Ảnh hưởng qua lại giữa đạo công giáo và văn hoá việt nam

Mot phan nifa cung do anh hUcVng cua thai do cung ran, thieu mem deo ciia cac Dang cong san Lien x6, Trung Quoc luc bay gid nen da hinh thanh trong xa hoi nude ta trong do cd ca can bo,

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI TRLTC^iJNG OAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

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PHAM HUY THONG

AXH HUdl^G QUA LAI GUfA DAO COII^G GIAO

VA TAX HO A VIET iVAM

Chuyen nganh Chu nghla duy vat bien chiimg

va Chu nghia duy vat lich sijr

Ma so : 62.22.80.05

LUAN AN TIEN Sl TRIET HOC

Tap the hu6ng djin khoa hoc:

1 GS.TS Nguyen Hiru Vui 2.TS Duong Van Duyen

A l HOC QUOC GIA HA NO(

i^UNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

Ha Noi, thang 02 nam 2008

linMMllllWH«H.ll

MUG LUC

A Mo dau 1

Chucfng 1: Dau an cua dao Cong giao trong van hoa Viet Nam 8

1.1 Nhiing dong gap tick cUc cua dqo Cong gido vai van hod Viet Nam 8

1.1.1 Khai niem dao Cong giao va van hoa Viet Nam 8

1.1.2 Dao Cong giao voi six giao liru giua van hoa VietNam

va the gi6i 13

1.1.3 Dao Cong giao vai cong trinh sang tao ra chiJ Quoc ngu 19

1.1.4 Dao Cong giao gop phan lam phong phii van hoa Viet qua \t hoi,

van hoc, nghe thuat, baochi Cong giao 25

1.1.5 Giao ly Cong giao gop phan xay dirng loi song lanh manh trong

xahoi 44

1.2 Nhvtng dnh huang tieu cifc cua dqo Cong gido vdi van hod Viet NamSA

1.2.1 Ngudi Cong giao gap kho khan khi the hien long yeu nirac va thirc

thi phap luat 54

1.2.2 Niem tin ton giao can tra ngiroi Cong giao hoa nhap

vai van hoa cong dong 62

Ket kudn cua chuang 1 66

ChuY/ng 2: Sir tac dong tro lai cua van hoa Viet Nam vol dao Cong giao

0 nifdc ta 68

2.1 Van hoa Viet Nam, mot nhdn to gop phan hien doi dqo Cong gido

xa \q thdnh mot ton gido gdn gfd vcri vdn hoa ddn tqc 68

2.1.1 Van hoa Viet Nam thiic day tien trinh hoi nhap van hoa dan toe

ciia dao Cong giao ve phong tuc tapquan 69

2.1.2 Van hoa Viet Nam lam thay ddi thai do cua dao Cong giao

vai cac ton giao khac 81

2.1.3 Van hoa Viet Nam vai vice Viet hoa cac ITnh virc Phung vu cua

dao Cong giao 87

2.1.4 Tien trinh Viet hoa dao Cong giao vai viec dao tao doi ngu giao sT

ngirori Viet 92

2.2 Vdn hoa Viet Nam gop phan hinh thdnh vd phdt trien con dudng dong

hdnh cung ddn toe cua dqo Cong gido 95

2.2.1 Khai niem dong hanh cung dan toe 96

2.2.2 Ngufod Cong giao Viet Nam v6\ cuoc khang chien gianh

doc lap dan toe 100

2.2.3 Ngudi Cong giao Viet Nam vai six nghiep xay dimg va bao ve To

quoc 108

- Ket hidn ciia chuo'ng 2 121

Chuang 3: Xu hiidng phat trien cua moi quan he giura dao Cong giao

va van hoa dan toe trong giai doan doi mdi va hoi nhap quoc te hien

nay 124

3.1 Nhung nhdn to tich cUc vd tieu ci(c doi v&i viec thuc day moi quan he

gdn ho giua dqo Cong gido vd vdn hoa ddn toe 124

3.1.1 Nhirng nhan lotich cue 124

3.1.2 Nhung nhan to tieu cue 142

3.2 " Song Phuc dm giua long ddn tqc '* la xu hiurng tdt yeu cua moi quan

he qua Iqi giifa dqo Cong gido vd vdn hoa Viet Nam 151

3.2.1 Tien trinh "Song Phiic am giua long dan toe" cua dao Cong giao tai

C Tai lieu tham khao 174

D Danh muc cac bai bao khoa hoc cua tac gia da cong bo lien ^uan

den luan an 183

r fill! luc: Quyet djnh thanh lap Hoi dong cham luan an cap Nha nuoc;

r.Nnn xet cua 3 phan bien, Quyet nghi cua H6i dong; Toat yeu Suan an

MODflU

L Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

^ a c h " Khdm dinh Viet sir Thdng gidm cu'(/ng muc'' viel: '' Nam

Nguyen Hoa thu nhat (1533) dai Le Trang Tong c6 nguai Tay duang ten Inekhu len den truyen dao Gia to a lang Ninh Cucmg va Quan Anh 6 huyen Nam Chan va lang Tra Lu thuoc huyen Giao Thuy "[Dt 65,

tr 187-188] * Cho den hom nay, cac sir gia Cong giao cung chua biel them mot chi tiet nao ve giao si c6 ten la Inikhu tren day nhung dao Cong giao vSn lay nam 1533 la nam khai sinh cho minh a Viet Nam Nhu vay,

so \6i cac ton giao c6 nguon goc tir nude ngoai du nhap vao nuac ta nhu

Phat, Nho, Dao giao thi dao Cong giao vSn con rat tre The nhung, ton giao nay da de lai mot dau an kha dam net trong van hoa dan toe va cung lam xuat hien mot loat cac quan he phurc tap c6 khi xung dot gay gdt vai van hoa, xa hoi a nude ta

Tru6c het, qua trinh truyen giao va phat trien ciia dao Cong giao giin

lien vdi viec banh truang ciia chii nghla thuc dan, de quoc a Viet Nam nen

no cung gap phai su chong doi quyet liet ciia mot so trieu dai phong kien

truac day cung nhu mot so si phu c6 tinh than yeu nuac thiet tha vai van

menh dan toe Dao Cong giao bi coi la '' ta dao'\ chong lai phong luc truyen thong cua dan toe ma ro net nhat la van de tha cung 16 tien

Cuoc xam lang nude ta ciia thuc dan Phap vdi quy mo va cudng do ngay cang quyet liet thi muc do chong doi dao Cong giao cung cang ngay cang gay gat han Dudi cac trieu dai phong kien d nude ta, da cd 53 sic chi lien quan den viec cam doan dao Cong giao duac ban hanh Co cuoc khdi nghia da coi dao Cong giao la ke thu nguy hiem ngang hang vdi thuc

dan Phap can phai tieu diet ngay vdi khau hieu '' Binh Td\\ sat ld^\

''•' Cac liTch dSn true tiep de trong [ ] con gian tiep c6 them chu Dkn thco (DiJ

dan cua Van than d Nghe TTnh nam 1874 ghi: 'Trieu dinh dau hoa vdi Tay mac long, si phu nude Nam vSn khong chiu, vay trudc hct xin gict hci giao dan roi sau danh Tay cho het de giiJ lay cai van hoa ciia ta da ho'n moi ngan nam nay" |Dl.53, tr.87] Sir ky thi dao Cong giao cang bj khocl sau khi thuc dan, de quoc sau nay am miru chia re luong- giao

Khi Dang cong san Viet Nam ra ddi lanh dao nhan dan la gianh doc lap cho dan toe, mot phan do cac the lire thij dich luon lai dung ton giao nhai

la Cong giao de pha hoai sir doan ket loan dan toe va tren ihirc le da cd mot bo phan khong nhd cua ton giao nay cau ket vdi che do thirc dan, dc quoc va tay sai Mot phan nifa cung do anh hUcVng cua thai do cung ran, thieu mem deo ciia cac Dang cong san Lien x6, Trung Quoc luc bay gid nen da hinh thanh trong xa hoi nude ta trong do cd ca can bo, dang vicn

lU tircVng la khuynh bai ton giao nhat la Cong giao, phu nhan gia Iri van hoa, dao du*c cua cac ton giao Giao su Dang Nghiem Van da ndi rat diing hien lugfng nay Ong viet:

Thuc te da hinh thanh trong tir iixang can bo quan niem phat Iricii ton giao khong co kli cho each mang Do la do sir hieu biet han

hep cua ho chi xet ton giao qua nhung hanh dong ton giao phuc vu muc dich chfnh tri dofn thuan nen da v6 tinh gay ra nhung doi lap khong can thiet giifa nha nut'yc va ton giao trong doi song xa hoi, tren ca mat tran van hoa, dao dure, tarn ly |90, tr.611

Suot Mil gian du6i ihai chien tranh lanh, mau thuan giiJa y ihuc he

cong san chu nghla va cac ton giao, dac biet la Cong giao bi thoi phong khoet sau, tham chf coi nhau la thu dich Ngay 19-3-1937, Giao hoang Pio

XI da cong bo thong diep Divini Redemptoris (Dang Cuu chuoc) icn ID

chu nghla cong san Thong diep viet: "Cong san ban chat la gian la sa khong the chap nhan cong tac tren bat cu pham vi nao doi voi moi nguoi muon cuu lay van minh Kito gia()"[Dl.7.'^, tr.482| Con o Dong Diiung

- 2

ngay 9-11-195K 14 Giam muc trong dd cd 4 ngirdi Viet Nam cung da ky vao mot Thu chung vdi Idi le con gay gat hon:

Chu nghla cong san bac bo Thien chua, bac bd moi ton giao, bac

bo thuyel linh hon hang song, bac bd quyen lai cua con ngudi va gia dinh Chu nghia cong san xung khac tuyet ddi vdi Cong giao den ndi Dure Thanh cha tuyen bd : khong the vira ihco cong san vira theo Cong giao dirac va ngirdi Cong giao nao gia nhap Dang cong san thi lap tiic bi khai trur khdi giao hoi [Dt.76, lr.93 |

Nh&ng quan diem cue doan tren day da gay ra mac cam dinh kien cho

ca cong dong Cong giao va mot bo phan xa hoi ddi vdi ton giao nay Ma day lai la mot ton giao Idn d nude la hien nay vdi gan 6 trieu Ifn dd chiem hom 7% dan so ca nude Dung nhu Giam muc Biii Tuan da chia se tarn tir gan day:

Mot dang doc lap va hoa hcJp dan toe luon la ly tudng idi khao khai Mot dang chong cong lai la menh lenh cua Be tren trong dao ma loi phai vang Kho khan Idn nhat la d cho: Thai diem lap trung vao viec gianh doc lap va xay dung doan ket chong ngoai xam lai do Dang cong san Viet Nam lanh dao Cd nhiJng luc luofng lam toi cam ihay diSn ra xung dot gay gal Xung dot cd chieu sau tham tham va chieu rong menh mdng Xung dot lai keo dai tir nam nay qua nam khac [85, tr.3]

Dang cong san Viet Nam, dac biet la Chu lich Hd Chf Minh- ngudi sang lap va lanh dao Dang ta da cd ral nhieu chu truong, chinh sach dung dan nham xoa di mac cam dinh kien giua ngudi cd dao va khong cd dao, xay dung khdi dai doan ket loan dan toe vi muc tieu doc lap lir do cho dan toe, hanh phuc cho nhan dan Sau khi tien hanh cong cuoc ddi mdi moi each loan dicn Dang cung cd nhiJng quan diem rat bien chun>i vo ion

giao Nghi quyet 25-NQ/TW "\e cong tdc ton gido'^ duac thdng qua dau

nam 2003 la moi vf du Nghi quyet viel: 'Tm ngUdTig Idn giao la nhu cau

~ 3

linh than cua mot bd phan nhan dan va se ton tai cijng dan tdc trong qua trinh xay dung chu nghla xa hoi d nude la Dong bao cac ton giao la bo phan cua khdi dai doan ket loan dan toe Dao dure ton giao cd nhieu dieu phii hop vdi cong cuoc xay dung xa hoi mdi'' [25, tr.49]

Ve phia dao Cong giao cijng cd nhiJng budc lien dai tren dm^g dong hanh ciing dan toe Sau khi nude nha thdng nhat, mot khong khf phan khdi, tir hao dang Irao trong moi ngudi dan Viet Nam irong dd cd dong bao Cong giao Thu chung cua cac Giam muc Viet Nam nam 1980

da ghi lai niem pha'n khdi dd Lan dau tien ngudi ta thay nhirng giao huan nhu the nay:

Yeu To quoc, yeu dong bao ddi vdi ngUdi cong giao khong nhiing la tinh cam lu nhien phai cd ma con la mot ddi hoi ciia Phiic am Long yeu nude cua chung ta phai thiet thuc nghla la chiing ta phai y Ihiic nhirng van de hien tai cua que huofng, phai hieu biet dudng loi chinh sach cua Nha nude va tfch cue cijng dong bao loan quoc gdp phan bao ve va xay dung mot nude Vict Nam giau manh, lir do, hanh phuc [65, tr.2431

Rd rang liT nay, ngudi Cong giao khong con phai ban khoan diimg imdc nhiing lira chon khd khan la ton giao hay dan toe dao hay ddi vi nghla vu ngudi cong dan cung la bdn phan ciia ngudi ifn huu Til nay Cong giao va Dan toe cung dong hanh tren mot con dudng

Tuy vay, nhiJng quan diem dung dan tren day lii hai phfa giao hoi va Nha nude chua phai da duac sir dong thuan, ung ho ciia moi ngudi Van con mot so ngudi trong giao hoi coi tu tudng dong hanh ciing dan loc la ''cap lien'' tham chf la "theo dudi Nha nude", la giam muc, linh muc ''quoc doanh" , Nguac lai ciing khong ft Idi chi Irfch chfnh sach ur do tfn ngudng, ton giao dung dan ciia Nha nude la nhat la tir nhiJng ngudi cd lu tirdtig cue doan lif nude ngoai Ho cho rang lam nhu hien nay la '^ mat canh giac'' ma phai dijng cac bien phap ciing ran vdi cac Idn uiao

Tmofc mot tinh hmh nhu vSy, chiing toi muon thong qua nhung kien giai trong luan an nay khang dinh nhiJng dong gop tich cue cua dao Cong giao v6i van hoa xa hoi Viet Nam nh^m gop phan xoa di nhung mac cam, dinh kien von ton tai lau ddi trong mot bo phan dan chung dong thdi cung chi ra r^ng chi c6 gdn bo vdi van hoa dan toe, dong hanh v6i dSn toe, dao Cong giao m6i c6 the phat trien lanh manh va c6 cho diJng trong long dan toe

2.Tinh hinh nghien curu de tai

De tai ve dao Cong giao duac rat nhieu hoc gia, vua chua, sT phu, cac nha lanh dao nude ta quan tam Chu tich Ho Chf Minh ciing c6 rat nhieu

bai viet, bai noi ve de tai nay ma chiing toi da siru tap lai trong cuon Chii

tich Hd Chi Minh vdi dong bao Cong gido { Nxb CTQG, 2004) Co the

nhan ra mot xu hudng truac thdi ky doi mdi la cd nhung tac pham chi

nhln thay mat tieu cue cua ton giao nay nhu Dao Thien Chita vd chii

nghia thuc ddn a Viet Nam ( Cao Huy Thuan, Nxb Hmmg que USA

1988) hoac chi thay mat tdt mang tinh chat ho giao nhu Cong gido Viet

Nam trong dong sinh minh Viet Nam (Cao The Dung, Dan Chiia xuat

ban- USA 1988) Nhan su kien phong 117 thanh tu dao Viet Nam nam

1988, nhieu cuoc hoi thao khoa hoc cap Nha nude da duac to chirc nhieu tac pham nghien ciiu ve dao Cong giao da dugc cong bd vdi cai nhm mdi

nhat la nhirng tac gia gan day nhu Vdn deddnh gid vai tro ciia ton gido (GS.TS Nguyan Huu Vui, Tap chf Triet hoc 3-1992); Niiioig dong gop

ciia Cong gido vao nen vdn hoa Viet Nam (PCS Nguyen Van Kiem Tap

chf Nghien ciJu ton giao so 1-2001); Ton gido trong mdi quan he vdi vdn

Iwd vdphdt trien (PGS.TS Nguy6n Hong Duong, Nxb KHXH 2004); Vdn

de ton gido trong cdch mang \ let Nam- Ly luan vd liiitc lien ( GS.TS Dd

Quang Hung, Nxb CTQG 2005); Mot so luan an TS Triel hoc gan day

cung chon de tai nay nhu Tmcmg Nhu Vuttng : Cjdp phdn dm hieu dao

due trong Kinh thdnh (1988); Dd Thi Lan Hien: Su ihom^ nlidl gi7a kinh

Chua vd yeu nuac trong tu tudng Viet Nam th&i can dai (2001) Nhieu

lac gia la ngUdi Cong giao cung duac du luan chu y nhu Tran Tam Tinh

vdi I hap gid vd luai giMm ( Nxb Tre 1988), Nguyen The Thoai vdi Cong

gido tren que huang Viet Nam ( Luu hanh noi bo 2001) The nhung

chua CO mot tac pham nao de cap mot each day du den mdi quan he qua lai giiia dao Cong giao va van hda Viet Nam

3 Muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien ciiru cua luan an

- Muc dich cua luan an la nham lam sang td nhirng ddng gdp lich cue cua dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam va anh hudng Ird lai ciia van

hoa nude ta vdi ton giao nay nhat la trong vice xay dung dudng huCm^

"Song Phiic dm giifa long ddn tqc'\

- Pham vi nghien ciiu: Tap trung nghien ciiu anh hudng ciia dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam va sir lac dong Ird lai ciia van hoa nude la ddi vdi Idn giao nay tren hai phuctng dien Viet hda Phung vu va con dudng ddng hanh eimg dan toe

4 Ca so ly luan va phuong phap nghien curu

Luan an duac xay dung tren ca sd nguyen ly eiia triel hoc Lcnin, dac biet la quan dem ciia chu nghla Mac- Lenin va lu lirdng Hd chf Minh ve van de ton giao

Mac-Ve phucflig phap nghien cihi: Luan an quan triel phuoiig phap luan triel hoc Mac xil Cd sir thdng nhat giira phucmg phap lich sir va logic

phan Ifch va long hap, kel hiip giua nghien cim ly ihuycl va khao sal ihuc

lien

- 6

5 Cai mdi cua luan an

- Luan an trinh bay he thdng va lucmg ddi day dii nhiing ddng gdp tfch cue ciia dao Cong giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam

- Khang dinh rang, nhd sir tac dong trd lai cua van hoa n\l6c la nen da

bien ddi dao Cong giao liif mot ton giao xa la, xung khac vdi van hoa dan toe trd thanh mot ton giao gan bd, gan gui vdi dan toe Luan an cung phae thao xu huctng van dong cua dao Cong giao d Vict Nam irong mdi quan he vdi van hda dan toe va dua ra mot giai phap de phat trien mdi quan he gan ix) dd trong giai doan dai nude doi mdi va hoi nhap quoc te

6 Y nghia ly luan va thurc ti^n cua luan an

+ Y nghla ly luan: Su bien doi cua dao Cong giao d Viet Nam chirng id rang, ton giao nay cung la san pham cua xa hoi, cua lich su Ton tai tren dai nude la, Irong xa hoi la, nhiing yeu id tfch cue cua dao Cong giao duoc phat huy, nhung yeu td lieu cue bi khong che, vi vay xem xet ton giao nhu Nghi

quyet 25- NQ/TU* V*^^ cong tdc ton gido cua Dang ta la bien chirng va diing

dan, gdp phan phat trien ly luan ciia chu nghla Mac Lenin ve van de ton giao

+ Y nghla thuc tien: Vdi vice khang djnh nhung ddng gdp ciia dao Cong

giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam, luan an gdp phan xoa di mac cam, djnh kien n(ti ddng bao cd dao va cong dong xa hoi ddi vdi ton giao nay

Luan an cd the su dung lam tai lieu nghien cihi, giang day, tuyen truyen gdp phan xay dung khdi dai doan ket loan dan, phat huy siJc manh loan dan toe

7 Ket cau ciia luan an

Luan an dai 18^ trang khd A4 Ngoai phan Md dau, Ket luan, 3 trang f'hu luc anh minh hoa, Nhung cong Irinh cua tac gia cd lien quan den luan

an va Danh muc cac tai lieu tham khao luan an chia lam 3 chuong 6 tiet

7

Theo quan niem nay, Idn giao la mot thanh td cua van hoa va ductng nhien, chung cd quan he qua lai vdi cac thanh id khac Dao Cong giao duac du nhap vao nude ta chua day 5 the ky nhung ton giao nay da de lai moi dau an kha dam net trong van hoa Viet Nam d nhieu linh vuc lii chir viet den nghi IC, loi song, lir van hoc, nghe ihual den linh vuc bao chf, lir vice truyen ba kien thiic khoa hoc ky thuat, kinh le d phucmg Tay vao nude ta den vai trd lam cau ndi gidi ihicu hinh anh dat nude, con ngudi Viet Nam ra the gidi ben ngoai DI nhien, su vat, hien luoUg nao cung

cd nhieu chieu kfch Vi vay, ben canh nhiing ddng gdp Ifch cue dao Cong giao cung cd ca nhiing anh hucyng tieu cue vdi van hoa Viel Nam ma dudi day chung loi se cd gang trinh bay lai mot each he thdng

HOA VIET NAM

•

1.1.1 Khai niem dao Cong giao va Van hoa gi&a Viet Nam

Theo TS Nguyen Tlianh Xuan, "dao Cong gido la ddng gdc cua dao

Kitd cd trung tam d Roma" |99, tr.l 13| d Vict Nam lau nay tren sach

bao diJng rat nhieu ten goi khac nhau de ciing chi mot ton giao nhu dao

gido, Cong gido, Thien chua gido, Kiid gido, dao Ciia id ( ha\ Da id} Co'

8

doc gido Cong gido Rd ma Thien chua gido La md va xa xua hc^n cdn cd

ten goi la dqo Pha Lang, dqo Hoa Lang Mdi mot ten goi cd mot ngudn

gdc va y nghla Ijeh sir rieng Vf du trong sac lenh cua Trinh Tac nam

1663 viet: "Le Huyen Ton, Canh Tri 1, Minh Vlnh Lich 17, Thanh Khang Hy nam Ihii hai, miia ddng thang mudi, cam ngudi trong nude hoc dao Hoa Lang" Hoac mot sac lenh khac ghi: "Trudc day ed ngudi Tay duc^fng goi la Hoa Lang di vao d trong nude la, dem dao di doan ciia Gia

td lira ddi du dd lam ngu mudi dan chung "|Dl.58, lr.491 Cd ngudi giai thfeh vi Iiic dd cac giao sl di ciing cac thuong gia dem ban vai hoa gidng nhu hoa khoai lang! Cd tai lieu ndi,vi khong thao lieng Vict nen khi rua loi cho tan long, ngudi ta hoi : Cd muon vao Idng Hoa Lang khong? Vi ngudi ta goi Hoa Lang de chi ngudi Hoa Lan (Holand) bdi ngudi dan luc

dd nham tudng ngudi Bd Dao Nha la ngudi Hoa Lan Song chiing loi ddng y vdi each giai thfeh cua Hong Nhuc- NguyiSn Khac Xuyen rang,

Hoa Lang, Pha Lang hay Pha't Lang cung deu xuat phat lir halanci iheo

each goi ciia ngudi Hoi d the ky Xl-XIIl de chi ngudi Phap Ddng ihdi ngudi ta cung goi chung tat ca nhung ngudi den tii' chau Au la Falanci ca

(gidng nhu cd thdi ky d ta goi tat ca nhiing ngudi ra nude ngoai la di Tax

het) Cdn cac ten Gia td, Cof doe giao Kitd giao la do phien am cac tir

.lesus, Christus qua Han ngiJ (ngudi Han goi la Ca lai tu doc) |.S8, tr.491

Cac giao s7 ddng Ten khi den Trung Quoc muon tim mot ttj- de chi Deus

-Thuong dc trong Kinh thanh nhirng cac tii Thuang de Thien chu, Tliien

deu da duac Nho giao, Dao giao dung rdi nen ho phai dung lii linen

Chua { Thien chu dai nhan- Chua that trdi dat) Nam 1584 Ruggicri soan

mot cudn giao ly cd ten la I Men Chua thuc luc chinh vdn va chfnh thuc

goi Deus la Thien Chua Nam 1603 Ricci Matlheo cung cho phat hanh

cudn I hien Chiia thuc nghla, cudn sach nay duac giao sT ngudi Y ten la

Baldinolti, ngUdi dau lien dat chan den Dang Ngoai nam 1626 cho in

nam 1630 nen cd the tii Thien chiia ciing den Viel Nam lij* ihdi ky nay

Tuy nhien cung cd nai giao sT giu nguyen tir Deus nen trong kinh cd van

cd tir" dao Chiia Deu" ( Vf du kinh: Lay cm Dixc Me Chua Deu )

Cdn khai niem hen dao, ben gido cd le xuat hien ti^ thdi nha Nguyen

khi goi dao Cong giao la "ta dao" va ngudi theo dao nay la "duu dan" va nguac lai theo Nho giao la chfnh dao va ngudi khong theo Cdng giao la luang dan, turc la dan luong thien Tuy nhien, ngay nay, cac khai niem

"lucfng, giao" khong cdn mang nguyen nghTa xua ma chi cdn nghla ndi den ngudi theo Cdng giao va khong Cdng giao ma thdi Cac khai niem

Thien chiia gido La md hay cong gido Rd ma la cd y phan biet vdi cac

dao Chfnh thdng Tin lanh, Anh giao Theo chung toi, nen goi ton giao

nay la dao Cong gido viTa phan anh duac dung tfnh chat cua cac cdng

doan dau tien d Jerusalem ma Kinh thanh cd ghi lai la "cac tfn hiiu thi ddng due, nhimg tat ca mot Idng mot y y\i cd cua gf, chdng bao la cua minh niia, ddi vdi ho, moi su deu la cua chung" (Cv 4,32) ChCr Cdng

giao duac dich tir tieng Latinh: Catholica T\i nay duac tim thay lan dau

tien trong mot birc thu ciia thanh tu dao Ignatio La thu giVi cho cdng doan Smyrne nam 107, trong dd cd cau: "Ubi Christus, ibi Catholica Ecclesia" ( d dau cd Diic Kitd, d dd cd giao hoi Cdng giao) Giao sT M Ricci diing khai niem dao Cdng giao d Trung Quoc lan dau vao nam

1603 Nhu vay, Cdng giao la mot thuoc tfnh ciia tdn giao xuat phat tu Dire Kitd va ve sau cdn mang nghTa la tdn giao cd tfnh phd quat nhu djnh nghTa ciia thanh Cyrillo thanh Jerusalem viet vao cudi the ky thir II:

Giao hoi duac goi la Cdng giao vl giao hoi lan tran khap the gidi tii" dau nay den dau kia ciia irai dat, vi giao hoi giang day mot each pho bien, khdng loai trir tat ca cac tfn dieu con ngudi can phai biet va ciing vi giao hoi muon cho loai ngudi vua quan cung nhu thudng dan, ngudi thdng thai cung nhu ke dot nal suy phuc sir tdn sung dfch Ihiic ^1.-56, tr.34|

•• 1 0

Cdn de chi chung cac tdn giao ciing thd Chiia Kitd, deu lay Kinh thanh

ca Cuu lan Tan ude lam nen lang nhu Cdng giao, Chfnh thdng, Tin lanh

Anh giao nen goi la Kitd gido Khai niem Thien chua gido 6u d Trung

Quoc va Viet Nam thucmg dung de chi dao Cdng giao, nhung theo chiing loi, khdng nen su dung vi tren the gidi khdng ed khai niem immg hap va d6 gay lam lan vdi mot sd tdn giao khac cung thd Thien chiia nhu Do thai, Anh giao va ca Hoi giao nua Nhu vay, khai niem Kilo giao rong hctn va duc^fng nhien Cdng giao chi la mot nhanh cua Kitd giao ma thoi Danh tir Cdng giao cung chfnh thiic duac nha nude ta ghi nhan cung lu each phap nhan ciia ton giao nay va trong Sac lenh 234/SL do Chii lich

Hd Chf Minh ky ngay 14-6-1955 cung de cap den Khai niem dao Cdng giao de cap den trong chuyen luan nay la tdn giao thuoc giao hoi Cdng giao Roma va duac truyen vao Viet Nam tir dau the ky XVI

Cdn vdn hoa \'iet Nam la gi? Trudc khi ndi den khai niem nay, chiing

la hay ndi qua khai niem vdn hda

Nhu tren da ndi, tren the gidi cung nhu Viet Nam cd rat nhieu dinh nghla ve van hda TS I Walerslein d Dai hoc Oxford cdn cho dd la "moi

trong nhiJng khai niem mn hd nha't, gay tranh cai nhieu nha'l trong khc^ tii

vimg khoa hoc xa hoi loai ngudi"[l()4] Song nhieu ngudi ddng y vdi dinh nghla cua UNESCO duac cdng bd d Mehico thang 8-1982 Inmg dd chi ra rang, tat ca nhiJng gia In vat chat va linh than do con ngudi sang

tao j'a do la van hda

Giao hoi Cdng giao cung ed rat nhieu van ban ndi ve van hda Cdng ddng Vatican 2 da dinh nghla:

Van hda chi tat ca nhiJng gi con ngudi diing de ti'au ddi va phai trien cac nang khieu da dang ciia lam hdn va the xac; cd gAng che ngu ca Irai dat bang tri thuc va lao ddng: lam cho ddi song \a hoi ddi song gia dinh cung nhu ddi song chfnh tri trd ihanh nhan dao hcyn nhd su lien bo trong cac lap luc va dinh che: sau hcl di^n la

11

thdng truyen va bao tdn trong cac cdng trinh cua minh nhiing kinh nghiem tinh than va hoai bao Idn lao cua cac thdi dai, de giiip nhieu ngudi va toan the nhan loai tien bd han |7(), tr.811-

8121

Su khac nhau trong quan niem cua cac hoc gia Cdng giao va ngoai Cdng giao ve van hda la d chd cac hoc gia Cdng giao nhan manh yeu td tdn giao trong van hda Hong y J.Ratzinger nay la Giao hoang Benedicto XVI viet: "Trong tat ca cac nen van hda ma ta duac biet trong Ijch sir, tdn giao ludn ludn la mot yeu td can ban ciia van hda, tham chf la linh hdn cua van hda Chfnh tdn giao an dinh cau triic ciia cac gia tri va do dd hinh thanh ly le ndi tai cua cau triic a'y"[33, trl711 That ra, d Viet Nam mot sd nha nghien eu"u van hda gan day cung coi trong thanh id tdn giao trong cau triic van hda GS Tran Quoc Vuang nhan xet:

O trung tam mdi tdn giao Idn deu cd hat nhan triet hoc deu cd chii nghTa nhan dao- la thanh tiiu van hda Idn nhat ciia loai ngudi Cai tir bi ciia Phat, cai bac ai cua Chiia Kitd, cai nhan nghTa ciia Khdng Nho la nhung hat ngoc van hda dd Nhin nhan van de tdn giao theo quan diem van hda hoc, tdi thay the nay: xet theo quan diem lich sii phat sinh va trudng thanh, tdn giao vira la san pham ciia van hda, viia la thanh phan hiiu ca, mot nhan td cau thanh ciia van hda" [99, tr.3]

Vay the nao la van hda Viet Nam? Qio den nay, chiing tdi chua tim

thay dinh nghTa Iron vcn ngay ca trong giao irinh Ca sd vdn hda \ lei

Nam do GS Tran Qudc vuang chii bien( Nxb Giao due, H.2{K)()) Ngudi

ta chi ra dac trung ciia van hda Viet Nam la song nudc va thuc vat ( van minh thdn da) Cac hSng sd ciia van hda Viet Nam la ndng ihdn, ndng nghiep Ilia nude va xdm lang Nhieu tac gia chi ra ban s^c ciia van hda Viel Nam la truyen thdng yeu nudc, tfnh cdi md va tfnh cdng ddng Cdn

cau triic ciia van hda duac liet ke ra tdi 15 thanh td iron^ d(') co ifn

ngudng, tdn giao, ngdn ngu, phong tue tap quan, 1^ hdi, van hoc, nghe thuat, loi song That ra, neu coi van hda la tat ca nhirng gi la san phalm cua eon ngudi thi chfnh tri, luat phap ciing la van hda Cho nen, theo chiing tdi van hda Viet Nam chfnh la nhihig gia tri vat chat va tfnh than

ma ngudi Viet da tao ra trong qua trinh dung nude va giii nudc Tuy nhien, de khdng "lan sSn" sang ITnh vuc khac, trong luan van nay, neu cd ndi tdi chfnh trj cung la ndi dudi gdc do van hda ma thdi

1.1.2 Dao Cong giao vdi su giao liru van hoa giua Viet Nam va tlie gioi

Dao Cdng giao ra ddi lir Tieu A nhung lai phat trien manh a chau Au

va mang dam ban sac van hoa cua chau luc nay Bdi vay khi du nhap vao Viel Nam nd ciing mang theo ludn ca dau an van hoa, van minh cua phuc^g Tay vao nude ta Trong sd cac nha truyen giao den Viet Nam, khdng ft ngudi duac dao tao bai ban liJ cac ddng lu, chiing vien ndi lieng

d chau Au Uan niJa, dc cdng vice truyen giao cd ket qua cac ddng lu

cung thudng tuyen chon nhirng ngudi cd kha nang ndi trdi ve ngoai ngiJ

am hieu phong luc tap quan cac nude Cdn cac thuctng gia cho cac giao sl

di theo khdng chi mudn giiip ve "phan hdn" trong nhirng ngay lenh denh tren bien ca day hiem nguy, sdng gid ma cdn giiip ca du bao Ihdi tiet, phien dich, tim hieu phong tuc tap quan dia phucmg nai ho den trao ddi budn ban Tat ca nhiJng nhu cau dd la sir sang loc de lao ra doi ngu nhimg nha truyen giao xuat sac ve nhieu linh vuc ma chiing la duac chung kien sau nay Ho chfnh la nhirng ngudi lam chiee cau giao luu van

hoa giiJa phuang Ddng va phU(]fng Tay Cac lac gia cudn Anh hudng cua

cac he tu tudng vd ton gido doi vdi con ngudi Viel Nam hom nay da c6

nhan xet rat diing rang: "Ndi den nhirng anh huxmg ciia van hoa lu ludng

d phucmg Tay d Viel Nam thi chac chan dao Thien Chiia la nhan id dau lion trong sir anh hudng nay Va nhu vay, Inmg lich su ton giao ludn

'}

-ddng vai trd la mot trong sir gia di dau trong nhung cu()c vieng tham tiep xuc, giao luu van hoa giira cac dan toe" [83, lr.59|

Ban ve vai trd cau ndi, giao luu van hoa Ddng-Tay ciia dao Cdng giao thong qua cac nha truyen giao, Giao su Phan Huy Le da nhan xet rang:

Trong hang ngii giao sl ed nhihig ngudi ehi hoal dong vi diJc tin va cung gdp phan truyen ba mot sd thanh tuu van minh phuo^ng Tay vao Vict Nam Nha loan hoc va thien van hoc Jean Baplisle Sanna (Y), Sebatien Pices (Bd), Francoi de Lima ( Bd), Joseph Neugebeaur (DiJc), nha y hoc Jean Sibert (Tiep), Chales Salemenski (Hung), Jean Koffler (Tiep), Jean de Loureiro (Bd) la nhung giao

sl da ed thdi gian giilp chua Nguyen d Dang Trong Alexandre de Rhodes ciing cac giao sl Francesco de Pina, Christoloro Borri, Caspar dc Amral, Antoine de Barbosa da dua he thdng chO cai latinh vao Viet Nam, gdp phan sang lao ra chiJ qudc ngU, laiinh hoa chLrVietf53, lr.l91

That khd ma cd the ke ten het cac giao sl da gdp cdng sire cho linh vuc truyen ba cac kien thirc khoa hoc ky thuat van minh phuc^ng Tay vao Viet Nam Theo kinh nghiem ciia cac nha truyen giao lai Trung Qudc bay gid, cac giao sl thudng diing phuang phap "ngoai giao ddng hd'\ cd nghla la khi gap vua chiia, ho thudng tang mot mdn qua trong dd bao gid cung cd mot chiee ddng hd chay bang banh xc, day cdt Day la mot san pham ciia the gidi van minh vi luc dd d la mdi cd ddng hd nude Cac giao

sl cung ludn diing tri thiJe khoa hoc ky Ihual lam cau chuyen xa giao, gay thien cam, vi vay cac bac vua chiia rat thfeh ihii Nam 1627 hai giao sl la Alexandre de Rhodes ma d la quen goi la Dac Lo va Marque/ duac vdi

(icn gap Trinh Trang, cac dng cung lang chiia mdn qua nhu vay D'2ic Lo

ke lai:

U

-ViJa thay tdi, chiia lien cho tdi xudng thuyen ngai, rdi ngai dem ddng hd cd banh xe va ddng hd eat tdi da dang ngai trudc day khi ngai vao Dang Trong Ngai hdi chiing tdi xem diing ddng hd nhu the nao, vi chua bao gid ngai thay va khong cdn nhd nhiJng dieu ' chung tdi ndi ve each sudung [1, tr.99|

Trong cuoc gap gd nay, cac giao si ciing tang Trinh Trang cudn

''Ky hd nguyen ban'' cua nha toan hoc Euclide do giao sl Lai Ma Dau

dich ra chG Han, phat hanh ben Trung Qudc Khi duac giang giai ve cudn sach cGng nhu chiee ddng hd, chiia Trinh rat thich Trinh Trang la ngudi thdng minh, ham hoe hdi vi vay khi gap cac giao sl deu mudn lim hieu nhirng dieu mdi la Nam 1626, giao sl Badinotti (ngudi Y) ciing da duac mdi den phii chua Ong viet: "Chiia sai mot hoan quan la mot quan trong phu den tim tdi de tdi giang cho chua biet cuoc van hanh cac linh lii, vi chiia biet tdi gidi ve loan hoe rdi chiia hdi tdi ve nhirng van de loan hoc lien quan tdi trai dia cau" |Dl.58, lr.5| Dac Lo cung da lien doan nhat thuc se xay ra va cam doan rang khdng can phai gd chieng irdng van

curu duac mat trdi S\i vice xay ra dung nhu the khien vua chiia va dan

chiing bay gid vd cung than phuc Mot sd giao sl ddng thdi ciing la nha v khoa Ho dem den phucyng phap chira benh theo loi Tay phucfng va day la cdng lao ciia cac giao sl ddi vdi y hoc nudc ta Tai Dang Trong cac chiia NguyCn Hien Vuc^g (1648-1685), Nghla Vmyng (1666-1691) da trong dung cac giao sl Da Coxla, Langerloi va cung cho xay dung mot nha thuorng Thdi Minh Vuang cd hai giao sl duac phong ngu y D(') la J.B Sanna ngudi Y va S.Piere ngudi Bd, Sanna cung lap mot nha thucmg (') Hue Ngay dudi thdi chiia Vd Vuctng, nam 1.570 du cd lenh true xuaT cac giao sTnhung linh muc Jean Sibert van lap duac co' sd nhan tie m.) cdi va tan tat de cham sdc Ci Dang Ngoai khi Dk' Lo truyen giao lai Kinh thanh Ke Ch(; nam 1627, cung da ndi den vice lap mot nha ihuc-nu Jc san

sdc cho ngudi ngheo tai Cau Den ( Cau Dic^n?) Day la nhutig ca sd tir

thien va cung la nofi chiJa benh theo tay y s c ^ nhat d nudc ta

Ve mat ky thuat, ngudi ta cung ghi nhan chfnh cac giao sT da dua ky thuat det vai min va kho rong bang khung det mang tir nudc ngoai vao de san xuat tai nha ddng Men Thanh gia Di Loan, Quang Trj va san pham

da dat trinh do cao khi tham gia hoi cho Paris nam 1867 Trong ky thuat

in an, trudc day, d ta in bang ban khac gd rat lau cdng Khi cac giao sT vao Viet Nam, ho in sach vd deu dua ra nude ngoai vi du cac tac pham

cua Dac Lo nhu Tif dien Viet Bd La, Ngilphdp tieng Viet, Phep gidng

tdm ngdy '\x\ d Roma nam 1651 hay cudn Thdnh gido yeii ly cua Giam

muc Pigneau bang chu ndm in d Quang Chau nam 1774 Den ddi Giam muc Jacques Longer (1752- 1831), dng da cho thanh lap nha in VTnh Tri ( Ha Nam ngay nay) vdi cac con chu rdi duoc due bang ddng hay chi va

da tao ra mot cuoc each mang \t in an d nude ta Bang chung la cac san pham in cd sd lucTfng \em ra ddi Rieng Sdch ihdnh gido yeu ly cua Giam

muc Longer nam 1802 da in 1300 cudn, nam 1804 in 1566 cudn va nam

1823 in 3100 cudn Tai VTnh Tri cd 2 co sd in chit Ndm va chu qudc ngu rieng Cdng vice in an cang duoc chu y phat trien dudi thdi Giam muc Retort Pierre (tiic Lieu) va Joseph Theurel vi giao sT Theurcl da hoc nghe

in d Paris trudc khi sang Vict Nam Khi nha in VTnh Tri hi ddt chay nam

1854, Theurel da cho lap nha in chu Ndm d Ke Nhau (Tan Do, Ha Tay), nhung d day cung cd ca in chiJ latinh va chiJ qudc ngir vdi ky ihuat tien

tien hein VTnh Tri Nhieu tac pham bang tieng nude ngoai da duoc dich

va in d nha in nay hoac in bang ca chiJ Ndm va chCr qudc ngir nhu cudn

Sdch day di ddng nhdn ddc tron Idnli cua linh muc Serard (Cd' Chfnh

Trung) Cdn d Nam Ky, nam 1865 hai nha in cua giac^ hdi la Nha Chung (Imprimerie de la Missien) va Tan Dinh cung da hoal dong vdi ky thuat

in chu due rdi Ve cay trong, vat nudi ngudi la cung ghi nhan cdng lao cua nhieu giao sT Vf du vice dua gidng cifu vao viing Phan Rang lu:y linh

-16

muc Henry (ten Vict la Y thuoc MEP) khi d xu: Ha Uc (Hue') da dua cay phi lao ve trong

Chung ta da ndi den vai trd cua dao Cdng giao trong vice iruyen ba nhiJng tri thurc khoa hoc, ky thuat , van minh phuong Tay vao nudc ta nhung dao Cdng giao cung ddng gdp vao viec gidi thieu dat nude, cc^n ngudi va van hoa Viet Nam ra the gidi ben ngoai

Nhu tren da ndi, cac giao sT khi den truyen giao tai Viet Nam, ho cung da tim hieu rat ky ve da't nudc con ngudi d day Dieu ngac nhien la mac dii sinh trudng d phuong Tay cd hoc van cao hon , lai sdng dudi che

do thuc dan nhung nhieu nhan xet cua ho kha khach quan va ifch cue Dac Lo rat khen ngoi viec kham chiJa benh theo phuong phap cd truyen (V Viet Nam Ong viet: "Tdi cd the ndi, ho chang thua gi cac bac sT cua la

va hon nua trong mot vai mdn, ho gidi hon ta nira ho ludn diing ba ngdn tay de bat mach va thuc ra ho rat thanh thao Thuoc cua ho khdng khd udng nhu cua ta, hon nira khdng dat ty nao b(Vi vl thii dat nha'l cung chang gia hon 5 xu" Ve phap luat, dng cung khen rang: "phap luat (V day cdn ho'n ca cac nude phuong Tay vi khdng cd giay td i-udm ra, nghi thiJc Idi thdi lam tdn phf thdi gid va tien bac cua ddi ben |2, tr.89|

Mot giao sT khac ten la Bunzomi, qudc tich Y, ngudi dau lien dat chan len Dang Trong ngay 18-1-1615 cung cd mot nhan xet rat hay ve xa

hdi Viet Nam Ong ghi lai trong cudn Truyen xi( Ddng Kinh nhu sau:

"Nhd Khong giao xa hdi va gia dinh Viet Nam da cd mot td chuc rat cao, ngudi dan Viet Nam cd nhung dire tfnh va phong tuc rat dang kham phuc" Ve con ngudi Viet Nam dng nhan xet:

Ho khdng nghieng ve van chuctng, tfnh linh khdng tham hiem nhu ngudi Tau Ho khdng qua nghieng ve quan bi, tfnh tinh khdng doc

ac nhu ngifdi Nhat Ca ve tami ihudc ho khdng cao nhu ngifdi Tau cung khdng ihap nhu ngudi Nhat, de nghe, de tin va nhieu me u'n

: j A i HOC QUOC GIA HA N p l RUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

nhung ngudi dan Viet d6 nhan ra le phai, khdng kieu cang hay lu ton nhu ngudi Tau [Dl.34, tr.55|

Vl am hieu tam ly, tap tuc nhu vay nen ngudi ta khdng ngac nhien

cd nhung giao sl giao duac chua dac biet yeu men Giao sl Felix

Morli-Be tren khu truyen giao Dang Ngoai, ngay 11-8-1647 da nhan dugc thu

khen do chfnh tay chua Trjnh thao bang chir Han tren giay hoa, c6 noi

dung nhu sau:

Ta dien ha Kien Thucmg Vuang loan quyen va tdi cao irong xiJ Dang Ngoai Ta gili ngudi chiimg thu chmh tay ta thao de lam chutig ta quy men nguai, Felix bac tdn su de nhat va lien sl dao trudng thd Chua trdi dat Tir khi vao xur ta, ta dac biet quy men hc^ het cac ton su ngoai qudc den day day dao Ta coi nguai nhu vuctn ruong trong hoa hudng duc:fng quay ve mat trdi soi sang va sudi

am Ta ciing coi nguai nhu quy tu cua ta De bay id long la quy men nguai, ta dat cho nguai moi ten mdi la Phuc Chan cc) nghla ia mot ngudi chan that va cd phiic cao ca [ 1, lr.207]

Dieu dang kham phuc la cd giao sl nhu Dac Lo cdn cd lu tudng ral

A,

tien bd Ong da kich liet chong lai nhung quan niem sai lac phai sinh lii dau dc thuc dan la: "Ngoai chau Au ra thi hoan toan la man di moi ro" hay tu tudng sd vanh tir "cac con trdi" d Thien trieu rang: "Trung Qudc la tat ca nhCmg gi dep de nhat trai dat" [2, tr.l85 va 34] Xem ra tu tudng

"trong minh khinh ngudi" khdng chi' cd noi dan chung, quan lai ma lan sang ca gidi nghien cuu khoa hoe Dac Lc) sau khi den Viel Nam, da ngac nhien tu hdi: "Tdi khdng biet vi sao dat nudc rat xinh dep nay lai khdng duoc biet tdi, vl sao cac nha dia ly chau Au khdng biet len goi va gan nhu khdng ghi trong ban dd nao ca Tuy ho chep day du ten cac nudc tren the gidi" I 2, tr.l4.'^|

Khi Dac Lo cho xual ban cac tap sach cua mnih lai Roma nam 1651

la mot dia diem quan trong de quang ba ra chau Au va the gu'ii vi Roma

18-hdi dd khdng nhd be nhu Vatican bay gid ma ca vung dat menh mdng bao gom ca nude Y, mot phan cua Phap, Ao deu thuoc "Nudc Toa thanh" Da'y la chua ke quyen hanh cua Giao hoang ddi vdi cac nudc chau Au khac nhu Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha Cac tac pham cua nhieu giao sT da la mot kenh quan trong de gidi thieu Viet Nam ra the gidi ben ngoai Ti-udc day, khdng ft ngudi d phuong Tay cd suy nghT rang, Viet Nam da hoan loan bi Han hoa sau ngan nam dd hd cua phong kien phuong Bac nhung sau nhung bao cao ve nhung nghien curu dan tdc va

tdn giao Viet Nam cua linh muc L.Cadiere tai " Tiidn le ddn loc hoc tdn

gido"' 0 Luxembourg nam 1928, cd nha khoa hoc da thay ddi y kien

Giao su Condominas viet: "Mot dan toe da biet tiep nhan vd van yeu td Trung Hoa, bi ap dat va thu nap mot each tu nguyen, de dung len mot the gidi cua rieng minh, va giiJ gm ban sac doc dao cua minh" |51, tr 10]

Chac chan rang, trong the gidi ngay nay, mac du da cd ral nhieu phucmg tien thdng tin hien dai nhung tdn giao ndi chung va Cdng giao ndi rieng van cdn la mot kenh thdng tin quan trong dc quang ba hinh anh dat nudc con ngudi Viet Nam vdi ban be qudc te Chi can mot chuyen tham muc vu cua Hong y Crescenzio Sepe - Tdng trUtVng Bo rao giang Phuc am cho cac dan tdc ciia Toa thanh qua Vict Nam hdi cudi nam 2005 cijng du la bang chung sdng dong de bac bd nhiJng Idi cao budc cua phuong Tay ve tinh hinh tdn giao d nude ta Day la van de can quan tam nhieu hc^rn vi neu khdng lam tdt ITnh vuc nay, nd van bj loi dung ma nhihig bao cao ve tinh hmh nhan quyCn, tdn giao hang nam ve Viel Nam cua mot sd to churc nudc ngoai, van la Idi hang nam, nhal la tir Hoa Ky gan day la bang chiJng

Mot san pham tuyet vdi ve su giao luu van hoa Ddng Tay vdi cdng lao vun trdng cua cac giao sT va su cdng tac ciia mot sd ngudi Viel la vice sang tao ra chiJ qudc ngir

1.L2 Dao Cong giao voi cong trinh sang tao ra chu qudc ngur

19-Tir nua sau the ky XVI da thay xuat hien cac giao sl ngudi Bd den Dang Ngoai nhu Anfonso da Costa,, Juan Gonsalver, Ordonez Ruiz nhung cdng viec Iruyen giao khdng ed ket qua Ruiz sau hai nam

d Thang Long ciing ehi rira toi duac cho mot dura tre dm gan chel trudc khi di Manila nam 1586 Nguyen nhan cua cac that bai tren cd nhieu van de nhung mot trong nhtitig ly do dau tien la khdng biet tieng ban xir

Vl vay, mot sd giao sl da hoc tieng Viet va ngudi duac coi la gidi nhal thir tieng "liu lo nhu chim hot" nay la Francisco dc Pina, ngudi Bd Ong sinh nam 1585 tai Guarda, nhap ddng Ten luc 20 tuoi, hoc than hoc d Ma Cao va vao Dang Trong nam 1617 Ong bi chet dudi do lat ghe d Cii Lao Cham ngay 15-12-1645, khi vijra trdn 40 tudi Ong da day giao ly bang tieng Viet va giai thieh "ranh re" nhung thac mdc ve khoa chiem tinh cho mot dng nghe va quan tran thu Quang Nam Nguyen Phudc Ky nghe Ong cung du doan chfnh xac ngay, gid nguyet thuc lam cho moi ngudi ral ngudng md Nhieu lai lieu ed ndi den cudn sach giao ly cua Pina soan bang tieng Dang Trong va theo linh muc Leopol Michel Cadierc (1869-1955), mot hoc gia Idi lac, thi dd la "van ban qudc ngu dau lien" ma nhd

dd cac giao sT trong dd cd Christoforo Borri ( ngudi Y), Dac Lo ( ngiroi Phap), Caspar d' Amaral (ngudi Bd) da tiep tuc phat trien de cdng vice

truyen giao duoc dt dang

Chfnh Dac Lo da ndi den cudn Chinh td Viet ngir va Ngu phdp

tieng Met ciia Pina duoc viet vao nam 1622- 1623 d Hoi An DT nhien

mot chu viet chi dinh hinh khi cd tiT dien va ngii phap Dac Lo da lam

cdng viec do vdi bo ba: Td dien \ let-Bd - La, Ngil phdp tieng \ let va

Phep gidng tdm ngdy deu in d Roma nam 1651 Vdi vice phat hanh cac

cudn sach tren, the gidi va ft nhat la phuong Tay da biet den mdi chii vicT cua ngudi Viet Nam Tat nhien, chir nay van tiep tuc duoc hoan ihicn qua

cac I'd dien Viei- La cua P de Behain ( Ba Da Loc) in nam 1773 va Tu

dien La - I let cua Giam muc I.L Taberl in d Seramporc nam I 838

-20-Muc dfch cua cac nha truyen giao khi lam ra chii" qudc ngiJ la de vice giang dao dugc mau chong hon The nhung, cdng vice dd lai phu hc^p vdi tien trinh phat trien ciia lich su va dac biet la y chf doc lap tu cudng ciia dan toe nen nd da duoc nhieu sT phu yeu nudc cung nhu ddng dao dan chiing ddn nhan Nha nghien ciiru Duong Quang Ham nhan xet:

Cac giao sT ngudi Au dat ra chu qudc ngir, chii y la cd dugc mot thu" chir de viet tieng ta cho tien va diing cho vice truyen giao cho dC\ Khdng ngd rang, vi the lich sir xui khien chir ay nay da thanh van tu phd thdng cua ca dan toe Viet Nam Danh rang, ciing nhu cac cdng trinh do ngUdi ta sang tao ra, thii chiJ ay ciing

cd vai khuyet diem, nhung ta nen nhan rang d tren hoan cau nay khdng cd thii chir nao tien Igi va dl hoe bang thii chir ay [ Dt.60, tr.2711

Su ra ddi ciia chiJ qudc ngir that la mot cuoc each mang khdng chi do

thay the chir Han, chu Ndm ma cdn dem lai mot tu duy giao due mdi, md mang dan tri cham durt Idi hoc hanh kinh vien khudn sao, cd hii trudc day

ma chfnh vua Minh Mang cung da timg phe phan: "Cai van cu nghiep chi cau ne khudn sao, hu lau tang bdc ISn nhau Viec hoc nhu the cha trach

gi nhan tai ngay cang kem cdi" (Dt.l9, tr.l40] Ngudi ta tfnh ra rang mudn doc thdng chir qudc ngir chi can vai thang hoc tap cdn doc dugc chu Han vdi sd vdn tdi thieu la 1200 tir, phai mat ca nam den sach Chu' Ndm cdn khd hofn nira Theo bao cao cua Thdng sir Bac ky nam 1910 d Viet Nam da cd 20.000 ngudi tre biet chiJ qudc ngir Thanh cdng ciia chien djch diet giac ddt sau thang 8- 1945 cung da khang dinh ifu the ndi trdi ciia Ihii^ chir nay Thdng ke sau 9 nam (1946 den 1954) da cd 10 trieu ngudi thoal nan mil chir |60, tr.271-272| Cd le, vi the ma cac chf sT ihugc nhdm Ddng kinh nghTa thuc da neu 6 ke md mang dan tri irong dd cd ke diing "van lunudc nha" vdi Idi le rat tha thiet:

-71

Gan day muc su ngudi Bd Dao Nha che ra chir qudc ngu, lay 20 chir cai chau Au phdi hop vdi 6 am, 11 van danh van iheo loi hoa thanh ma dat ra tieng ta rat la gian di nhanh chdng Pham ngudi trong nude, di hoe nen la'y chir qudc ngir dc ghi vice ddi xua, chep viec ddi nay va thu tir thi cd the ehudt Idi va dat y Dd that la budc dau trong viec md mang In khdn vay |92, tr-1801

De khang dinh gia trj eiia chir qudc ngu va ghi nhd cdng lao ciia ngudi sang lap, ngay 29-5-1941, Hoi Trf Tri va Hoi truyen ba chir qudc ngir Ha Noi da dung mot bia da ghi cong lao cua Dae Lo (Alexandre de

Rhodes).Tam bia duac dung Irudc 66n Ba Kieu, Ha Noi Van bia cd

doan: "Ngudi soan ra nhieu truyen ky di^n dich ra may thu tieng va ngudi da xuat ban duac quyen sach bon va quyen Tir vi tieng Viet Nam, tieng Bd Dao Nha va tieng Latinh xuat ban trudc lien- nen ngudi cdn luu truyen vdi cdng nghiep phat minh ra chir qudc ngir" Chi liec rang, lam bia nay bi that lac tir nam 1957 va Dac Lo bi tieng oan rang da cong lac vdi chfnh quyen thuc dan Phap de xam chiem Viet Nam qua mot Idi kO

ciia vien thuyen trudng A.Thomazi trong cudn La conquete de

rindochine in d Paris nam 1934 : "Cha Alexandre de Rhodes da sdng d

Dang Ngoai 25 nam Ngai ndi: Day la vi trf can phai chiem lay va chiem duac vi In nay thi thucmg gia chau Au se tim duac ngudn lai nhuan va tai nguyen phong phu" Doan nay duac dua han vao sach giao khoa trong

cudn Lich su Viet Nam tap I (Nxb KHXH 1971) Tu lieu nay sai Dac

L<) dau cd d Dang Ngoai tdi 25 nam ma chi cd 3 nam 2 thang lir

19-3-1627 den thang 5-1630 va Thomazi sinh sau Dac Lo 300 nam lam sao cd the nghe dng ndi? Phai chd mai den dip sinh nhal ihii' 400 ciia Dac Lo (nam 1993-1994), nhieu bai bao hdi thao da minh oan cho dn<\ Dudn<'

phd mang ten Dac Lo d Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh dugc tra lai va lam bia

ghi cdng tren dugc quyet dinh dung tai Thu vien Qudc gia Ha Noi Van

de ludng da qua id rang nhu the sau cac y kien xac dang ciia ca cac nha

.12

khoa hoc ciing nhu ve phfa Nha nudc The nhUng, gan day van c6 mdi sd

tac gia trong va ng&i nude dua ra nhiJng y kien lat lai van de nay Chang

han, tren bao Ngudi lao dong ngay 7-1-2007 hay Tap chf Hue xua vd

nay sd 64 phat hanh thang 8-2004 cd dang bai phi bang cdng lao cua

Dac Lo Tac gia da phe phan cac Giao su d Viet Nam va ke ra nhieu ten tuoi nhu PCS Ha Dinh Dure, PGS.TS Chm^g Thau, GS.TS Nguyen Duy Quy, GS Dinh Xuan Lam, nha nghien cihi Nguyen Dinh Dau, Nguyen Khac Xuyen Tac gia khang dinh, cac Giao su tren '' da khdng doc may tac pham cua A, Rhodes" va "bao hoang hofn vua" nen da dua ra nhirng kien nghi sai lam vdi Nha nude nham " tdn vinh nham mot ten gian diep ciia thuc dan" vi khdng cd cdng lao gi trong vice sang lao ra chir qudc ngir ma cdng nay la cua F Pina ngudi Bd Dao Nha! Ong Biii Kha viel:

"Tlie ma mot sd Idn sir gia ciia la, bao hoang han vua, lai mudn '' cudng ep" dng A Rhodes (Dac Lo) phai ddng vai cha de ciia chu qudc ngiJ cho bang duac" [46, lr.55| Tac gia Biii Kha hoan loan khdng du*a ra moi chung ciir gi mdi ma chi suy doan nhu Dac Lo cd den Phap gap vua Phap! That la gan ghep chang le cur qua My, d ben My nhu dng Biii Kha la lam gian diep cho My ca sao? Cdn chuyen Pina la ngudi dau lien cd cdng latinh hoa chir Viet hay mot sd ngudi Viet da cdng tac vdi cac giao sl trong cdng trinh nay thi chfnh Dac Lo da ndi cdng khai va minh bach

each day han 350 nam rdi, liJc la khi cudn Lich sir vuang quoc Ddng

Ngodi duac in bang tieng Y nam 1650, rdi bang tieng Phap nam 1651 va

tieng Lainh nam 1652 chir phai dau mai den hdm nay mdi duac dng Biii Kha kham pha ra?

Ngoai ra, cung ed y kien cho rang, vice chir qudc ngir ra ddi da lam

diil doan van hoa dan toe GS Nguyen Van Trung trong cudn Duo Chiia

vdo Viel Nam viel: "Thira sai da sir dung chir qudc ngir de v(,a h> chu

Han, chu Ndm va Han hoc, nham each ly ngudi Cdng giao vdi v^ln hoa Iruyen thdng" |Dl.4L tr.l3| That ra, khdng phai den hdm nay mdi xual

.73-hien tu tudng phan ddi chii" qudc ngiJ Nhieu nha nho khdng chiu "vih biil long di, sam biit chi" va nha tho Tii Xuong da hai hudc tra loi vg khi ba khuyen dng di theo hoc chiJ qudc ngir rang:

" Thdi, thdi, lay mg xanh cang lay

Ma to tdi khdng tang but chi"

Vice bd chir Han, chu Ndm khdng phai Idi ciia dao Cdng giao Tijf nam

1910, thdng sur Bac ky ra nghi dinh bat budc phai diing chiJ qudc ngii" trong giay td hanh chfnh va cac ky thi Huong, thi Hoi cung thi bang chir qudc ngir thi chii" Han- Ndm bi mai mot dan Nhung ciing chfnh nam

1910, Giam muc Bui Chu la Pierre Munagorri Trung (1907-19.36) van chi

dao cho hoe chir Han- Ndm trong chung vien Burc Thu muc vu ngay

7-10-1910 viet:

Thay truyen tu nay ve sau, cac cau trong nha phai hoc nhu'ng sach sau nay:

1 Khi cac cau cdn nhd thi hoc sach Ngu thien tu hay Tam thien

tu, hay la Nhat thien tu la sach nha nudc da sam cho kc au hoc dugc hoc, ma ve ba thir sach ay mac y cac dng mudn cho hoc thir nao tuy nghi, lam sao cho cac cau biet mat nhirng chiJ nang phai dung hctn

2 Hoc Nam su luge la sach quan Thugng luat trung mdi don: trong sach ay hoac cd bai nao khdng lien cho cac cau hoc, thi cac dng lieu trir ra bai ay

3 Hoc het ca pho Truyen

4 Hoc Tir han va Cuu chuong ft nhieu, cho dugc biet ifnh nhung su can ay la nhirng sach Thay chi phai hoc; cdn cau nao da hoc du cac sach ay rdi, cd mudn hoc sach khac thi mac y; song den ky ihi khao thi cir nhirng sach Thay da chi tren nay ma ra bai thu phii cung bai van sach |Di.41, tr.4-51

Rat nhieu Giam muc, linh muc nhu P.M Gcndreau Ddng ( ! 19.3.5), Hd Nggc Can (1876-1948) , Jcronimo Maiorica, Philipphc Binh

S92-

-24-da de lai nhieu tac pham bang Han Ndm Rieng Majorica (1591-1656)

da de lai mot di san chir Ndm dd so vdi 45 tac pham gdm 1.200.000 chir Hien nay nhiitig tac pham Han Ndm Cdng giao cung da bat dau dugc suu tam va gidi thieu cho cdng chiing Theo linh muc Nguyen Hung, cac sach ndm Cdng giao xuat hien tir the ky XVII den dau the ky XX vdi dii the loai Tir sach truyen, thu chung, tu dien den tho van, ve, sac chi, cau ddi, van bia Linh muc Nguyen Hung da thdng ke va suu tam dugc 308 tai lieu ndm Cdng giao[41 ] Qua kho tang nay, cd the khang djnh dao Cdng giao cdn cd cdng trong vice duy tri chu Han Ndm

Vai trd cua chir qudc ngir ngay nay khdng the phii nhan nhal la trong viec hoi nhap vdi the gidi vi nd cung gdc vdi chir latinh, bdi vay ngudi Viet Nam hoc ngoai ngir, tin hoc dl dang hcfn Ngay dudi gdc do van chuofng, nha van Kim Lan cung khang dinh: "Tdi rat biet cm Alexandre

de Rhodes Hdi nha van can dung tU(«ig dng ay Cai chir nd ghe gdm lam Khdng cd dng ay thi tdi, ba Anh Tho, dng Nguyen Hong khdng the trd thanh nha van"[48, tr.5]

Chiing tdi khdng tan thanh viec de cao qua muc sir kien xual hien chir qudc ngir song cung khdng ddng tinh vdi nhirng y kien cho rang "sd

dT may con rong Ddng Nam A trd thanh rong vi ho van dung chir Han den ngay nay" [32, tr.8j Ndi nhu vay la khdng cd co sd Bdi de Ird thanh mot qudc gia hung cu^yng dau phai chi cd mdi chir viet ma phai hdi dii cac dieu kien tu nhien, xa hdi va quan trong la nhihig ngudi lanh dao phai

CO mot quyet sach diing dan phii hc.yp vdi hoan canh chii quan, khach

quan cua dat nudc, phat huy dugc the manh ciia ca dan loc va thdi dai

1.1.4 Dao Cong giao gop phan lani phong phu van hoa Viet Nam qua

U hoi, van hoc, nghe thuat, bao chi Cong giao

Cac nha nghien ciRi ihudng chia van hoa thanh hai ITnh vuc van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the Van hoa vat the duo'c idn lai dU(yi dane vai

?s

-chat cu the nhu tranh tugng, den thd, bia mieu, trang phuc Cdn van hoa phi vat the cd the ke ra nhu ngdn ngir, IS hdi, am nhac, phong luc tap quan, dao dure Dao Cdng giao cd ddng gdp tren ca hai ITnh vuc van hoa vat the va phi vat the

Budi dau vi khdng biet tieng Viet nen cac giao sT phai diing tranh anh tdn giao de gidi thieu ve dao Ve sau, ciing vdi sir trudng thanh ciia dao Cdng giao, tranh anh dao, thanh ca ciing dugc phd bien khap ncfi Vay la thdng qua dao, nhihig kict tac cua cac bac danh hoa tren the gidi nhu

^'Bi7a tiec ly" ciia Leonard de Vinci, ''Due Me ddng trinh'' ciia

Rafael da dugc gidi thieu tai nudc ta Rdi cac ban thanh ca tuyet vdi

nhu " Ave Maria", " Holly Night"", '\Jiiigle /?£'//" va cac kieu kien true nha thd doc dao d phuc^fng Tay nhu golic, roman, hasilique hay gid

ciing da xuat hien tai cac vung thdn que heo lanh ma bat cir ngudi dan hinh thudng nao cung cd the thudng thiic, ngam nhin chii: khdng can phai

ra nudc ngoai Ngay nay, 16 Noel, Valentin khdng cdn danh rieng cho ngudi Cdng giao niJa Nd da thanh ngay hdi cho moi ngudi nhat la gidi tre Khap noi, dac biet la thanh phd, gan den ngay iC cd rat nhieu chuong trinh van hoa, nghe thuat Nao la thi " Ngudi dep Noel" "Ca nhac Valentin", nao la cac cua hang ban dd liru niem Giang sinh va 10 hdi tinh yeu tran ngap ducmg phd

Vict Nam la dat nude ciia 1^ hdi Ngudi ta tfnh ra ca nudc cd den 356

lc hdi trong mot nam rieng ddng bang Bac Bd cd 118 IC hdi Khi dao Cdng giao vao nudc ta da bd sung vao danh sach Id hdi nudc ta nhieu le hoi mdi lam phong phii them van hoa nudc nha

Trong dao Cdng giao, mdi xir, mdi ho deu cd mot thanh quan Ihay bao Irg Ngay le quan thay, ngay chau lum va bao ngay le trong khac Irong nam cung la mot ngay hdi lang Nd vira cd net chung vdi le hdi dan gian Iruyen thdng vira cd net rieng, gdp tlicMn mot sac thai vao su phong phii ciia cac le hoi d nudc ta Quan sat mot dam rude d cac xir dao nuudi la

- 7 ^

tha'y cd ken trdng, hdi trac, hdi bat am Cung ed chu lun miia he hay di kheo, deo mat na nhu hoi lang, ed khac la cd them hoi ken ddng Cdn le thi cung dii 16 cau mua, IC cau hdn, lc tat nien, IC dau nam, IC cudi, le la on

Ve van hoe nghe thuat, dao Cdng giao ciing gdp mot mang cho van hoe nude ta khdng ehi de tai rong k^n ma cdn ca lac gia va tac pham nifa Nhieu van nghe sl d Viet Nam da khai thac mang de lai Cdng giao nhu Chu Van, NguyCn Khai, Van Cao, Phu Quang Cdn tac gia la ngudi Cdng giao ciing ed nhieu ten tuoi nhu Han Mae Tu, Hd D/enh, Nguyen Hong, NguyCn Xuan Khoal, The Lir, Bang Ba Lan, Le Van De, Pham Dinh Khiem, Pham Dinh Tan, Vd Long Te

Hdn Mac 7 w' (1912-1940) la mot ngudi bj benh phong ciii, vay ma tha

ciia dng lai het su*c thanh cao Cd le pham chat cua ngudi Cong giao da giup nha tha vuctt len duac benh tat de viel ra nhirng Idi du duomg nhu the nay:

Maria! Linh hdn loi (m lanh

Run nhu ru than lir thay long nhan Run nhu run hai thd cham ta vang

Nhung Idng van tham nhuan an Iriu men

Tau lay Ba, lay Ba day cfn phudc Cho tinh tdi nguyen ven lira trang ram Tha Irong trang nhu mdi khdi bang tam Ludn ludn reo trong hdn trong mach mau'"*

( Ave Maria) Mot hdn tha nhu the that la hiem hoi Vi vay, Phan Bdi Chau khi doc

iha Han da ndi rang: "Tir ve nudc den nay, duac xem nhieu bai iha van

qudc am, song chua duac bai nao hay den the Hong nam nhan bac, \xac

ao cd ngay gap gd, lay bat cudi lo mot tieng cho ihda hdn iho'^ |Dl.54,

9

Ir.l2| Cdn cac lac gia cua Thi nhdn Met Nam la Hoai Thanh va Hoai

Chan da khdng tiec Idi ca ngai iha dng:

Han Mac Tu da dung rieng mot ngdi den de thd Chua Thieu long tin, tdi chi la mot du khach bd ngd khdng Ihe ciing quy lay vdi thi nhan Nhung Idng tdi cd dirng dung, trf tdi lam sao khdng ngop vi cai ve huy hoang, trang trong lung linh, huyen

ao cua lau dai kia? Cd nhung cau tha dep mot each la limg, doc len nhu rudi vao hdn moi ngudn sang lang Thof Han Mac Tir ra ddi, dieu ay da ehihig minh rang dao TTiien Chiia d xui nay da tao ra mot cai khdng khi cd the kel linh lai thanh tha[69, tr.206-2()7]

Ngudi Viet Nam rat yeu tha ca va cd nhieu nang khieu ve mat nay

Vi vay, ngay lir buoi sa khai cua dao Cdng giao d Viet Nam, da cd rat nhieu ngudi diing tha ca de ghi lai Kinh thanh, lich sir va giao huan cua giao hoi Dac L) da ghi lai su kien khi dat chan len dai Thang Long:

Ngudi ndi bat nhal va ciing la ngudi thir nhat trong dam ngudi chju phep rira loi va nhan dure tin chinh la ba chi ciia chiia Ba rat thdng chir Han va rat gidi tha, chung tdi goi ba la Catarina, Cdn con gai ba - cdng nuang Calarina, I'at ham hoc biet va suy ngam cac mau nhiem cua dao va vl cdng nuofng dd rat gidi ve thi ca ban xu', nen da soan bang lh(^ rat hay lat ca lich sir giao ly, tir tao thien lap dia cho den Due Kilo giang the, cuoc ddi, su thuc^g khd phuc sinh va len trdi ciia Ngudi Il,lr.2()6|

Nghe Iruyen ba Calarina da viel tdi 3()()() cau tha de truyen giao nhung lice rang, nay da that lac het

Tiep dd mot linh muc cd ICMI ihanh la Lu Y Doan (1613-167H) ngudi

Quang Ngai cung da sang tac tdi 8()()() cau thcr cho mot sd lac pham Idn

nhu Tao doan kinh 3599 cau thc^ Lap quoc kinh vdi 1631 cau ihcv cdn

ov

nguyen ven den ngay nay, rdi Sdm truyen ca bang tha luc bat ma GS Tran Thai Dinh khi doc da viet: " Cam tudng dau tien khi cam tren lay

va doc tap Sam iruyen ca la vui mimg va hanh dien vl minh cd mot tai

lieu quy gia nhu the ca ve gia tri van hoc lan ve phuang dien lich sir" [54, tr.4] Phuofng thiic truyen giao bang tha ca rat cd hieu qua nhal la khi dan chiing trinh do van hoa thap hay mil chu vl dC dang tham nhap bang each truyen khau Do dd, tijr xua den nay cd rat nhieu sang tac cua Cdng giao bang van van Hau het cac giao sl deu cd kha nang lam vice nay, ehi cd dieu thanh cdng nhieu hay it ma thdi Tac pham de lai kha phong phu Cd nhihig ca van rat ndi tieng nhung lai khuyet danh nhu

Ine tu dqo vdn vdi 563 cau luc bat Cdn cac lac gia ndi lieng nhu linh

muc Tran Luc (1825-1899) vdi Hieu tu ca (1088 cau), Nu tdc thudng //(1016 cau), Nich di vong dn (440 cau) hay Xuan Ly Bang (1927- ?) vdi Bdi ca Thuang kho (1080 cau) ciing khdng phai la hiem

Ve van xudi, Truyen thay Lazaro Phien cua Nguyen Trong Quan in

nam 1887 duac coi la cudn Iruyen dau lien trong van hoc Viet Nam lay

trang thai tam ly lam ddi Uiang mieu ta, mot su " dot pha ve ky Ihual

viet van", thoal khdi Idi van bien ngau Iruyen thdng, khdng ke chuyen theo ddng thdi gian ma su dung ky thuat dan cai nhirng chi tiet hu cau

vdi phi hu cau |54, tr.5] Rdi tieu thuyel Qua dua dd cua NguyCn Thien

^rhuat duac Hoi Khai trf Tien due trao giai nam 1925 Day la chua ke den nhimg bai dieu Iran cua linh muc Dang Diic Tuan, chi s7 NguyCn Trudng To khdng nhirng chii'a dung nhirng tu lUcmg cai each lao bao, day Iran Idng yCu nudc ma cdn la nhifng ang van hay Khdng it kinh nha dao duac ca nhung bac thirc gia ngoai dao danh gia la nhung lac pham

van chuong dac sac nhu Kinh can Dice Bd quen goi la Kinh can chu (vl

viel bang chir Han) Mot sd giao si cung viel van va thudng dting the ky

de ghi chep nhimg dieu mat thay lai nghe trong cac chuyen hanh hu'ong trCn the gidi nhu linh muc Philipphc Binh (1759- 1833) dc lai 26 ^ac

_ 91)

pham viet tay trong hctn 30 nam luu lac d Bd Dao Nha, Hdng y Trinh

Van Can (1921-1990) vdi cudn Hdi ky Roma 2 lap, Giam muc Nguyen Van Sang (1932-?) vdi bo Buac ducyng hdnh huang 3 lap ( Nxb

Ha Noi 1991), LIdnh huang vd tham vieng da xuat ban 2 lap ( Nxb Hdi nha van 2003) va Ddi thogi ton gido ( Nxb Tdn giao 2005), Ddi lliogi

ton gido, tap 2, (Nxb Tdn giao 2007)

Ben canh nhimg tac pham Idn, ngudi Cdng giao cung cdn cho luu hanh ca mot kho tang ca dao, tuc ngu rieng ciia gidi minh Hien chiing tdi ciing dang suu tam, tap hgp lai va thay rat phong phu Day cung la mot ddng gdp vao kho tang ca dao, tuc ngir ciia nudc ta Vf du, due ket

ve kinh nghiem thdi tiet cd cau:

Le Ba Vua: chet cua , chei cd

Vi le Ba Vua vao ngay 6-1, thdi tiet thucifng rat lanh

Hay tdng ket kinh nghiem san xuat cd cau:

- Le Ro sa thi tra hat hi

Le cdc Thdnh thi ddnh hi ra

- Le cdc Thdnh gdnh mg di gieo

Le Sinh nhat gidt mg di cay

Le Rosa thudng td chuc vao ngay 7-10, 10 cac Thanh vao ngay 1-11 cdn le Sinh nhat la ngay 25-12 Day la khoang thdi gian thfeh hgp de trdng cay nhung gidng cay tren

O mdi dia phuang lai cd nhung cau thanh ngir, tuc ngu* rieng Vi du,

trong giao phan Biii Chu cd cau: "'Cha Phu Nhai khoai cho' Chua'\

Khoai Cha Clhiia thuoc huyen Nam True ihl ngon va nhieu cdn d Phii Nhai , Xuan Tmdng hien da cd han 100 linh muc va 5 Giam muc sinh

quan d day Tai Phai Diem cd cau: ''Kinh cu The\ le cu Sam, mam cu

Sdu, chau cu Thinh''\ Day la iCn cac linh muc viing nay Linh muc llic

khao kinh hdn phdi rat ngai, IC linh muc Sam lam ra'l lau va budn ngii

- ^ ^0

mam ddng ciia linh muc Tran Luc thi to nhu cai nong cdn chau chai cua linh muc Thinh lai rat ddng

Mot ddng gdp niJa cua dao Cdng giao vdi van hoa Viet Nam dd la

trCn ITnh vuc hdo chi

Tmdc het, bao chi Cdng giao la mot trong nhiJng nhung td bao sdm xuat hien nhat trong lang bao nude ta Ly do trudc het la nhu cau Iruyen giao, hon nua bCn Cdng giao da sdm ed nha in nhu trCn da liinh bay va dac biet cd mot doi ngii nhung ngudi lam bao ral cd nghe do duac dao

tao ed bai ban Theo GS.TS Dd Quang Hung, chu biCn cudn sach Lich

su hdo chi Viet Nam (1865-1945T ihi trudc nam 1945 d nudc la cd

khoang 40 td bao tdn giao, rieng Cdng giao nhieu nhal, tren 20 Id Td

bao tdn tai dai nhat va ciing xuat hien sdm nhat la td Nam Ky dia phan,

in d Sai Gdn ngay 26-11-1908 va sd cudi ciing la ngay 1-3-1945 Noi

dung ciia id Nam Ky dia phdn kha phong phu vdi rat nhieu chuyCn

muc Ngoai cac muc ton giao nhu tin lure, thu chung, Idi Thanh kinh, dao ly, chuyCn cac thanh cdn lai la chuyen ddi nhu phong hoa, canh ndng ihuong mai, chan nudi, thi ca, cac bai Ihudc, chuyCn giai budn Rd rang day la mot each lam bao mdi Td bao rat chu trong vice giao due phong hoa, chdng lai nhiJng le nan xa hoi do che do ihuc dan

du nhap vao nhu nan cd bac, thuoc phien, an chofi dang diem Xin doc

mot doan trong bai Dem thanh nam gdm sU ddi cua Linh muc D Hd

Ngoc Can, sau nay trd thanh Giam muc Biii Chu:

Dem nam thao thuc, sue nhd chuyen ddi, nhd qua may cuoc an chai, lam dieu uang ach, lam ndi u sau Dang mang thay cho dan Nam Viet, nhd giao thiCp vdi ngoai qudc tha bang nen budc van minh ngay cang lien bo Nhung cung dang budn ihay! Nhieu ke

chang biet suy, nhieu ngudi khdng biel nghi Biel dimg chu' Phu

nhuan dc ma quCn lav chu Di(c nhuan thdn nCn cd ke can^ i;iau

sang., cang mang lay loi Kia cuoc vui chcfi kia no*i yen lice, biet

ma'y dieu phung pha xf xai, lam cho con ngudi hu danh kem gia

Y rang cha me giau, y rang gia tai k^i, khdng xa gl bac chuc bac tram, chang mang thua ddn thua dap Tudng rang chofi mot budi khdng kc la bao, hay dau khdi mot hdi thay minh rao bi Trudc thi chai vai ehen cho vui, sau quen tay lai khui qua chen, cha me ndi khdng nghe; anh em can khdng lai [13, lr.67|

Td bao bang chir qudc ngir dau tiCn la td Gia Djnh hdo, xuat hien nam

1865 Td nay in d Gia Dinh, sd dau tien ra mat ngay 15-4-1865 do do Ernest Potteau, ngudi Phap lam chu nhiem song cac ky gia cua id nay lai hau het la ngudi Cdng giao nhu Truang VTnh Ky (1837-1898), Huynh Tjnh Cua (1834- 1907), Truc:ng Minh Ky, Pd luyt Luang, Pd luyt Tdi TrU(]ng VTnh Ky da theo hoc chung vien d Pinang (Malaisia) de dao lao thanh linh muc nhung sau dd, dng duac cu vao lam thanh viCn ciia phai doan Phan Thanh Gian di thuc^fng thuyet vdi Phap va cd dieu kien tiep xuc

vdi van hoa chau Au Ong biet idi 27 ngoai ngii" va la mot nha van hoa \an Chfnh dng la ngudi dau lien xuat ban cudn Kim Vdn Kieu ciia Nguyen Du

-»ang chir qudc ngu nam 1875 vdi Idi ndi dau bang tieng Phap de gidi thieu

ihi pham vT dai nay vdi phucmg Tay Khi dugc giao phu trach id (]ia

fJinh hdo tir ngay 16- 5-1869, TrUcmg VTnh Ky da lam thay ddi han bd

nnat cua td bao nay, bien nd tir mot td cdng bao cd nghTa la chi dang cac ihdng cao, van ban ciia chinh quyen thuc dan, thanh mot td bao ihuc thu i.heo kieu cua phuang Tay lire la " ndi viet nhu thudtig" Vi vay ngoai phan cdng van, nghi dinh, bao cdn cd nhieu bai nghien ciiru lich sir van hoc iighe thuat va ca tin gia ca hay tin tuc qudc te nua Td bao nay cung tfch i:ijc cd dong cho vice hoc chii qudc ngir va da tdn tai hctn 40 nam

Sang dau the ky XX , bao chf Cdng giao cang nd rd h(^n Hau nhu

giao phan nao, ddng tu nao cung cd td bao rieng cho minh nhu Trung Ilod

:ihgl hdo d Ha Ndi, tuiin bao Vdn Coi ciia Nam Dinh, tap chf Sacerdos indosinensis d Vinh, nguycl san Da Minh ciia ddnu Da Minh Biii Cliii id

Due Me hang cihi giup cua Ddng Chiia Cun the Ha Ndi Mdi sd id cd

tieng vang nhu Id \7 Chua cua linh muc L'abbe Thich d Cira Tiing, xual

ban bang ba thur tieng, qudc ngir, Han va Phap van, phat hanh ra ca nudc ngoai Nha each mang Phan Bdi Chau ciing da timg viet cho bao nay Td

Cong gido Nam thanh sau doi ten la Thanh nien do Pham Dinh KhiCm

ehii lii cung noi tieng tijr nam 1936-1944 Td Da Minh a Biii Chu, sau

each mang thang 8-1945 da ed sir chuyen hU(^g rd ret Ngay sd 150, sau ngay Viet Nam doc lap , trCn trang bia cd in ed dd sao vang va ddng chir

"Men Thien chua- Yeu To qudc" rat Idn Td bao dua nhieu tin thdi sU ve idn giao cung nhu xa hoi Trong sd 149 ngay 1-10-1945 cd dang bai phat bieu cua Giam muc Hd Ngoc Can trong Tuan IC vang rat cam dong

Tai mien Nam trudc nam 1975 cGng cd rat nhieu Id bao Cdng giao

hoal dong nhu Song dao, Dat nudc, Doi dien, Chon, Tin minig hom nay

Lam ddn Tuy vi the cd khac nhau va cung cdn nhieu dieu can trao ddi,

nhimg nd thuc sir gdp phan vao cuoc dau tranh tu tU(Vng nhu linh muc Vd Thanh Trinh nhan xet:

Mot sd td bao cdng giao trudc nam 1975 chang nhirng gdp vao tieng ndi eiia cuoc dau tranh chdng My nguy cua nhan dan Sai Gdn, la khi cu chinh cua cuoc da'u tranh nay trong nhirng nam thang cudi cung ciia che do My nguy lai mien Nam Viet Nam

ma nhimg td bao nay cdn phan anh qua trinh dat van de ve chd ddng cua giao hoi Viet Nam (53, lr.l37|

Td bao Cong gido vd ddn tqc ra ddi d Paris tir nam 1973 dC ung ho

cuoc dau tranh ciia nhan dan mien Nam do mot sd linh muc trf thuc Cdng giao lien hanh, sau ngay 30-4-1975 tiep luc duac xual ban ngay thanh phd

Hd Chf Minh va nay la ca quan ngdn luan cua Uy ban doan kel Cdng giao

-hanh phd Hd Chi Minh Ngoai mien Bac id bao Chinh nghla ciia Uy ban

Lien lac Cdng giao ra ddi Lir thang 3-1955, den nam 1984 duoc ddi ihanh

\\^U(yi Cong gido Viet Nam- ca quan ngdn luan ciia Uy ban doan kel Cdng

giao Viet Nam Ve phfa giao hdi Cdng giao, td Hiep Thong mdi duac phep

xual ban tiir nam 2001 vdi sd luong ft chu yeu la dua tin tii'e sinh hoal ton

giao trong, ngoai nude va van kien eiia giao hoi Mot sd Bdn tin hm hdnh

noi ho, website cua cac ddng lu, giao phan cung da xual hien gan day kha

da dang Nhln chung cac td bao Cdng giao, ngdai lam nhiem vu thdng tin hai chieu ddi vdi doc gia Cdng giao, nd cung gdp phan lam tang su da dang, phong phu eiia bao chi Viet Nam

Ngoai ra, dao Cdng giao cung ddng gdp cho van hda dan toe nhieu danh nhan van hda, nhieu trf thiic ten tuoi

Nhung tu tudng canh tan dat nudc d the ky XIX xuat hien lir nhieu

ngudi Cong giao Cd the ke ra cac tCn tuoi nhu linh muc Dang Due Tuan

.A

(1806-1874) ngudi Quy Hoa, Binh Djnh Ong theo nho hoc va tirng day Han van cho chiing sinh d chiing vien Pinang (Malaisia) Sau khi thanh Unh muc, vl Tu Diic cam dao nCn dng trdn vao Quang Ngai Tai day, dng

hi bai va da dang ICn hai ban dieu Iran Minh dqo hinh Tdy sdch (Dang ke hoach chdng Phap) va Nguyen dqo (Lam sang to van de ton giao) Ngoai :'a dng cdn mot ban dieu Iran nifa la Hieu hinh lay sdch cd lira de la

Cong hien ke sdch dep giqc Tdy cua mot ke si nai leu tranh Trong cac

dieu Iran nay, dng vach rd tdi ac cua giac Phap, dua ra sach luac de danh Phap la tuyen lua binh linh, luyCn tap theo phuong phap mdi, trang bi vu khf hien dai, md rong ngoai giao, diing the lire cua Anh kiem che

i^hap Ong ciing dC nghi triCu dinh trong diing ngudi tai: '''Xem ky the su

ngay nay chinh la Iiic trieu dinh duang an phai nha miCng cc^m ducmg i^jTi phai van tdc lai de licp ddn ke hien sT cho rd y cau lai, lai cung chfnh

ia luc nhu'ng ke sT cd nghTa khf phai nam gai nem mat vay*" (53, tr 107 (

Ong ciing ICn an IhUc dan Phap nhan danh bao ve dao de xam chiem nudc ta Ong viCl: ''Chiing ndi vl dao nhung xem vice chung lam thiet la net sifc vd dao Trudc tiCn, hay lay dao ly ma chat van chung !am cho chiing ho then het duimg nguy bien lam cho chung phai dep ihdi hung

IA

bao nghenh ngang" [53, tr 107] Cam phuc lai trf cua Dang Due Tuan, vua

Tu Dure da tha loi chel cho dng va cir theo phai bo Phan Thanh Gian thuong thuyCt vdi Phap nam 1862 Ong mat d Binh Dinh nam 1874 Cdn sl

phu Cdng giao Dinh Vdn Dien a YCn Md, Ninh Binh nam 1868 ciing mat tau len trieu dinh mot loat ke sach de danh Phap nhu " dat doanh dien,

khai md vang, ddng tau thuy, trieu ngudi phucmg Tay den, nhd ngudi Anh giup do de chdng Phap, lap ra Ty binh chuan d ca nudc de luu thdng hang hoa, bd cam binh the, binh phap de duoc giang tap; binh sT cho luyCn tap ban, bdt lam viec, tang luong de chuyCn can duyet tap, khi lam sir, hau thudng pham trat, khi bj chet, xet dung eon chau, khi bi thucmg lat, ca'p dudng sudt ddi'\ Nhung cai each nay rd rang nguac vdi chinh sach be quan toa cang ciia trieu dinh cho nen chi nhan duc;e Ic^i phC: "Chua Kctp

thdi the, ddi vdi ta rut cuoc khdng ed lai gV va " Vua lien sai bd di'' [53,

tr.l08]

Mot ngudi cd tu tudng cai each, canh tan tuong dc5i loan dien duoc

nhac den nhieu thdi ky nay la Nguyen Trudng To (1830-1871) ngUii\ lang

Biii Chu, Hung NguyCn, Nghe An Ong la ngudi ham hoe, hc)c gidi va cd

ca tfnh nhu chfnh c)ng lu thuat: "Tir be tdi da than trong Irong vice giao du,

thich yen tmh ddi vdi tat ca nhiing sir cau danh, lan luc^, gianh cc')ng tham

Icfi, tdi deu coi nhu may bay nuc'^c chay Va lai, tdi khc^ng ham thfeh kinh

doanh, khdng thfeh chuyen vo con, doan tuyet \ii\ hai cam bay lai sac"

A

[14, tr.l20] Ong la ngudi mo dao nhung cung tran day Idng yeu nudc Ong da can dam gui len trieu dinh tdi 58 ban dieu tran trong luc dao Cdng giao bj cam doan gat gao? Ong can gian vua vC chfnh sach cam dao vdi icti le nhe nhang nhung sac sao:

Xet ra dao Ccmg giao vao nUc^fc la lir thc^i nha LC.liic bay gid giao dan va nhung ngUc^i trong ba dao (Phat, Lao, Khong) tuy tfn ngUc'mg khac nhau nhung van an ai tiep d()n nhau, nang lui idfi nhau khdng cd gl hiem nghi deu la con dan ciia nudc nha ma

~> s

thdi Tir khi ban hanh lenh nghiem cam thi mdi sinh ra ghen ghet

ky thj nhau, do ghen ghet mdi sinh ra toi le Tir day giao dan bj phien nhieu den ndi phai luu ly that sd ma mac vao hinh phat Nudc vdn trong, cd quay len mdi bj due, neu ngimg thi ch^ic lat

se trd lai trong [ 14, tr.Ud],

Trong bon phan giao dan, dng mang het kha nang minh cd de giup dd

cho ngudi Viet Nam cai quan Dieu nay mai den sau thang 8-1945 m6\

duac dat ra va den nam 1960 m6\ thanh hien thue khi Giao hoang Gioan

XXIII ra sac chi thiet lap hang giao pham d Viet Nam Ong viet : "Nam

trudc, tdi da bam mieng w6i quan Thucmg thu Bo binh, va Bo hd, mudn

nhan luc di Tay ma xin vdi Giao hoang, rut giao sT Phap ve va chi giao cho giao sT nuc'^c ta trc^:)ng nom hoan loan vice dao giao Tdi ndi nhu the, khc^ng phai la phan dao ma chinh la bao ve dao" [14, tr.325|

That dang kham phuc bdn phan cc)ng dan nc^i Nguyen Truimg Tc)

Sinh tiirdng trong giai dirdn trieu dinh nha NguyCn cd nhieu chfnh sach ha khac vdi dao nhung dng khdng bao giii td ra thii han che dc) ma lai cxm

iudn bao ve bang each khdng ngimg Iran trd suy nghT lam sao chan hung dat nucifc, de dan giau, nuc^c cung giau, de nuc'^c nha thoal khdi hoa xam

A

lang, sanh buc^c cung IhiCn ha Ong khdng ndi sudng ma di den dau la hc)c

hdi, ghi chep dCn day nhat la khi ra nuc'tc ngoai Doc 58 ban Di ihdo quen goi la ban Dieu trdn ciia c)ng, chiing ta phai that sir kinh ngac vl sir am

;r _

hieu sau sac rat nhieu ITnh vUc lir khoa hoc tu nhiCn den cdng nghe hay may mdc, tir khoa hoc xa hoi den qudc phc)ng, quan sir, ngoai giao Ong xung dang ducyc coi la ngudi sang lap hay ngudi phae thao nhung y luc'mg khai sang nhieu nganh khoa hoc d nude ta nhu nong nghiep, thiCn van- dia

ly, luat hoc, ngoai giao, thucmg mai, giao due ,Vf du nganh ncmg chfnh,

sau khi da xac djnh tam quan trong cua nganh ndng nghiep vdi kinh te xa hoi, cmg dua ra mot loat cac kien nghj nhu xuat ban mot bo sach Nong

chinh loan thu ghi chep tat ca nhimg kinh nghiem hay trong dan gian cung

nhu cac nude ve trdng cay, chan nudi, che tao cdng cu, Rdi dao lao quan lai chuyCn trach ve ndng nghiep di khap nude khao eiiu loan be) dat dai de xem dat nao trdng cay gl, nudi vat gl thi thfeh hop, noi nao can khai

hoang, noi nao can tudi, tiCu Ong de nghi thanh lap Bo canh ncmg cham

lo phat trien ndng nghiep, cu ngudi di hoc nudc ngoai, tfnh lai thuc ruc)ng

cho phii hop \6i dat dai va dac biet phai day cho dan biet trcSng cay, chan

nudi khdng de phd mac cho tu nhiCn nhu bay gid Rdi dng de nghi phai lo trdng rimg de chdng lii lut va phai giao cho dan trcing cay, cham sdc de chc^ nao cung cd chu, khdng de canh tu do chat pha bira bai Rd rang,

trong cac giai phap cmg dua ra cd nhiing vice chiing ta gan day mai nhan

thirc duoc nhu giao dat, giao rimg cho dan quan ly nhung cung ccm nhieu van de dang phai nghiCn eiin hoan thien tiep

La ngudi theo Nho hc)c nhung dng lai muc)n hoc nhimg cai hay, cai tien be) eiia xu ngudi dua ve ap dung trong nude chur khdng bao ihii Phai

chang Ic^ng yCu nude va nhat la yeu id Km giao trong dng da giiip dng vucn

ra khc)i khucm khd cua Nho giao ?(84, tr 126] Ong manh dan dC nghi cai each rat tao bao Chi ndi riCng ke hoach danh Phap ciia cmg la ca m()l he thdng liCn hoan, danh giac bang ca quan sir, chfnh tri, ngoai giao, dung ke hoa hoan dc nudi luc lucmg, liCn minh vdi Anh, Y de danh Phap md ciVa

mdi n\s6c ngoai vao lam an khai thac va dung ca ke nc)i gian de danh Phap

lit trong viing Phap chiem ddng do chfnh dng vach ke hoach va ihuv hien