Nghiên cứu chiến lược dịch anh việt các thuật ngữ trong tài liệu chuyên ngành công nghiệp giày dép

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIESFACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ------NGUYỄN THANH HIỀN THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF FOOTWEAR

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

- -NGUYỄN THANH HIỀN

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIAL TERMINOLOGY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

(Nghiên cứu chiến lược dịch Anh-Việt các thuật ngữ trong tài liệu chuyên ngành

công nghiệp giày dép)

M.A MINOR THESIS PROGRAMME I

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 8220201.01

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

- -NGUYỄN THANH HIỀN

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIAL TERMINOLOGY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Nghiên cứu chiến lược dịch Anh-Việt các thuật ngữ trong tài liệu chuyên

ngành công nghiệp giày dép)

M.A MINOR THESIS PROGRAMME I

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled

“The translation strategies of footwear industrial terminology between English andVietnamese” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster in English Linguistics Except where the reference is indicated, no otherperson’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Ha noi, 2019

Nguyen Thanh Hien

Secondly, a special word of thanks goes to all my teachers in the Department

of Post Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies,VNU,without whose useful and fundamental knowledge of English as well as researchmethods it would never have been possible for me have this thesis accomplished

Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice theyhave devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work

This thesis titled “The translation strategies of footwear industrialterminology between English and Vietnamese” investigates the strategiescommonly used for dealing with the translation of FW terminology between Englishand Vietnamese The main theoretical background of the study includes theconcepts of the methods and procedures of translation; as well as the features ofFootwear terminology

Firstly, many FW terms are collected from authentic materials and classifiedaccording to structural patterns Then, the research paper focuses on working outstrategies, procedures that can be best applied to the translation of terms at word-level and above-word-level Lastly, the conclusion clarifies the research questionand some suggestions for further study are given

Hopefully, the research may make a contribution to translation of footwearterms and share a little bit experience in translation

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1 SL Source language

2 TL Target language

3 FW Footwear

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

PageTable 4.1: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in one word term translation

Table 4.2: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in above one word term translation Table 4.3: The omission procedure used in above one word term translation

Figure 1 Translation as a continuum by Larson

Figure 2: The translation strategies used in Footwear terminology

283537826

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Scope of the study 2

1.3 Aims of the study 2

1.4 Methodology 2

1.5 Organization of the thesis 3

CHAPTER 2 4

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND& LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Definition of translation 4

2.2 Translation methods and strategies 5

2.2.1 Translation methods 5

2.2.2 Translation strategies 8

2.2.3 Translation of Neologisms 11

2.2.3.1 Definition of Neologisms 11

2.2.3.2 Types of Neologisms and the translation 11

2.3 Terminology 13

2.3.1 Definition of terminology 13

2.3.2 Classification of Footwear terminology 13

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Reasons to choose the dictionary 22

3.2 Methodology 22

3.2.2 Procedure of data collection 23

3.2.3 Procedure of data analysis 24

CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 25

4.1 The translation of one-word terms from English into Vietnamese 25

4.1.1 Translation by using old words with new sense 26

4.1.2 Translation by transference 26

4.1.3 Translation by naturalization 27

4.1.4 The translation of terms with the use of descriptive equivalent procedure 28 4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word 28

4.1.6 Literal translation 29

4.2 The translation of above-word level terms from English into Vietnamese 30

4.2.1 Translation by shift and transpositions 30

4.2.1.1 Translation with the change word order from SL to TL 31

4.2.1.2 Translation by a rank- shift 33

4.2.2 Translation by description procedure 35

4.2.3 Translation by omission 36

4.3 Appropriate strategies and procedures applied in translating Footwear terminology from English into Vietnamese 37

4.4 Some suggestions for the Footwear terminology translation strategies 38

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 41

5.1 Summary of findings 41

5.2 The Implications of the Study 42

5.2.1 For the translation of FW terminology between English and Vietnamese 42 5.2.2 For EFL Teaching and Learning 43

5.3 Suggestions for Further Study 44

REFERENCES 45 APPENDICES I

Appendix 1: Old words with new sense I Appendix 2: Noun1+ Noun 2 II

Appendix 3: Adjective+ Noun IVAppendix 4: V-ed+ Noun VAppendix 5: Noun/Adjective+ Noun+Noun VINoun/Adjective+ V-ing+Noun VIAppendix 6: V-ing+ Noun VIIAppendix 7: Using descriptive equivalent procedure IXAppendix 8: Transference terms XIAppendix 9: Translation by paraphrase using a related word XIIIAppendix 10: Translation by omission XIV

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the research topic and the reasons for choosing it Besides, the aim, objectives and the scope of the study are also provided in this chapter

1.1 Rationale

It is undeniable that English is the most widely used language in every area

in modern life English is considered as an important tool in communication ingeneral and in specialized documents in specific These days, thanks to foreigninvestment capital, Vietnam owns a newly developed industry branch calledfootwear production The FW industry has thousands of big companies around theworld, and Vietnam is becoming a big footwear exporter to Europe after only Italyand China It has gained a significant revenue in national economy in recent years

Along with the development of other products around the world, the share ofexperiences and technology of footwear industry among countries plays animportant role Thus, translation of materials in this field between English andVietnamese attracts more attention for linguistic researchers

However, translation in this field is always a challenging task The obviousdifficulty is the problem of differences in English FW terms and Vietnamese ones

In other words, there are some existential differences between these two languagesystems of terminology This creates a challenge for many translators due to theirlack of knowledge about footwear Therefore, Vietnamese translators only translatesome popular footwear terms for workers or for those who work in this field

I conduct this research with two main purposes First, it helps translators gainmore knowledge of translation theory to understand the original meaning andchoose the most appropriate strategies for translation thoroughly Second, moreimportantly, the aim of the research is also to find out the ways of translationfootwear terms which prove to be precise and flexible to make the translationbetween two languages English and Vietnam become standard footwear terms

Additionally, I decide to make this study and give some suggestions to improve thequality of translation of materials in the field of footwear

1.2 Scope of the study

There are a number of English and Vietnamese footwear terms in manymaterials, such as: Internet, books and footwear documents This study focuses onthe classification of typical English terms and Vietnamese equivalents in English –Vietnamese Dictionary of Leather and Footwear published in 2012 by Leather andShoe Research Institute Simultaneously, it also finds out some translation strategies

to deal with problems in translating English-Vietnamese footwear terms

1.3 Aims of the study

This study is carried out with the following aims:

+To find out translation strategies used in translation of footwear terms to answer

the research question: “What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?”

+ To provide some suggestions for translating FW terminology to achieve an exacttranslation based on the results of the study

to carry out the thesis Besides, contrastive analysis, and description which areusually used to study linguistics will be used The data for this study is collectedthrough the procedure of critical analyzing, based on Newmark’s methods andtranslation of Neologisms.

1.5 Organization of the thesis

The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason forchoosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization

Chapter 2: Theoretical Background &Literature Review

Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed inthis chapter

Chapter 3: Methodology

This chapter mentions the reasons to choose the dictionary and provides the mainmethodology and procedure of data collection

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher foundout from the collected data It also gives answer to the research questions

Chapter 5: Conclusion

The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of furtherstudies on the field

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW

The chapter will provide theories on terminology and translation considered

a basis for studying the English -Vietnamese translation of footwear terms

However, some philologists have a deep understanding about translationbeside the textual replacement Meanings, semantic or syntactic are continuouslyremarked in the view of translation theories Translation is the expression in anotherlanguage (or TL) of what has been expressed in another (SL), preserving semanticand stylistic equivalences (Dubois 1973, cited in Bell, 1991) Nina and Taber(1974, p.12) suggested that “translation consists in reproducing in the receptorlanguage the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first interms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”

In 1982, Wilss gave the detailed concept, it could combine all elements above.Translation is a procedure which leads from written SL text to an optimalequivalent TLtext, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, and stylistic and text pragmatic

comprehension by the original text More broadly, translation is a communicativeprocess which takes place within a social context (Hatim and Mason, 1990).

2.2 Translation methods and strategies

2.2.1 Translation methods

Basing on the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida, Newmark proposed 8translation methods which can be illustrated in the form of a flattened V diagram asfollows:

SL TL

Word-for-word translation Adaptation

Literal translation Free translation

Faithful translation Idiomatic translation

Semantic translation Communicative translation

Faithful translation

It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original withinthe constraints of the TL grammatical structures Some cultural words are translatesdirectly by copying from the source text to the target text Thus, it preserves thegrammatical abnormality and causes the difficulties for reader in TL

Semantic translation

This method takes more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text thandoes faithful translation, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so thatassonance, word-lay or repetition jars in the finished version

Adaptation

In adaptation, the themes, characters, plots are preserved, and the SL culture

is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten This translation method isoften used in poem, stories or plays translations

Free translation

It is when the translator gets out of the limitations of the SL in terms offorms and expressions to produce a new translation This method is often used forsongs translation

Idiomatic translation

It reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances ofmeaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in theoriginal This method is highly effective for the translation of idiom

Communicative translation

It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original so that thereadership finds it easier to understand Communicative translation is often used fortranslating a difficult document

(Newmark, 1988, p 45-47)Among these 8 methods of translation, communicative and semantictranslations are the two major methods, and they are more frequently used for twomain aims of translation, namely accuracy and economy

Apart from these methods, when concluding the chapter on translation

methods in A Textbook of Translation, Newmark goes on to clarify five more

translation methods:

Service translation: is translation from one’s language of habitual use into another

language

Plain prose translation: this is translation of poems and poetic drama Usually

stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and

SL culture retained, and no sound-effects are reproduced

Information translation: This conveys all the information in a non-literary text,

sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized, andnot in the form of a paraphrase

Cognitive translation: This reproduces the information in a SL text converting the

SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative toliteral language

Academic translation: This reduces an original SL text to an ‘elegant’ idiomatic

educated TL version which follows a literary register It irons out the expressiveness

of a writer with modish colloquialisms

(Newmark, 1988)

In addition, according to Larson (1984) translation is classified into two maintypes, namely form-based and meaning-based translation Form-based translationattempts to follow the form of Source Language and is known as literal translation,while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning ofthe SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language Such translation is calledidiomatic translation

Larson (1984) stated that idiomatic translations use the natural forms of thereceptor language both in the grammatical constructions and in the choices oflexical items A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation Itsounds like it was written originally in the receptor language Therefore, a goodtranslator will try to translate idiomatically In practice, however, it is hard toconsistently translate idiomatically or literally These translations are often amixture of literal and idiomatic forms of language Translation then falls on acontinuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, toidiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly free as displayed below

Figure 1 Translation as a continuum by Larson (1984, p.17)

2.2.2 Translation strategies

Krings (1986, p.18) defined translation strategy as "translator's potentiallyconscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of aconcrete translation task"

Moreover, Loescher (1991, p.8) defined translation strategy as "a potentiallyconscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or anysegment of it." As it is stated in this definition, the notion of consciousness issignificant in distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translators

Furthermore, Bell (1998) differentiated between global (those dealing withwhole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirmsthat this distinction results from various kinds of translation problems

Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) they changed the term “strategies” by

“procedures” and proposed seven procedures-oriented structurelistic Translatorscan choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation andoblique translation Each of the methods, they present different procedures based onparallel categories (structural parallelism) and parallel concepts (meta- linguisticparallelism)

Direct (Literal translation) Indirect ( Oblique translation)

1 Borrowing/ Loan 4 Transposition

3 Literal translation 6 Total syntagmatic change/ Equivalence

7 Adaptation

Procedure 1: Borrowing/Loan

To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g a new technicalprocess, an unknown concept), borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods.

It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionallyneed to use it in order to create a stylistic effect The decision to borrow a SL word

or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style andconsequently of the message

Procedure 2: Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows anexpression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements Theresult is either a lexical calque or the syntactic structure of the TL, whilstintroducing a new mode of expression; or a structural calque

Procedure 3: Literal Translation

Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into agrammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’ task islimited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL Inprinciple, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete

in itself It is most common when translating between two languages of the samefamily, and even more so when they also share the same culture

Procedure 4: Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word class withanother without changing the meaning of the message Besides being a specialtranslation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a language

Procedure 5: Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change inthe point of view This change can be justified when, although a literal, or eventransposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is consideredunsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL

Procedure 6: Equivalence

We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be rendered

by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods In suchcases we are dealing with the method which produces equivalent texts

Procedure 7: Adaptation

It is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the

SL message is unknown in the TL culture In such cases translators have to create anew situation that can be considered as being equivalent Adaptation can, therefore,

be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence

Newmark (1988b) also presented some strategies for sentences and thesmaller units of language

Transference (emprunt, loan word, transcription) is the process of transferring a

SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure

Naturalisation: This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to

the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL

Cultural equivalent: This is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is

translated by a TL cultural word

Functional equivalent: This common procedure, applied to cultural words, requires

the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term; it thereforeneutralises or generalises the SL word

Descriptive equivalent: the meaning of the original word is explained in several words.

It is often used with the transference to translate a cultural word or expression

Through translation (calque/ loan translation): this procedure refers that a word or

normally an expression is translated literally into the TL words Through translationshould be used only for already recognized terms

Shift/ transposition: A “shift” (Catford's term) or “transposition” (Vinay and Darbelnet)

is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL

Synonym: the translators use the word 'synonym1 in the sense of a near TL

equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may notexist This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one

equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives oradverbs of quality (which in principle are 'outside' the grammar and less importantthan other components of a sentence).

Modulation: a modification of the original message when it is translated into a TL

due to a change of viewpoint, perfective, or even thought

2.2.3 Translation of Neologisms

2.2.3.1 Definition of Neologisms

According to Newmark (1988, p.140) “Neologisms can be defined as newlycoined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire new sense” Neologismscan be an isolated term, a word, or a phrase that may be in the process of enteringcommon use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology; it may bedirectly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event Newmarkalso proposes twelve types of neologisms and the translation of each type

2.2.3.2 Types of Neologisms and the translation

- Old word with new senses: words, collocation

- The creation of neologisms

The followings are the most popular types of neologism which appear in FW texts:

a Old words with new senses

Newmark (1998) stated that these words do not normally refer to newobjects or processes and are normally non-cultural, so they are rarely technological.Because of their familiarity, they are usually translated either by word that already

exist in the TL, or by a brief functional or descriptive term For instance: upper (mũ giầy), bottom (mặt đế), unit (chi tiết).

b Acronyms

Newmark (1995, p.200) defined an acronym as “the initial letters of words

that form a group of words used (vertiginously) for denoting an object, institution orprocedure” Sometimes, the acronyms can be typically coined for the text and can

be found within the text, therefore it is not necessary to look for it in the variousreference books In science the letters are occasionally joined up and becomeinternationalisms Acronyms are frequently created within special topics anddesignate products, appliances and processes, depending on their degree ofimportance; in translation, there is either a standard equivalent term or, if it does notyet exist, a descriptive term Acronyms for institutions and names of companies are

usually transferred There are several acronyms in FW terms looked for such as: PVC (polylvinyl chloride): nhựa PVC; ISO (international standards organization): tổ chức tiêu chuẩn quốc tế; EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate): chất EVA; AAFA (American Alparrel

& Footwear): Hiệp hội các nhà sản xuất giầy dép, quần áo Hoa Kỳ.

c Collocation

New collocations (noun compounds or adjective plus noun) are particularlycommon in the social sciences Therefore, in FW field, there are a lot of terms like

that, for instance, “leather sole” “rope sole”…

However, some of terms created by collocation are challenge for translators

so they presents problems as some of them do not exist in the TL like “Oxford shoe” In this case, the translators have to transfer them and add a functional-

descriptive term It is a way we might create our own neologisms

Do Huu Chau, and Nguyen Thien Giap Nguyen Van Tu (1968) stated thatterminology consists of fixed words or phrases which denote concepts of sciences,manufacturing fields, or culture and so on Similarly, Do Huu Chau (1998) said thatterminology includes specialist words used within a scientific field, a profession orany technological field Besides, Nguyen Thien Giap (1999) defined it as a part ofspecial lexis of a language It consists of fixed words or groups of words whichaccurately name concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields ofhuman beings From the above-mentioned definitions, terminology can be consideredfixed words or phrases which accurately denote concepts of particular subject fields

2.3.2 Classification of Footwear terminology

Based on the structural patterns, FW terms can be divided into two groupsincluding one-word terms and above -word-level terms

2.3.3.1 One-word terms in English

a One-word terms in the form of verb

Ép Bọc Nhuộm Xén Gấp Buộc dây giầy

A typical feature of these terms is that they can transfer; that is, they can appeareither in the form of a verb or a noun and most of these one-verb terms have their nouns

to be used as alternatives such as in the following examples:

Sự trang trí

Sự trang trí

Sự đục lỗ trang trí Moreover, these verbs can go with one or two certain nouns to create the terms:

b One-word terms in the form of noun

meaning is “a piece lies in the parts of shoes and helps the shoes stronger” (một miếng nằm ở dưới các bộ phận của giầy và giúp đôi giầy cứng hơn).

Followings are some more examples of footwear terms:

Lót trong Chi tiết

Although these terms are very familiar because of the popular existing, theymay make a hindrance and obstacle to translators without experience in this field.They only take on a special meaning in each concrete scientific field and requiretranslators have a deep understanding about that subject

High- footwear terms

Each of the subject has intrinsic terms which create high- terms It is veryimportant that the users having a large background of that subject may understandthese terms Below are some of the frequently used high- footwear terms:

English terms Vietnamese terms

Da mềm

c One-word terms in the form of an adjective

Unlike technical terms in the form of a verb, almost all the terms in the form

of an adjective do not have their nouns to be used as alternatives:

English terms Vietnamese terms

d Eponyms derived from the names of shoes

It is remarkable that many famous shoes brands appearing in foreign

countries, such as: Gibson, Nike, Luis, McKay, Moccasins, NewBalance, and Adidas These FW terms are used in Vietnamese without translating.

2.3.3.2 One word terms in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, Footwear terms which are formed of one word mainly

comprise a Noun or a Verb They are only hold a small proportion

One word terms in form of Noun

Almost technical or scientific terms in general as well as FW terms inparticular are formed by compounding In all the FW compound terms are collected,noun compounds appear in the form of nominal group as proposed by MarkHalliday (1985) make up the highest proportion

Footwear above -word -level terms in the form of nominal group

First of all, we have a brief theory of the experiential structure of the nominal group

a Nominal group

According to Mark Halliday (1985), the Nominal Group structure containsthe Thing called head noun, preceded by various items including Deitic,Numerative, Epithet, and Classifier and followed by Qualifier We can interpret theparts of nominal group structurally as illustration below:

Deictic Numerative Epithet 1 Epithet 2 Classifier Thing Qualifier

pantographsDeterminer Numeral Adjective Adjective Adjective Noun Preposition+

Nouns

All items of nominal group will be presented below:

Deictic: The deictic element indicates whether or not some specific subset of the

Thing is intended with such specific words as this, these, that, those, my, your, her, etc or non-specific like a, an, each, all, every, etc.

Numerative: The numerative element shows some numerical feature of the subset

either quantity (one, two, three…), or order (first, second, third…), either exact (one, two, three…) or inexact (few, little, several…)

Epithet: The Epithet indicates some quality of the subset This may be an objective

property of the thing itself or it may be an expression of the speaker’s subjective

attitude towards it, for instance asymmetrical upper, hard rubber, real leather, etc

Classifier: The classifier indicates a particular subclass of the thing in question; it

can be an adjective or a noun For instance, fabric boot, heel layer, foam rubber.

Furthermore, verbs also appear in the nominal group and function as Epithet

or Classifier in one of the two forms as following:

Present participle, V-ing such as ageing test or past participle, V-ed as in moulded heel

When these forms function as Epithet, they usually have the sense of thefinite tense of which the present participle means ‘which is (was/will be)… ing’,and the past participle means ‘which has (had/will have) been …ed

For examples: bending resistance (the resistance of something which is bending), punched toe-cap (toe-cap which has been punched)

Thing: The Thing is the semantic core of the nominal group, which may be

common noun, proper noun, or personal noun For example: international law, strict liability, forced payment, etc.

Qualifier: The Qualifier follows the Thing and characterizes it The qualifier can be a

relative clause or a prepositional phrase For examples: anatomy of the shoe, inside of foot

b Footwear terms in the form of nominal group

Based on the classification mentioned above, the FW terms collected might

be classified in the form of nominal group with their sub-classes as follows:

Classifier (Noun) + Thing

These terms consist of two nouns (Noun+Noun) in which the first nounfunctioning as Classifier It helps to distinguish the second noun to create the other

concept in the same group For instance, the term “baby shoes” (giầy trẻ em),

“ballet shoes” (giầy múa ba lê), “canvas shoes” (giầy vải), the first nouns helps to

distinguish different types of the shoes

Below are other examples of this group:

Classifier (Adjective) + Thing

The compounds Adjective+ Noun includes an Adjective and a Noun, inwhich Adjectives functions as Classifier and the head Noun (thing) They arecombined together and create terms, for example:

Washable leather

Stiff sole

Da có thể giặt được

Đế cứng

Flat heel Gót phẳng

In addition, the classifier can be further modified by another sub-classifierwhich is in the form of a noun, or an adjective, for instance:

Breathable nylon upper

Classic fashion court

Heavy duty boot

Mũ giầy ni lông thoáng hơi Giầy nữ thời trang cao gót kinh điển Giầy ủng dùng làm các công việc nặng

Classifier / Epithet (Present Participle) + Thing

In this group of compound V-ing + Noun, V-ing sometimes functions as (1)Classifier and some as (2) Epithet:

(1) Bathing slipper (dép tắm): the slipper which is used in the bathroom

(2) Bating agent (tác nhân làm mềm): the agent which is bating other material

However, some FW terms in this form can be either Classifier or Epithet when they are interpreted in different cases:

Classifier / Epithet (Past Participle) + Thing

In this group, V-ed (past participle) can be functioned as either Classifier orEpithet and they depend on different situation to take on their role

Thing + Qualifier

All of these terms are formed by Noun+ Preposition+ Noun as below examples:

Materials for shoes Nguyên liệu sản xuất giầy

Axis of last

Inside profile of last

Reaction with the foot

Vamp with imitation cap

Ornamentation for the quarter

Trục của phom giầy Tiết diện trong của phom giầy

Sự ảnh hưởng đến bàn chân Thân giầy trước có mũi giả Trang trí lên chi tiết má giầy

2.3.3.4 Above-word-level terms in Vietnamese

Nguyen Van Khang (1998) gives the some classification of Vietnamesecompounds based on word order and the semantic relationship criteria of theconstituents

a Noun+Verb and Verb+Noun

In this type, there is one head root which is a Noun, and the second element which is a Verb modifies the Noun and indicates the function of the head root (1)

In some circumtances, the Verb can indicates the maner of the Noun (2) For

example:

(1) Máy đóng gót: Machine for attaching heel.

(2) Gót đúc: Heel which is moulded.

Được khâu tay: Stiches which are made by hand.

b Noun1+Noun2

The second Noun can indicates the type or material of the first Noun:

Giầy da: the shoes made of leather

Giầy trẻ em: the shoes for baby

c Noun + Adjective

In this case, the Adjective helps distinguish different kinds of each thing by point out the characteristics of the Noun

Đế cứng: the sole is hard

Phần mũi kín: the toe which is closed

2.3.3.5 Summary

To sum up, Footwear terminologies are formed both at word and above wordlevel and above word level are proved to be the most frequently met in FW

When one word terms in English are translated, they may be one word terms orabove word level terms in Vietnamese.

2.4 Chapter conclusion

This part has finished overview of translation theory and terminology Allconcepts of translation have listed and we have focused on the methods andstrategies of translation as well as translation of Neologisms Additionally, theinformation about terminology, its features and formation is gathered It alsocomes to a conclusion that FW terms include two groups: one-word terms andabove-word-level terms based on structural patterns The classification of theseterms will be of great importance as we move on the translation of footwearterms in the next chapter

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents the methodology of the research in which reasons tochoose the dictionary will be defined It also provides the description of the subject,sampling steps, data collection procedure and data analysis procedure

3.1 Reasons to choose the dictionary

The Viet Nam footwear industrial branch appeared in 1996, however,English-Vietnamese footwear materials are quite few Many English footweardocuments are published and popularly used In 2007, the Leather and Footwear

Research Institute proposed the topic "Research and Compilation of the Vietnamese Footwear Terminology" The product of the topic is highly appreciated,

English-but this term is only about 2000 words and still needs to be completed Therefore, it

is only used as a reference and it has not been officially released In 2012, Ngo DaiQuang and his colleagues edited and complemented about 3000 new words Thisdictionary was registered and promulgated in the Institute's information page on theInternet As a result, this dictionary was chosen in the study; in detail, it sufficientlyprovides footwear terminology and has high reliability

3.2 Methodology

In this study, qualitative approach is chosen to decide the way of collectingand analyzing data According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), a qualitative researchfocuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense interms of the meanings people bring to these settings The qualitative researchmethod involves data collection of personal experiences, introspection, and storiesabout life, interviews, observations, interactions and visual texts which aresignificant to people life Therefore, it can be seen that qualitative research involvesvisual texts which can be collected, analyzed and interpreted Besides, qualitativeapproach helps researcher to understand the issues accurately and comprehensively

In conclusion, the choice of qualitative research is appropriate which determines thechoice of subject, sample selection method and data analysis procedure in the study

Moreover, Johansson (2000) states that contrast analysis as the systematic

comparison of two or more languages, with the aim of describing their similaritiesand differences In this study, the final aim of this method is to identify thesimilarities and differences between English and Vietnamese Footwearterminologies in the FW dictionary in terms of structural features.

Additionally, quantitative description is also used to help to count the data Due to the aim of the study to investigate of strategies applied in translating

FW terminologies in the dictionary from English into Vietnamese, documentanalysis becomes the main data collection method in this study

Specifically, the dictionary is selected to classify FW terminologies into certaingroups with the analysis to figure out which strategy is used to transfer these terms

Many translation strategies are presented in the chapter 2 In this study, Imainly use Newmark’s methods The analysis interptets data based on eighttranslation procedures and I choose this framework because Newmark (1988b) alsopresented these strategies for sentences and the smaller units of language They arevery suitable for translating Footwear terminology Besides, the translation ofNeologisms is applied

3.2.2 Procedure of data collection

Data collection procedure includes three steps:

+Collecting English terminologies and Vietnamese equivalents in the

Footwear Dictionary

+Classifying collected English terminologies.

According to categorized term groups in chapter 2, collected English andVietnamese terminologies in step 1 are classified into one word and above- oneword terms based on their structure patterns

+ Finding the common translation strategies.

Based on the framework of translation strategies mentioned in chapter 2 theresearcher has to figure out the common strategies in FW dictionary Then, theresearcher gives the answer to the research question:

What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in

to Vietnamese?

3.2.3 Procedure of data analysis

-Classification: Collect and arrange English and Vietnamese terms into 2 groups:one word terms and above-one word terms

-Analysis: Collected English and Vietnamese Footwear terms are discussed howmany strategies used to translate them A list is presented in which statistics usedtranslation strategies are calculated and edited in the form of figures The dataprocessing proved to be extremely essential because it served as a framework forsuggesting ways to translate English Footwear terms intoVietnamese

-Implication: Make some suggestions for translation strategies in Footwear terms

3.3 Chapter conclusion

This chapter indicates some main methods to carry out the study Especially,qualitative approach is the best method to analysis the data The procedure of datacollection and data analysis is given out in detail This is a big and important step toget the best findings