Past Progressive He said: “I was playing football when the accident occurred.” Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred.. Present
Trang 1CHUYÊN ĐỀ 8: CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP
I ĐỊNH NGHĨA
1 Direct speech
Eg: She said: “I have never been to Paris”
He said to me: “I like your hair”
He said to her: “I like your hair”
2 Indirect/Reported speech
Eg: - She said that she had never been to Paris
- He said that he liked my hair
- He told her that he liked her hair
II QUY TẮC CHUYỂN CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG GIÁN TIẾP
1 Thay đổi S, O, Possessive Adjectives
Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech
I
We
You
He/She They I/We
Me Us You
Him/Her Them Me/Us Đại từ sở hữu (Possessive pronouns) Tính từ sở hữu (Possessive adjectives) Mine
Ours
Yours
His/Hers Theirs Mine/Ours
My Our Your
His/Her Their My/Our
2 Thay đổi động từ
Can “I can do it” He said he could do it
May “May I go out?” He wanted to know if he might go out
Must “She must apply for the job.” He said that she must/had to apply for the job will “They will call you.” He told me that they would call her
Simple Present
He said: “I am happy.”
Simple Past
He said that he was happy
Present Progressive
He said: “I'm looking for my keys.”
Past Progressive
He said that he was looking for his keys
Simple Past
He said: “I visited New York last year.”
Past Perfect Simple
He said that he had visited New York the previous year
Trang 2He said: “I've lived here for a long time.” He said that he had lived there for a long
time
Past Perfect
He said: “They had finished the work when
I arrived.”
Past Perfect
He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived
Past Progressive
He said: “I was playing football when the
accident occurred.”
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred
Present Perfect Progressive
He said: “I have been playing football for
two hours.”
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been playing football for two hours
Past Perfect Progressive
He said: “I had been reading a newspaper
when he light went off.”
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off
Future Simple (will+verb)
He said: “I will open the door.”
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would open the door
Conditional I
He said to me: “I will help you if I am free”
He said that he would help me if he was free
3 Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
Time Expressions
yesterday the day before, the previous day
last week the week before, the previous week next year the following year, the next year
place
Demonstratives
Eg: “I met her yesterday ” he said
=> He said that he had met her the day before
“I’ll do it tomorrow.” he promised
=> He promised that he would do it the following day
❖ Các trường hợp không lùi thì động từ
1 Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý hay một hành động được lặp đi lặp lại thường
Trang 3xuyên theo thói quen hiện tại.
Eg: My teacher said, “The Sun rises in the east”
=> My teacher said that the Sun rises in the east
She said, “I get up at 5 o’clock every morning”
=> She said that she gets up at 5 o’clock every morning
2 Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3 → không lùi thì.
Eg: She said to me “If I had enough money, I’d buy a new bicycle”
=> She said to me that if she had enough money, she’d buy a new bicycle
3 Mệnh đề sau “Wish” → không lùi thì.
Eg: He said “I wish I had a lot of money”
=> He said he wished he had a lot of money
4 Mệnh đề sau “ would rather/would sooner”→ Không lùi thì.
Eg: She said “I would rather you stayed at home.”
=> She said to/told me that she would rather I stayed at home
5 Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/about) time”
Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed, children.”
=> She told her children that it was time they went to bed
6 Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định
Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980.”
=> He said that he was born in 1980
7 Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái “could, should, might, ought to, used to, had better” thì không thay đổi.
Eg: Tom said: “You had better not contact her”
=> Tom said (that) I had better not contact her
8 Nếu động từ dẫn ở hiện tại, chỉ cần thay đổi quy tắc 1 (đổi S, O, P.adj)
Eg: “I met her yesterday.” he says
=> He says he met her yesterday
III CÂU HỎI TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
1 Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp
ask
want to know
wonder
Trang 42 Đổi trật tự từ từ dạng câu hỏi về dạng trần thuật
Say: He asked me if I was a student
Don’t say: He asked me if was I a student
3 Đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, thì của động từ và các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn.
Eg: “Where should I go on my summer vacation next summer?”, Jon asked me
=> Jon asked me where he should go on his summer vacation the following summer
❖ Yes/No Questions
S + asked + ( O ) + if/whether + clause
Eg 1: “Are you ready?”, he asked me
=> He asked me/wanted to know IF/WHETHER I was ready
Eg 2: “Did you go out last night?” He asked her
=> He asked her whether she had gone out the previous night
❖ WH- Questions
S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause
Eg 1: “When will you be ready?” He asked me
=> He asked me when I would be ready
Eg 2: “When did you finish work last night?” He asked her
=> He asked her when she had finished the previous night
Lưu ý:
➢ Khi tường thuật lại các câu hỏi có cấu trúc “who/what/which + be” + bổ ngữ” thì “be” có thể đặt trước hoặc sau bổ ngữ
Eg: “Who’s the best player?”, he asked
=> He wanted to know who the best player was
=> He wanted to know who was the best player
➢ Động từ trần thuật trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc thì tương lai đơn thì thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi
Eg: “Has the taxi arrived yet?”, he is wondering
=> He is wondering if/whether the taxi has arrived yet
“Where can we stay?”, he asks
=> He wants to know where they can stay
❖ Câu trả lời Yes/No
Trang 5Câu trả lời Yes/No được diễn đạt trong câu gián tiếp bằng chủ ngữ và trợ động từ tương ứng Eg: Daniel said: “Is there a café nearby” and Tom said: “No”
=> Daniel asked if/whether there was a café nearby and Tom said there wasn’t
He said: “Can you swim?” , I said: “Yes”
=> He wanted to know if/whether I could swim and I said I could
IV CÂU CẢM THÁN
Câu cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “What (a/an) !” và “How !” thường được thuật lại bằng động
từ “exclaim/say that”
What + (a/an) + adj + N!
How + adj/adv + s + tobe!
Eg: What a beautiful girl!
How beautiful the girl is!
Eg: “What a lovely dress!” She said
=> She exclaimed/said that it was a lovely dress
“How beautiful she is!” He said
=> He exclaimed/said that she was beautiful
“How quickly he runs!” She said
=> She exclaimed/said that he ran quickly
❖ Một số trường hợp đáng lưu ý
“Good!”, he exclaimed He gave an exclamation with pleasure
“Ugh!”, he exclaimed He gave an exclamation with disgust
He said: “Thank you!” He thanked me
He said: “Welcome!" He welcomed me
He said: “Good morning!” He greeted me
He said: “Happy Christmas!” He wished me a happy Christmas
He said: “Congratulation!” He congratulated me
V CÂU YÊU CẦU, ĐỀ NGHỊ, LỜI KHUYÊN, LỜI MỜI….TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Câu yêu cầu, đề nghị, lời khuyên, lời hứa, lời mời… trong lời nói gián tiếp thường được tường thuật lại bằng:
V + to V
Trang 6V + V_ing
Áp dụng 3 quy tắc căn bản khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
“Can/could/will/would you please?”
“Would/do you mind + V-ing?
Câu mệnh lệnh (chỉ có động từ)
Ask/tell+ sb+ (not) + to V
“Please don’t tell anybody what happened”, he said to me
=> He asked/told me not to tell anybody what had happened
“Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to me
=> The doctor asked/told me to stay in bed for a few days
Ngoài “ask/tell”, chúng ta có thể sử dụng các động từ trần thuật khác: “order, command, request, beg, plead”
“Please don’t take any risks”, said his wife
His wife begged/pleaded with him not to take any risks
1 Câu đề nghị
“Shall I/we ?”
“Can I ?”
“ I will…”
offer to V
They said: “We will pay for the meal”
=> They offered to pay for the meal
2 Câu lời khuyên
“If I were you….”
“Why don’t you …”
“Someone should/had better/ought to”
Advise sb (not) to V Advise on V-ing Encourage sb to V
Tom said: “You should/ought to take a taxi, Mary”
=> Tom advised Mary to take a taxi
“Go on, apply for the job”, said Jack to me
=> Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job
3 Câu lời hứa
Trang 7Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
John said: “I will write to you”
=> John promised to write to me
4 Câu mời
“Would you like ?”
“… , please”
Invite sb to V
“Would you like to go out for lunch?”, she said to me
=> She invited me to go out for lunch
5 Câu nhắc nhở
Don’t forget…
Remember to…
Never forget to…
Remind sb to V
“Don’t forget to order the win”, said Mrs Pitt to her husband
=> Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine
Một số động từ trần thuật được theo sau trực tiếp bởi “to+V-inf”: offer, agree, demand,
guarantee, promise, propose, swear, threaten, volunteer.
Eg: “I will help you”, she said to me
=> She agreed to help me
Eg: “I will kill you if you do not give me all of your money”, she said to me
=> She threatened to kill me if I did not give her all of my money
Một số động từ trần thuật được theo sau bởi “object + to + V-inf”: advise, ask, command, encourage, expect, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, request, urge, want.
“You should go now”, she shouted at me
=> She asked me to go then
Danh động từ (V-ing) được dùng sau “admit, advise, apologize for, insist on, recommend, suggest”.
“You should read a number of books before the exam”, Jack said
Trang 8=> Jack recommended reading a number of books before the exam.
“Shall we go to a cafeteria?”, Claire said
=> Claire suggested going to a cafeteria
Mệnh đề “that” (that-clause) có thể được dùng sau: admit, advise, agree, insist,
promise, remind, suggest, warn.
“It’s true that I forgot the shopping”, Trevor said
=> Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping
NOTE: Nếu theo sau “advise” có tân ngữ, ta sử dụng cấu trúc “Advise somebody + to Vinf” nhưng nếu không có tân ngữ thì theo sau, thì ta dùng cấu trúc: “Advise (on/about) + V-ing”
“It’s great idea to buy this book”, Jon said to me
=> Jon advised me to buy that book
“It’s great idea to buy this book”, Jon said
=> Jon advised on buying that book
VI TỔNG KẾT CÁC DẠNG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
A Statements (Câu trần
thuật)
S + said that/said to sb that/told sb that + clause (S+V)
She said: “I have never been to Paris”
=> She said that she had never been to Paris
B Yes-no questions
(Câu hỏi có không)
S + asked + sb/wondered/wanted to know + if/whether + clause (S+V)
“Are you ready?”, he asked me
=> He asked me/wanted to know IF/WHETHER I was ready
C Wh-questions (Câu
hỏi nội dung)
S + asked + sb/wondered/wanted to know + Wh-… + clause (S+V)
“When did you finish work last night?” He asked her
=> He asked her when she had finished the previous night
D TO- INF 1 offer + to V-infinitive
They said: “We will pay for the meal”
=> They offered to pay for the meal
2 To- INF: advise, warn, persuade, encourage sb + to V…
“Go on, apply for the job”, said Jack to me
=> Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job
3 Promise to V: Hứa làm gì
Trang 9John said: “I will write to you”
=> John promised to write to me
4 “Would you like ?”, “ , please!”-> invite sb to V
“Would you like to go out for lunch?”, she said to me
=> She invited me to go out for lunch
5 Remind sb to V: nhắc ai làm gì.
“Don’t forget to order the wine”, said Mrs Pitt to her husband
=> Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine
6 Một số động từ trần thuật được theo sau trực tiếp bởi
“to+Vinf”: offer, agree, demand, guarantee, promise, propose, swear, threaten, volunteer
“I will kill you if you do not give me all of your money”, she said to me
=> She threatened to kill me if I did not give her all of my money
Một số động từ trần thuật được theo sau bởi “object + to + Vinf”: advise, ask, command, encourage, expect, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, remind, request, urge, want
“You should go now”, she shouted at me
=> She asked me to go then
E GERUND admit, advise, apologize for, insist on, recommend,
suggest + Ving
“You should read a number of books before the exam”, Jack said
=> Jack recommended reading a number of books before the exam
Mệnh đề “that” có thể được dùng sau: admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest
“It’s true that I forgot the shopping”, Trevor said
-> Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping
VII CÂU HỖN HỢP TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Các dạng:
Trang 10Câu trần thuật + câu hỏi
Câu hỏi + câu mệnh lệnh
Câu mệnh lệnh + câu trần thuật …
“I have left my watch at home What time is it now?” he asked
=> She said he had left his watch at home and asked (me) what time it was then
“I’m going shopping Can I get you anything?”, she said
=> She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything
“Someone’s coming”, he said to me, “Get behind the screen.”
=> He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen
“Let’s shop on Friday The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday”, she said
=> She suggested shopping on Friday and said that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday
“Please, please don't drink too much! Remember that you will have to drive home”, she said
=> She begged him not to drink too much and reminded him that he would have to drive home
Khi mệnh đề sau là câu giải thích cho mệnh đề trước, ta có thể sử dụng “as” thay cho động từ trần thuật thứ hai.
He said to me: “You had better wear a coat It is very cold out”
=> He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out
“Let's shopping on Friday The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday”
=> She suggested shopping on Friday as the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday