Thiết kế bộ chuyển đổi tương tự số 8 bít sử dụng công nghệ bán dẫn CMOS

8˜M\MRGEQ SERXSRF RL RKR MHYRKXLM XO ZW PM YX–RLXSR

Q˜TL RKXVSRKPY RZ RXL GW c8LM XO F GLY] R MX RKX W F–XW

H RKG˜RKRKL FRH R'137dPHSX˜MX RKLM”RG YZXL GLM R

, GZM‘RXL GLM RPY RZ R

2KY] R1 RL ”

1 GP G

1 GP G   (ERLWGLGGL—RLZ   (ERLWGLGGF RK  

0 -' 1 2  

1 9  

1 G ˜GLG EPY RZ R  / XUY QSRKQY RXVSRKPY RZ R   ' YXV GG EPY RZ RFESK QGGGL RK   'L RK8 2+59%2: ',9= 2 -8 2+8 7  

'GUYXV—RL\ P¢G F RX SVEGGH‘]H R  

1 XW Z˜H Z G YXV G'137XVSRKGœRKRKL G E-'W   

/M QXVEZKM MXLM YW RTL Q   'L RKc8,- 8/ & ',9= 2 -8 2+8 7  

4, 0 '  

,—RL7EMW -20?A   ,—RL'G GX˜RLX RLG EF %('?A  ,—RL7 OL MG EG YXV G*PEWL%('?A   ,—RL7 OL MG E*PEWL%('F˜X?A   ,—RL XL XL LM RUYXV—RLGLY] R MG E*PEWL%('F˜X?A   ,—RL'GQ’ YVEG EF *PEWL%('F˜X?A   ,—RL7 OL MG EG YXV G8[S7XIT*PEWL%('?A  ,—RL7 OL MG EG YXV G7%6%('?A   ,—RL/ XUY YVEG EF GLY] R M%(F˜XW H RKG YXV G7%6?A  

,—RL5YXV—RLGLY] R M%(F˜XW H RKG YXV G7%6GLS(!?A 

,—RL7 OL MG YXV G4MTPIPMRI%('?A   ,—RL7 OL MG YXV G%('X˜GLTL‘R RO•RL?A   ,—RL&M Y XL MKMERG E%('X˜GLTL‘R RO•RL?A   YZSZVEG EF Q  ,—RL7 OL MG E%('X˜GLTL‘RO•RL?A   ,—RL&M Y XL MKMERG E%('X˜GLTL‘R RO•RL?A   ,—RL7 OL MG EF FM R M7MKQE(IPXE%('  ,—RL7 OL MG EF M YGL 7MKQE(IPXEX RKX F GRL   ,—RL'GH RKX˜RLM YG EF M YGL X RKX F GRL X   ,—RL7 OL MG EF M YGL 7MKQE(IPXEX RKX F G   ,—RL'GF GG F RXVSRKXLM XO ZW R\Y X-'X RKX    ,—RL7 TL‘RG GRKY

,—RL7 TL‘RG GG

,—RL7 TL‘RG

GXY] R-:   ,—RL' YL—RL(MSHIX S:FMEW  ,—RL7 TL‘RG GG EG YL—RL'EWGSHI  

,—RL7 G YL—RL%GXMZI'EWGSHI   ,—RL7 OL MG YXV GQ GLK RKHšRK   GGLYRKR M GGLYRKR MRKY RGYRKG T  ,—RL7 RKY]•RP¢Q GLOLY GL MZMWEM   ,—RL'GF GXVSRKGL X S-'X RKX ?A  ,—RL:˜H Z O˜GLXL G;EJIVZO˜GLXL G(MIG EGL˜T4IRXMYQG E-RXIP?A   ,—RL'GUYXV—RL\ P¢G F RXVSRKGL X S-'?A  

YZ MTLM P•RXV•RF Q XQ XP T M RXV H RKQ X

R X SQ Y M RXV G\ P¢G XL RL RQšRG ]-SRP RK

,—RL'GUYXV—RL\ P¢G F RGLSQ X8VERWMWXSV?A   ]KM RLRKL E H ]S\MHIXV XLRLXV GE\MXP T 4SP]GLSG GG ]-SRGLSG GRKY RZG GQRK   ,—RL' YXV GG F RG E'1378VERWMWXSV?A   ,—RL' YXV GXL GX G E'1378VERWMWXSV?A   ,—RL' YXV GXL GX G EFMTSPEV8VERWMWXSV   ,—RL'GUYXV—RL\ P¢G F RX SVEGGH‘]H R?A  

RK RKGL XGGLP]G›XL PQF›RK X SF Q XF RKTL RQšRF RK E\MXGLS'SRXEGX 7MPMG M R YGL XH R M SOLYœRQ YGLSH‘]H

,—RL:˜H G YXV GG F RG EGGH‘]H R1IXEPZ1IXEP?A   ,—RL' YXV GXL GX G EGGH‘]H R1IXEP?A   ,—RL1 XG XG EG YXV GXL GX G EQ X%&'(73-;EJIV   ,—RL7SWRLQ XG XG YXV GXL GX G E(6%1  

RQ   ,—RL7 GL‘RVEG E-'%(   ,—RL7 OL MGL GR RKG EF GLY] R MX RKX cW   

YX RKG EQ GL S F7 Q GL M RG EQ GL S   ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL S  

YX RKG Q GL M RG E%2%2(  ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL%2%2(  

YX RKG Q GL M RG E%236   ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL%236  

YX RKG Q GL M RG E%2%2(  ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL%2%2(  

YX RKG Q GL M RG E%236   ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL%236   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG E(**6&   ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL(**6&  

YX Q GL M RG EQ GL&9*>  

,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL&-%7   ,—RL'GO XUY QœTL RKG EQ GL&-%7   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL37'  

,—RL'GO XUY QœTL RKG EQ GL37'   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL'314   ,—RL/ XUY QœTL RKG EQ GL'314  

,—RL7 G YXV G'LEVKI7GEPMRK(%'   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL'(%'   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL0IZIPWLMJX   ,—RL7 Q GL0E]SYXG EQ GL0IZIPWLMJX   ,—RL/ XUY QœTL RKG EQ GL'(%'  

YX Q GL M RG EQ GL7,-*86)+   YX Q GL M RG EQ GL6)+&-8   ,—RL7 XL MKMERGLSQ XGLYO GLY] R MG EF GLY] R MX RKX cW  

,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL03+-'C'328630   ,—RL'GO XUY QœTL RKG EQ GL03+-'C'328630   ,—RL7 Q GL M RG EQ GL&9*>398   ,—RL7 GL‘RVEG EF GLY] R MX RKX cW %('C0:82   ,—RL7 Q GL834G EF FM R MX RKX cW %('C0:82  ,—RL'GO XUY QœTL RKG E%('C0:82   ,—RL7 0E]SYXG EGL˜T%('C0:82   ,—RL7 Z XV˜ XGGOL MRL G EGL˜T%('C0:82  



(ERLWGLGGF RK

& RK'GXLœRKW G F RG EF GLY] R MX RKX cW  

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL S 

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL%2%2(  

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL%236  

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL%2%2(  

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL%236  

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL(**6& 

& RK& RKGL‘RP¢G EQ GL&9*>  

+M MXLM YZ G›RKRKL '137GGG YXVŸGG F RXVSRKXLM XO -'X RKX ZŽ

GGG YXVŸGG F RG EGGF GLY] R MX RKX cW 

8V–RLF ]UYXV–RLTLRX—GLX—RLXSRZŽXLM XO LSŽRGL RLQ XGL—TGLY] R

MX RKX W W H RKG YXVŸG7%6XVSRKG›RKRKL FRH R'137YQFES

K QXSŽRF GGTLRX—GLX—RLXSRXLM XO GGQ GL M RZŽGGQ GLPE]SYX

8V–RLF ] GX QUYERXV RKG EF GLY] R MX RKX cW GGXLEQW G

F RQ G —GLG EPY RZ RZŽGGO XUY QSRKQY R

'L RK8 2+59%2: ',9= 2 -8 2+8 7

 ,M RRE]XL KM M ERKXVSRKKMEM S RFžRKR G EOLSEL GZŽG›RKRKL ' RK

RL GGRKLŽRLOLSEL GOLGO XLY X M RX ‘GšRL RKF GTLXXVM RZ XF G

ZŽ ‘XV XLŽRLQ XRKLŽRLG›RKRKLM T IQP MKMXV V XP R/ XLY X M RX ‘VE

MZŽTLXXVM RX V XW QRL RKW TLXXVM RG ERšGL XL GW Z XXV MO X WEY

OLM  TLX  QMRL  VE  XVERWMXSV  ZŽS  R Q    X M  TL™RK  XL—  RKLM Q  &IPP  : M  ZM G  TLX

QMRLVEXVERWMXSVO XLY X M RX GLY] RWERKQ XO RKY]”RQ M šPŽO RKY]”R

‘TLXXVM RZ MX G GLšRKQ XZŽGšTL RRŽSP RXWSZ MO XLY XX RKX /

XLY XW G RKH RKXVSRKQ MP RLZ GG E MW RKOMRLX ZŽ\‘L M1 XOLG

GSRRK MGL G QRL R GX—RLM YX RKX GL OL›RKTL MX—RLM YW (S šO

XLY XW GL šRKZEMXV™PŽGGOLYXVYRKKMERRL \ P¡ZŽP YXV '™RRL RKOLY

PM”RL XV GXM TZ MGSRRK MTL MHžRKO XLY XX RKX / XLY XX RKX W XL G

LM R  ZM G GLY] R M X—R  LM Y HS  GSR RK M X S VE XLŽRL X—R  LM Y W  XL G LM R GG

F G  P Y  XV  ZŽ \ P¡  F M O  XLY X  W  5Y XV–RL  RŽ]  G FM X  R PŽ  UY XV–RL %(

GP MPŽGLY] RX—RLM YW WEYGGUYXV–RLP Y

 8VSRK  UY  XV–RL  GLY] R  M  X  X—R  LM Y  X RK  X  WERK  X—R  LM Y  W   WEM  W  PŽ  M Y

OL›RK  XL  XVRL  OL M  %('  Gš  Q X  ZŽM  RKY R  K]  VE  WEM  W   7EM  W  P RK  X  LšE

M  Z M  F X  O

UY  XV–RL  W  LšE  X—R  LM Y  7EM  W G  S  P RK  XLIS  R  Z  K M  PŽ  07&  0IEWX

7EMW P RKX

8—R  LM Y X RK  X  PŽ X—R LM Y PM”R  X G  GL—RL \G P¡ X RK  Z› L R8VSRK OLM š

GL—RL\GG EX—RLM YW TL XLY GZŽS TLRKM MP RKX LšERšMGGLOLG š

PŽ  W  P RK  FMX  Y  VE  G E  F  GLY] R  M  7EM  W  P RK  X  LšE  HS   TLR  KM M  G E

%('PŽL YL RZŽOL›RKXL XVRL GW OL›RKLSŽRL SRŽ]XVSRKQ MPS M%('

2LM YP RKX LšEGšKMXV X—RLXLISG›RKXL G

7EMW OL›RKXY] OLGRLEYKM E HŽMLEMQ‘PM”RXM T

,—RL7EMW -20?A

7EMW -20X MQ X M QRŽS šXV”RLŽQXVY] R XG E%('PŽW X—GLP ]Q MWEM

W (20XV G šGL—RLF MZ ]R”RWEMW RŽ] GK MPŽWEMW X—GLTLR LE]WEMW

X—GLP

7EMW P L

/LM  W  LšE  X—R  LM Y  H RK  WMR  \ X %WMR J X  : M  M Y  OM R  XL M  KMER  P ]  Q YOL›RK R RLHSGPSGONMXXIVPŽ  XWEMW K]VEF MLM RX RKRŽ]GšXL GP RK

GXVSRKOLS RKWEY

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 'š  XL  XL ]  V RK  WEM  W  PŽ  OL  RL  QM R  X R  W  XL T  RL RK  P M  OL  RK  O

QM RX RW GES8G RKRŽ]GšXL F UYER YRšX RK MRL WSZ MWEMW P RK

X LšE.MXXIV]”YG YGšXL GX—RLXSRH EZŽSG›RKXL GWEY

  8 G P ]Q YPŽX G KMXV W Q M GP ]Q YX X—RLM YX RKX ,E]RšM

GGLOLGX G G EKMXV Q M GK MPŽX G P ]Q YLE]X RW P ]Q YG EF

8—RLM YGšF RKXL›RKKM ML RFM R MPM”RX GGšXL GP ]Q Y šPŽKMXV

WEY šX—RLM YK GGšXL OL›MTL GP MGL—RL\GX GGKMXV V MV GF RKG›RKXL G

R MWY]8Y]RLM”R GL—RL\GF KM ML RF MWEMW P RKX LšE

8 G P ]Q YXYRXLIS RLP¡P ]Q Y7LERRSRc2]UYMWX

c8˜RLM YF RKG F RPM•RX GXLISXL MKMERGL GšXL OL›MTL GP MGL˜RL\GX

GGQ YG ERšR YX˜RLM YR]GšF RKXL›RKL YL RZX RW P ]Q YP RL RLEM

P RF RKXL›RKG EX˜RLM Yd

(S  GG %('  OL›RK  XL  XL G  LM R  ZM G  GLY] R  M  RKE]  P T  X G  X—R  LM Y  X RK  X

KM  GLS  X—R  LM Y  X RK  X G  P ]  Q Y  RŽ]  OL›RK  M  1 GL  RŽ]  G  K M  PŽ  Q GL

RK  Q GL  RŽ]  PŽ  Q X  X M R   P Y  KM M R  T

X RK X X M YZŽSZŽW H RK OLšE M R X RK XO XR MX RŽ] Z M Y ZŽS'š

RLM YPS M%('X—GLL TPY›RG Q GLP ]Q YRŽ]

2LM YKM

8 XG GGF %(' YPŽQZM GXLISQ XRKY]”RP¡GLYRK šPŽP ]Q YX—RLM Y

X RKX X M YZŽSX MGGOLS RKXL MKMERV MV GV MGLY] R MQ Y šVEKMXV

W :– Z ] QŽ X—R  LM Y  Y  VE OL›RK  XL  TL R RL  L X Q M XV RK  XLM G E X—R  LM Y  Y

ZŽS2 YH EZŽSX—RLM Y YVEW OL›RKXL GšGGLRŽSFM X GXV RKXLMG E

X—RLM Y YZŽS GGXL M M QKM ELEMP RP ]Q YPM”RXM TRLEY LE]RšMGGLOLG

GL QWSZ MX G P ]Q YXL–XEGšXL KM XLM XV RKKMXV G EX—RLM Y YZŽSKM E

LEMP RP ]Q YPM”RXM TW F RKQ XXVSRKLEMKMXV G EX—RLM Y YZŽSXVSRKLEMP R

P ]Q YPM”RXM T š8Y]RLM”RR YW FM R MG EX—RLM Y YZŽSUYRLERLWSZ M

X G P ]Q YXL–KM XLM X šOL›RKG™R ŸRKR E

2 YGGKMXV W GX SVEX F GLY] R M%('ZŽ Q XXV RKXLMXM TXLIS

RŽS šG EL XL RKP M GGLY] R MP MXLŽRLKMXV X RKX F RKF GLY] R M

X RK  X  K G  GŽRK  X X  2 Y  RL  X—R  LM Y  X RK  X Y  ZŽS  F %('  FM R  M  UY

RLERLWSZ MX G P ]Q YXL– M YRŽ]W OLš X GZŽTLXWMRLRL RKX—RLM Y

KM K MPŽRLM YKM X M YVEG EF GLY] R M(%'8VSRKL YL XGGXV RKL T

RK MXETL MW H RKXL”QQ XF P GZŽQ XF PS MF RLM YKM RŽ]

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,—RL'G GX˜RLX RLG EF %('?A

8VSRKXL GX OLM M RTX RKX YZŽSF RKXL–Q‘ YVE(OL›RKF RK

QŽXLISP¡XLY] XXL–Q‘ YVETL MF RK ]GL—RLPŽQ XXVSRKRL RKWEMW KM E

7EMW OLY] GL

7EMW OLY] GL MPŽW P GLL RKXY] RX—RLG EQ‘ YVE8L RKXL–HS RL

LM RWEMW OLY] GL MPŽW WEMP GLZ G E RKXL RK%&P¡X RK

0ŽX W G›RKWY XRKY RX RKG EX—RLM Y YZŽSH RKL–RLWMRXV”RG›RKWY X

RKY RG EX—RLM Y YZŽSL–RLWMRX M726!

'L RKc1 87 ' 986Ž'' & 2' %& &- 2

RKLRL M RX ZZM RXLRK'œV XRLM YG YXV¡GFM R MX RKX eW GW

H RKXV–RXL KM MLM RRE]8 ]ZSRL RK]–YG YZ RKH RKG XL P EGL R

2

M RXV GLME X SVEG‘GQ G M R‘TGLY R

M R‘TGLY RGLSQ MF WSW‘RLP RL R07&WSZ M M R‘TGLY RG EF WSW‘RL

RKE]H MRœ1 MF WSW‘RLGœ YVEF RKcdR YRL M R‘TZSP RL R M R‘T

OLRKP M QQX™RLM YZSXV R–RRL L RQ G M R‘TGLY RG EF WSW‘RL

X RK RK/LM M R‘T YZSG EF *PEWL%('GESFESRLM–YXL˜H“]W PSKMG

YVEG RKX RKXL–QQ GPSKMGcdX RK RK(“]W YVEPYRGœH RK

cd

'‘GF WSW‘RL GXLM XO Z ML W OLY GL MXL TF MZ˜OLRKXL RSG RK

X GF RKXLRKV RKZL W OLY GL MGES: M R‘TSJJWIXXL TX XRLM–RP

HS]–YG Y M R‘TSJJWIX YZSG EQ MF WSW‘RLTL MRL L R07&G EF

GLY] R M%('2 YOLRKW PQWEMP GLKM‘XV W YVEG EF WSW‘RLX GP

O XUY W YVEW F WEMP GL

*PEWL%('0F GLY] R M%(P£X RKGLSG‘G RKH RK]–YG Y V RKF RK

XLRKV XP RXY]RLM–RGL¡RKXM–YXL RLM YGRKWY XL RG‘GG YXV¡G%('OL‘G

]–YG YHM RX™GLP RZX G F KM ML RF MG‘GOLœE M RX X G G EG‘GF WS

W‘RLZG‘GQ GLPK™GW 0 ]Z™H F™X%('XEG RGœF WSW‘RLRL RKR Y

F™XXETL MG R RF WSW‘RLHS œQG YXV¡G%('R]F KM ML RF M TL’R

H M

GL–RL\ŽGG EG YXV›G*PEWL

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EG‘GF WSW‘RL'‘GXLEQW X RL GX™RLRL WEY

M R‘T YZSP£X RKG EF WSW‘RLXL MP:MZXL GX W P:W[MXEGœ

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,•RL7 OL MG EG YXV›G8[S7XIT*PEWL%('?A

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RL X X SVE€2F™XTL’RKM MXV RKW GES17&W'‘GF™X17&WX SVEW G E

ZS  F FM R  M (%'   XES  VE  M R ‘T X RK  X : : Z :MR  G  E ZS  F XV

M R‘T X SVE M R‘T:!:MRe::W XV XLRL M R‘TX RKX YZSG E

F FM R MX RKX eW W H RKG YXV¡G*PEWLXL Z MW F™XKM Q MQ XR EG›R

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YZS:MRX XRL X8 MQ MF GXVSRKUY‘XV˜RL\ P£R]KM‘XV RL TL’RG ETL•T

\ T\ GP YXVSRKXLERLKLM\ T\ PM–RXM T ’]PG YXV¡G GP EGL R XLM X

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,•RL7 OL MG EG YXV›G7%6%('?A

W  H GL  GLY] R  X M  F™X  XM T  XLIS   TL™E  H M  X  FMX  R]   Q G  GES  Z  XL G  LM R  Q X

TL•T  WS  W‘RL  OL‘G 8M T  X G  RL  Z ]  GLS  R  FMX  07&  G E  XLERL  KLM  2  e  FMX  /LM  FMX

07&  G  X  F RK    Z  XL G  LM R  \SRK  ZM G  WS  W‘RL  XL˜  UY‘  XV˜RL  GLY] R  M  G RK

LSRXLRLZ YVEW 2eFMX GGL EXVSRKXLERLKLM

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F X™GLTL’RGœW XLE] MZGœG‘GWEMW RL X RLRS œ1 XW WEMP GLRL G E

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F RKX RXL TL RG›RG‘GGERRLM Y X RW GESL R

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