfiu tren cua Ky de nop cho thih Sd Ihau dfiu dd ban

di chuyen lai cho cac xa vdi gia dal gap 5- 10 lan liic mua (mua 20 ddng 1 ndi, ban 100- 200 ddng 1 ndi) Chi rieng lien lai cua vu nay, Ky da mua them dugc 35 mau rudng

g) Ban chiu cac thu hang tap hda (dfiu, day thep, mudi, thudc lao v.v ) cho ndng dan, rdi thanh ng lai me de lai con, ndng dan phai the chap rudng nhu trirdng hgp cae dng Hoang Phue Lam (Djnh Hoa), Nguyen Si Dang (Phii

Binh), Cai Ngan (Tan Cuoiig, Ddng My) Tir (hii doan nay, Sy Dang d Plni Binh da lAy khong 3 inAu rudng cua dng Bai

h) Dua vao chinh quyen va ban dd sd sach khdng rd rang de cudp rudng ciia ndng dan nhu Cii Cap (xa Phue Xuan, huyen Ddng Hy) da chiein 105 mfiu rudng cua 5 gia dinh d lang Uin, cd ngudi sau khi bi mat rudng nlur dng Duong Quy vi uat lic qua da nhin ddi de chet, 1 gia dinh khae phai phieu bat len tan Phii Luong sinh sdng trong canh ddi ngheo

Gic dia chii nhd thudng cd thii doan chiein doat ruong dai ciia ndng dan nhu:

- Gci bac rdi cho ndng dan vay, thua bac phai viet van lu ban ruong

- Ep ndng dan bfing thii doan: khi rudng sfip cay, dem ihao het nude eua ngudi ben canh, sau dd cho ngirdi ra canh giir khdng cho ndng dan cd rudng

d ben canh lay nude, ngudi dd khdng cd nude cay, nit cue phai ban rudng Tieu bieu cho thu doan nay la Chaiih Nhan d xa Dai Ddng, huyen Phii Binh

- Xui nguyen giuc bi cho ndng dan kien cao nhau buoc ho phai vay lien theo dudi kien, li^r dd khdng che ndng dan phai ban re rudng cho chung Chanh Nhan d Phii Binh eung la dien hlnh cho thii doan nay

Ve phirong lliirc bde lot ciia dia chii, qua bao cao dieu tra 5 xa dien hlnh va 28

xa trong 6 huyen cho thay, bde lot dia Id (phat canh) kei hgp vdi ihiie mudn nhan cdng la phirong thiic chfnh cua phan ddng cac dia chu d Tliai Nguyen

Bieu 8: Ti le sd dia chu phat canh thu 16 va thue mudn nhan cong

[43, 25]

Hinh thiic hoc lot

Phat canh thu td

Thue mudn nhan cong la chfnh

kei hop thu to

Kei hap 2 hlnh thiic va cho vay

Ve phdt canh thu td: tru'dc khi thuc dan Phap deii Thai Nguyen, cac dja

chu viing nay Ihu Id bring 2 each:

a- Td re: Iheo llioa thuan deii trudc vu gal, chii rudng va ngudi linh canh

ra rudng re liia lam 1/3, 2/5 hoae 2/3 lua theo hlnh thii thira rudng Ben chu rudng nhan phfin fl hon, cd the thue ngirdi khae den gat hoae chfnh ngudi linh canh gal ganli ve nha cho chii rudng

b- Td dong: loai td san pham nop b^ng ndi, ngirdi ITnh canh phai nop 6

ndi thdc tren ruong loai 3; 8 ndi tren ruong loai 2; 9 ndi tren rudng loai 1 (phoi khd quat sach, mdi ndi 22 kg)

Cac chii rudng cdn cho thue trau ma ngudi trong viing quen ggi la Id

trdu, tuy theo trau due hay trau cai, do tuoi, kha nang cay keo ma dinh miic

Id, Ihuc chat la gia thue trau Td trau eung la mgl ngudn Igi idn ddi vdi giai

cfip dia chii Vf du Nguyen Tlii Mai (xa Binh Thuan, Dai TIJ) trudc Caeh mang ed tdi 300 con trau lid cho thue rai rac trong huyen; sau Caeh mang, van cdn tdi 100 con Irau Tu 1945 deii 1949 cd 94 ho ndng dan lao ddng d xdni Chiia va xdin Dinh ciia xa nay thi 40 ho phai thue trau cua ba la, mdi con trung binh lu 12 ndi thdc den 15 ndi thdc mot nam [46, 5]

Dieu dang luu y la d Tliai Nguyen, qua dieu tra, ehiing tdi chua thay cd dia chii nao thu td bang lien Dieu nay phai chang la do hat thdc vfin la val thanh loan chinh lai mot vung kinh te hang hoa chua phat trien?

Ve thue mu'd'n nhdn cdng cd cdc hinh thu'c:

+ Thue Iheo vu hay mot nam, cdng xa cho thg luy theo loai cdng viec

ma thg dam nhiem (cay, cay, chan trau ), tuy theo kha nang lam vice, tfnh

net cua thg Vf du, viing Ddng Hy, Dai TIJ*, Dinh Hoa, mot thg cay phai cay bi^ra rudng va gico ma Irong nam dugc tra 12 hoae 15 ganh ihdc, moi ganh bfnig I ndi nidi (33 kg), 3 bd quAii ao, tien e^l Idc hang thang, nudi an sudt nam Mot dira Ire chan trau mot nam dugc 2 ganh thdc, 2 bg quSn ao, 2 ddng bac (tirong duong khoang 200 kg ihdc) Nhung ngudi dugc mudn sudt nam la ngudi klioe manh, can cu can Ihan, Ihii'c tha, dugc chu lin cay, nhieu ngirdi dugc clui men ga con gai cho, song sd nay rat fl, da sd hg la nhung ngudi vl

ng nan vdi chfnh chii ruong nen phai di d, cd ngudi phai di d sudt ddi, bj bde lot nang ne, lao ra ngudn thu Idn cho cac chu rudng VI the kha nhieu dia chii da thue nhieu ngudi d nam Thdng ke trong 5 xa d huyen Phii Binh nam

1945 cd 30 hd dia chii da mudn 60 ngirdi d nam; nam 1949 cd 27 ho dia chii

da mudn 51 ngudi d nam Thdng ke 6 xa d huyen Dai Tii' nam 1945 cd 32 hg dia chii da mudn tdi 90 ngudi d nam; cd dia chu da mudn tdi 5 ngudi d nam nhu Td Sai Quang (d xa Luc Ba); Luc Van Thdng (d xa Van Tlig)

+ Thue theo ngay hay phien chg: tai mdi lang cd mgl die'm (cay da, dinh, mieu, diein hoae chg) de cac idp thg cay, Ihg cay cac lang d dudi xudi len chd viec Cac chu rudng ra dd mudn thg ve lam Thdi gian lao ddng (vu mua la chfnh) tu sang sdin deii khi Irdn bdng n^ng, chieu tir xe chieu deii khi mat Irdi tfil Mdi lan thue lam trong 5 ngay va Iheo gia cdng chung cua phien chg dd, neu lam tiep ti^r ngay llui 6 ihl lai tfnh Iheo gia thue cua phien chg mdi Cdng Ihg dugc ira bring gao, vf du thg nhd ma 5 bat gao/ ngay, thg crfy

4 bat, thg phai lu nfiu an, chii nha mua cho luong ca, rau dua

Ngoai hai hlnh ihuc phat canh va thue mudn nhan cdng, cac chu rudng cdn lam giau bfnig cho vay nang lai la hlnh Ihiic lam giau tirong ddi "nlic iihang" nhirng phat len rai nhanh do ly le lai suai cao, lai me dc lai con

1.2.3 Chiem huu ruong dat ciia tAng Idp phii nong

Sd dl chiing tdi dua linh hlnh chiein huu rudng dctl eiia phii ndng thanh muc rieng vl day la lang Idp luong ddi "dae biet" Hg cd luong ddi nhieu rudng dal, phirong Ihiic lam giau cd nhieu net gidng dia chu: vii*a thue mirdn

nhan cdng, vira phat canh thu Id, kei hgp cho vay nang lai, song thue nm'dn

nhdn cdng Id chinh Ranh gi6i giua ho v6i dia chu, giua ho v6i Irung nong

\6p tren ntt de bi "xoa" trong di6u kien lam nong nghiep nhir a nutifc (a

Theo Thong ke hdo cdo tdng ket CCRD d 28 xd trong 6 huyen vd theo

so lieu dieu tra dien hinh cua 5 xd thi ndm 1945 phii ndng chiem huu rudng dd't nhu sau

Bieu 9: Chiem huu ruong dal cua phu nong (nam 1945) [43,121

Ithih (|uan nhan

khau

2".4"0" 1"8"6"

Sd lieu d bieu thdng ke tren cho ta thay, in lie do sd huu rudng dat ciia phu ndng d Thai Nguyen trudc Caeh mang khdng Idn Binh quan mot nhan kluiu khoang 2 mfiu rudng

Qua dieu tra chiing tdi thay lang Idp phii ndng lam giau chii yeu bring thue mudn nhan cdng gidng nhu hlnh thiic thue eua dia chii dugc trinh bay d tren Mot sd rat nhd phat canh thu id va hau het hg deu kel hgp cho vay lai

1.2.4 So huu ruong dat ciia cac tang Idp nong dan

Chiing tdi diing sd lieu d 5 xa dieu tra dien hlnh tdng ket CCRD dc so

bd neu len tinh hlnh sd huu rudng dat ciia cac tang Idp ndng dan lao ddng Irong tinh

Bicnt 10: Sd huu ruong dat eua Trung nong, Ban nong, Cd nong

(nam 1945) [43, 12J

Thai gian

Nam 1945

Ty le % so vdi long S

rudng dai cua 5 xa

Binh quan nhan khau

S(> liiiii niung dal ciia Trinig nong

57" 2" 05 1,46

0" 0" 08"

Cac lu lieu va sd lieu Iren cho Ihay, da sd ndng dan cae dan loc deu khdng cd hoae cd rat il rudng dA't de lam an, phai di ITnh canh hoae di lam Ihue lam mudn cho dja chii va phu ndng, bi dia chii, ehii ddn dien bde lot nang nd Nhieu khi, ngudi ndng dan phai bieu xen, diit Idt mdi dugc nhan rudng ITnh canh C) mgl sd ddn dien nhu Gia Sang, bgn chu thudng tlm each duoi nhiing ta dien cu, hoae nhung ngudi cd tu tudng chdng ddi de

mo ta dien mdi vdi gia re mat hon vi nhung ngudi nay khdng cd viec, dang

"khat khao" nhan ITnh canh Mudn dugc chii chap nhan ITnh canh, phai nop

6 ddng va cdn phai lam khdng cdng cho chu 10 ngay Sau khi nhan rudng

va thue trau ciia dja chii, hg phai nai lung ra cay cay chain sdc; den mua

ihu hoach, so thdc thu dugc eung chi dii de nop td cho chii rudng Roi vao

bude dudng ciing nhat la vao liic giap hat, eac gia dinh ndng dan lai phai tlm den dia chii de vay thdc vay lien Hien tugng phd bieii d trong linh la khi vay neu la thdc till vay 1 phai tra 2 Nhieu noi dia chu cdn dung thii doan gian lan de kiem Idi: khi cho vay thi diing thiing nhd va dong nhe gat nang; den liie thu ng lai diing thi^ing to va dong manh gat nhe Khdng it ngirdi ndng dan phai bieu xen chii ruong mat ong, ga Ihieii vao nhirng dip

le let mdi dugc chii rudng, chu ng cho liep luc nhan rudng va vay ng

Gidng nhu khi di vay thdc, nhung liic ngudi ndng dan phai di vay lien Cling la nhung luc khdn qufui eung cue Hg phai nhfim mfil nhan moi dieu kien do dia chiVdal ra Trudc liic cho vay cac dia chii "nhdm gid lid Ihdc", khdng quen nhdm ngd nhung bat ddng san cudi eung cua ngirdi ndng dan nhu manh virdn, ao ca, thua rudng de lam dd the chap Thdi gian tra ng

thudng la ngiln, ty le lai sau mot vu thirdng la mot von mgl lai (100%) Neu

den han ma khdng tra dugc thi ngudi ndng dan phai gan dal gan nha, Ihain ehl phai gan ca con cho nha chii de lam thue tra ng Xin neu mot vi du: d

Van Thg, gia dinh dng Nguyen Dinh Ngu vay dia ehu 4 ddng; sau mot vu ca

\6n va lai thanh 8 ddng; hel 1 nam lai dap vao vdn thanh 16 ddng Cii' Ihc, lai

me de lai con, dng Ngu khdng sao Ira hcl na, phai cho hai con Irai cua minh

dciidtrong 10 nam cho chu ma vfm khdng hel ng [105, 131-132]

Ngoai ra d cac ddn dien, cac chii ddn dien cdn thanh lap bg may cai Iri rieng, coi la dien ehl la "no le" cua chiing nhu ddn dien Van Gia (Phii Binh), ddn dien Cha, ddn dien Thae Nhai (Phd Yen), ddn dien Ddng Bam (Ddng Hy) Chiing dua vao chanh phd long, ly phd trirdng, trudng trai ap de kiem soat viec la dien phai nop Id cho chii, bril la dien di phu sua sang dudng xa, cau cdng, kenh inuong trong ddn dien, trai ap cua chiing Chiing cdn id chiic

budn mudi, mam, thudc lao ve ban 6t\l bat ta dien phai lieu thu (dia chu

Nguyen Kim Loan ddn dien Van Gia, Phii Binh) Chiing tu dat ra quy dinh

ed thih chat nhu mot ihii' "luat rieng" bat ta dien phai theo, neu khdng se bi chiing danh dap tan nhan hoae bai bd bd tu, tich thu tai san, dudi ra khdi ddn dien, nhu la dien khdng dugc phep dem ban thdc ra ngoai ddn dien; ai "bat luong" dia chii cd quyen lich thu gia san va kien tai toa an thih; trau bd dang thue neu chet phai bao ngay cho clui va phai den bang gia Iri da mua; khdng dugc san ban trong ddn dien" [80, 1 ]

Bang moi phuong thiic va Ihu doan tan nlifm, giai cap dja chii phong kieii da bde lot ngudi ndng dan lao ddng deii tan xuong tuy Cudc sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan lao ddng da bi dfiy vao eon dudng ciing Mgt sd trd thanh ta dien vdi hai ban tay trang va cudc sdng ddi ngheo; mot sd di vao cac ham md bcin sue lao ddng cho bgn chii md dc lay nhung ddng luong re mat, bap benh khdng du sdng

Trong Ccic ddn dien, Iwn Ihuc dan da duy tri dieu kien lao ddng va Idi bde lot thdi phong kien Trong pham vi lanh dia eiia chung, quyen lire cua chii ddn dien gan nhu tuyet ddi Chung cd qui che rieng, bd may hanh chfnh

dan ap rieng, cd nha giam rieng Bgn tay chan ludn Igi dung danh ngliTa ciia chii thang tay ap biic va vo vet cua ta dien; ddng thdi khuyen khieh la dien elien ep "dan su" (dan ngoai ddn dien) Ngirdi dan ngoai ddn dien bi chcn ep khdng sdng noi phai bd rudng vudn phieu bat hoae trd thanh la dien vSo vdi ngudi ndng dan ndi chung, la dien tuy dugc bgn dien chii dung tiing mot sd hanh ddng nhu na\i rugu lau, chcn cp, cudp bde "dan su" , nhung ban than

hg cdn ciing quan hon ngirdi ndng dan lu do Ke l\x khi bi tudc mat manh dal

cudi Cling thuc chat hg la ngudi "vd san" Ngirdi ta dien v&n chi la ngirdi ndng dan tu do bi pha san, bi brin ciing hoa va gan vdi ddn dien bdi cudc sdng cay thue cudc mudn

1.2.5 Ruong dat cong va ban cong ban tu

Theo Bao cao long ket CCRD Ihl trong long so ruong dal 120251" 5" 13" ciia tinh thi ruong cdng ed 1617 inAu (chiein 1,3% long dien tieh canh tac) Rudng nha chung cd 211 mau (chieni 0,17% dien tieh) ciia tinh

a- Ruong dat cdng ciia Idng xd

Tai hau het cac lang xa ciia ngudi Viet va cac dan toe Ihieu sd cho den nhung nam trudc CCRD, van con mot bd phan ruong dat cdng (gdm ca cdng

dien va ban cdng ban tu) Tlieo Thdng l<e long hgp l(ei qud chia ruong dat qua cdc dgt CCRD ciia tinh Tlidi Nguyen thi sd ruong nay dugc phan bd nhu sau

Bieu 11 : Dien tich ruong dat cong tai 75 xa truoc CCR D [181,1]

Xin dan ihein sd lugng rudng dal cdng cua cac xa ihudc huyen Phd Yen

7 6" 6" 12

Cong dien

2" 8" 02 3" 0" 00 100" ()"00 33"3" 06

• ;

1" 1" II

Ruong dhili, chua 56" 7"01

7

1" 1" 12 24" 3" 07 93" 1" 01 2" 5" 13

Ruong hau

203 "3 "05

?

5" 6" 1 1 37" 3" 12 120" 3" 07

de dau thau la'y tien dung vao cac boat ddng hanh chfnh cua lang xa Mot

phan khae chia cho nhung ngudi di linh Sir bat binh dang Irong viec sir dung rudng dal cdng d hau het cac lang rat rd net Nhung xa cdn nhieu rudng cdng nlur Trung Tlianh (Phd Yen), 1 rang An (Dai Tu) Ihi chia sd rudng nay cho nam gidi tu 18-60 tudi de "trg suu" (sau khi danh mgt phan rudng vao muc dfch thd eung, hanh chfnh) Dudi day xin dfui ra tinh hinh sir dung rudng dat cdng d hai xa Binh Thuan va Hijug Son (huyen Dai TIJ) [147, 5J

Rudng dinh ehiia va rudng phe ciia 2 xa dung vao vice thd ciing, cho nen ai cay sd rudng nay thi dip luAn tiel phai sua le theo quy dinh O Hiding Son, nhung xdin cd nhieu rudng phe, rudng dinh nhu xdin Su 3 iiiSu, xdni Chua 5 mfiu, ngudi cay rudng hang nam phai nop cho lang 80 can thii vao 2

ky tiec, nhung xdin cd ft rudng nay nhu xdm Ban Cd cd 2 mfiu 8 Ihl hang nam ngudi cay ruong chi phai nop cho lang 40-50 can thii Rieng lang Huy Ngac thi khdng lay thit, ngudi cay ruong phai nop cho lang 6 ndi thdc I mfiu,

de lang lay sdthdc dd sua le val llid eung

Cdn sd ruong cdng (quan dien) cua 2 xa dugc sir dung bfuig each: 29 mfiu 2 sao 02 d Hung Son thi do hdi ddng hang tinh ban dau thau de sung vao quy cua tinh Mdi lan thau la 3 nam, rudng hang nhai Ihi ban 8 ddng 2 mot mau, rudng loai hai thi 6 ddng 1 mfiu Nhung ngudi dugc thau rudng deu

la ky hao, chuc dich nhu phd hdi Tuan (trung ndng), Hd Cdng Luan (phii ndng), ly trirdng Ndng (trung ndng), trudng ba Chau Doan Tuyet v.v

O Binh Thuan, each su dung cd khae: 24 mau rudng cong Ihl cac ky hao ban cho dia chu Nguyen Thi Mai, den 1934-1935, lang di kien ddi lai sd rudng dd, nhung ba la chi tra lai 17 mau, cdn 7 mau van lam cho den 1945

Sd rudng 17 mfiu ddi ve dugc thi lai do cac ky hao (Huong hao Do- trung

ndng, Ly Tao - ban ndng v.v ) 6a dfiu don kien thi Mai nen dugc lam

Tom lai, sd ruong cdng eua 2 xa trong thdi ky trude Caeh mang deu la

do nhuiig ngudi thuge thanh phfin dia chu va ky hao sir dung