TÀI LIỆU môn TIẾNG ANH ôn tập THI THPT QUỐC GIA năm 2020 dành cho GV và HS

5888 Đối với các chủ ngữ là các đại từ nhân xưng I, We, You, They và các danh từ số nhiều thì động từ chia ở dạng nguyên thể không “to”: Eg.. SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENTSingular subject+sing

TÀI LIỆU TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI THPT QUỐC GIA NĂM 2020

MÔN TIẾNG ANHDÀNH CHO GIÁO VIÊN DÙNG LÀM GIÁO ÁN GIẢNG DẠY ÔN THI HOẶC DÙNG

CHO HỌC SINH ÔN TẬP THI THPT QG

(LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ)

KHUNG PHÂN PHỐI CHƯƠNG TRÌNH ÔN TẬP

MÔN TIẾNG ANH – LỚP 12

23 Vocabulary and structures related to Jobs, hobbies 2 221

27 Vocabulary and structures related to the topic Community 2 247

28 Vocabulary and structures related to People and Places 2 254

1 TENSES

Period 1: The Present Simple Tense & The Present Continuous

Tense A PRESENTATION

0 The Present Simple

Tense + “TO BE”

* Formation

Eg I am a student.

She isn’t a teacher.

Are they workers? – Yes, they are.

Where is Lan? – She is in the kitchen

Eg (+) They live in Tuyen Quang.

(-) They don’t live in Ha Giang.

0 Do they live in Tuyen Quang? – Yes, they do.

(+) He works in Hanoi.

(-) He doesn’t work in Tuyen Quang.

1 Does he work in Hanoi? – Yes, he does.

* Wh-questions:

2 Where do they live? – They live in Tuyen Quang

1 S (I, We, You, They) + V (infinitive without “to”)

S (He, She, It) + V (s/es)

(-) S (I, We, You, They) + do not (don’t ) + V(infinitive without “to”)

S (He, She, It) + does not (doesn’t) + V(infinitive without “to”)

0 Do + I/we/you/they + V(infinitive without

“to”) ? Does + he/she/it + V(infinitive without

“to”) ?

23 Wh- + do/does + S + V(infinitive without “to”) ? (Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ

thì không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong câu ở dạng khẳng định)

Eg Who does it?

What makes you sad?

5888 Đối với các chủ ngữ là các đại từ nhân xưng I, We, You, They và các danh từ số nhiều thì động từ chia ở dạng nguyên thể không “to”:

Eg They often play volleyball in the afternoon

* Nếu chủ ngữ ở dạng số ít (He, she, it) thì thêm “s” hoặc “es” vào sau động từ:

- Cách thêm ‘s, es’ :

5888 Thông thường ta thêm "s" vào sau động từ: works, likes, loves, wants,

5889 Thêm “es” vào sau động từ tận cùng là "ss, x, z, ch, sh, o": misses, kisses, passes,

relaxes, boxes, buzzes, teaches, approaches, finishes, washes, goes, does

5890 Động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + "y", chuyển thành ‘i+es’: cry cries, fly flies, study

4

0 Động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + "y" thì vẫn tuân theo quy tắc thêm “s” thông thường: play

plays, say says, pray prays

1 Số ít của “have” là “has”.

* Use:

0Diễn tả một chân lí, một sự kiện khoa học hay một hiện tượng tự

nhiên Ex : Water boils at 100oC

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west

1 Diễn tả một phong tục, thói quen ở hiện tại, thường có các trạng từ: always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, never, generally, forever, rarely, every day/ year/ once/ three times a week/

a month,

Ex: We always go to school at 6 a.m

He often gets up at 5.30

0Một tình huống, công việc lâu dài, hoặc một chương trình, thời khóa biểu, lịch tàu xe

Ex: I’m a teacher

He works in a bank

The train to Ho Chi Minh City leaves at 5.30 am

There is a football match at 9 p.m on TV tonight

More examples: + She usually(go) to school by bus

0 John and Ann always(watch) TV after dinner

1 The Present Continuous Tense

* FORM

Eg (+) I am reading an English book.

(-) She is not cooking in the kitchen at the moment.

0.0 Are they playing handball with their friends now?

* Wh-questions: Why is she crying?

1 S + am/is/are + V -ing

(-) S + am/is/are + not + V -ing

(?) Am/Is/Are+ S + V -ing ?

Wh-questions: Wh- + am/is/are + S + V -ing ?

(Chú ý: Khi từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ thì không áp dụng cấu trúc này mà trật tự từ trong câu

ở dạng khẳng định Eg Who is talking in the room?)

0 Cách thêm đuôi "-ing": Thông thường, ta thêm "-ing" vào sau động từ, tuy nhiên :

+ Động từ tận cùng là "e", bỏ ‘‘e’’ rồi thêm ‘‘-ing’’: live living, drive driving,

+ Động từ tận cùng là "ie", chuyển thành ‘‘y + ing’’: die dying, lie lying,

0 Động từ 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết mà trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 kết thúc bằng MỘT

nguyên âm và MỘT phụ âm thì nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trước khi thêm "-ing" (ngoại trừ động từ kết

E.g: Tom is having dinner at the moment.

What are you doing now?

Be quiet! The baby is sleeping.

Listen! Someone is crying somewhere.

- Diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai có kế hoạch trước:

E.g: George is leaving for New York tomorrow.

What are you doing tonight?

23 Diễn tả hành động thường xuyên lặp đi lặp lại gây sự bực mình hay khó chịu cho người nói Cách dùng này được dùng với trạng từ “always, continually”

E.g He is always losing his keys (Anh ấy cứ hay đánh mất chìa khóa)

Notes: Không sử dụng dạng tiếp diễn (V_ing) với các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri giác hoặc sự sởhữu như: to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, feel, smell, remember, forget, … Với cácđộng từ này, ta dùng thì hiện tại đơn giản

E.g: I’m tired (Tôi đang mệt)

4 I usually shopping on weekend

5 Hai often his face at 6.15

6 Thanh and Mai always a movie on Saturdays

7 he often a bus to school?

8 We students in class 8A

9 She homework in the evenings

10 He usually a taxi to the railway station

11 Look! A man you

12 Keep silent! I to the radio

A am listening B listen C is listening D listens

13 At the moment, I a book and my brother TV

A read/watch B am reading/is watching C reading/watching D is reading/are watching

14 At the moment, Nam and his friends shopping at the mall

15 Oh no! Look! It again It always in this country

A snow/snow B snows/snows C snowing/snowing D is snowing/snows

C HOMEWORK

6

* Choose the best answers

1 My and I always to the countryside by bus

2 Our teacher usually us many exercises

3 He often a train to work

4 The sun in the East

5 My old friend, Manh ……… to me twice a month

6 What she says ……… true

7 The weather generally ……… quite hot in July and August

8 Michael………… thirsty eight hours a week

9 Peter usually ………lunch at school

10 They often ………their parents on every Saturday

11 I …… with my parents but right now I ……… with some friends for a few days

A live/stay B living/staying C am living/stay D live/am staying

12 Look! That boy ……… after the bus He ………… to catch it

A is running/wants B run/want C running/wanting D runs/wants

13 What are you doing next Saturday? Nothing special I ………… at home

14 Where's John? He ……… to a new CD in his room

15 Jean has been working hard all day but she ………… at the moment

A isn’t working B not working C doesn’t work D aren’t working

The Present perfect Tense & The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

A PRESENTATION

23 The Present perfect

Tense * Form:

Examples: (+) Nam has lived in Hanoi for 10 years.

(-) I have not found my door keys yet.

(?) Have you ever met him before? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.

(?) What have you just done?

(+) S + have/has + V (past participle)

(-) S + have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t)+ V (past participle).

5888 Have/Has + S + V (past participle) ?

* Wh- + have/has + S + V (past participle) ?

(I/We/You/They + have … ; He/She/It + has …)

* USE:

0 The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in the past and still continuing at

the present time (often used with since and for).

Eg: We have lived in this city for 10 years.

She has worked in that company since 2000.

1 The Present Perfect Tense is used to express past actions whose time is not definite

Eg: I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them.

He has gone away.

0 The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action happening in an incomplete

period Eg: It has been cold this winter.

Have you seen him today?

1 The Present Perfect Tense is used to express a past experience

Eg: I have been to Ho Chi Minh City several times.

He has done this job before.

0 The Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action which will be completed in the

future Eg: I will go when I have finished my homework.

He will phone you as soon as he has finished his work.

1 The Present Perfect Tense is used with just for a recently completed action.

Eg: I have just bought a dictionary.

0 The Present Perfect Tense is used with “not …… yet”

Eg: I have not written to him yet

1 The Present Perfect Tense is used with “It is the first time/the second

time….” Eg: It is the first time that he has been to Tuyen Quang.

2 The Present Perfect Tense is used with the following adverbs: never, ever, recently, lately,

already, up to now, so far, for a long time, for ages, for the past few months/years…

2 The Present Perfect Continuous

Tense * Form:

Examples: (+) Nam has been living in Hanoi for 10 years.

(-) I have not been finding my door keys yet.

23 Have you been cooking? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.

24 What have you been doing ?

24S + have/has + been + V -ing

(-) S + have not (haven’t)/has not (hasn’t)+ been + V -ing.

(?) Have/Has + S + been + V -ing ?

5888 Wh- + have/has + S + been+ V -ing ?

(I/We/You/They + have … ; He/She/It + has …)

Eg: Alice has always worked hard

(Không dùng has always been working hard)

8

Không dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn với các động từ được liệt kê ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn(các động từ chỉ nhận thức, tri giác).

Eg: How long have Bob and Alice been married?

(Không dùng have Bob and Alice been being married)

Các từ hay đi kèm là:

23 Since: + Mốc thời gian

24 For: + khoảng thời gian

Eg: I have been studying French for five years

B PRACTICE

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

23My mother _ (teach) at Tan Trao High School since 1990

24He already _ (be) in Ho Chi Minh City twice

25All the students in our class (study) harder recently

26It is the second time we (visit) Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum

27 you _ (feed) the cat yet? No, I _ (not do) it

28English _ (be) popular all over the world for a very long time

29She (earn) her living since she graduated from university

30 What they just _ (do)?

31 We (not finish) our homework yet

32 It _ (rain) a lot this summer

C HOMEWORK

Exercise : Hoàn thành các đoạn hội thoại sau bằng cách chia các động từ.

Tom: Hi Ana I (try) _1 _ to ring you several times today Where (you / be) _2 ?

Ana: I (be) _3 _ at home all the time But I (clean) 4 _ the house all day, so maybe I

didn't hear the phone ring

Tom: (you/ clean) 5 everything now?

Ana: No, not yet I (tidy/ not) _6 _ up the kitchen yet But why are you here?

Tom: Don't you remember? Jane (invited) 7 us to her birthday party and we (buy/ not) _8 _ a present for her yet

Ana: Oh, that's right (you/ find out/ already) _9 _ what she wants?

Tom: Well, she (learn) _10 Spanish for a year and wants to spend her next holiday inMexico Maybe we could get her a guide book

Ana: That's a good idea There is a good bookshop in the big shopping centre I (see) 11 some nice books about Mexico there recently

THE SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS

S + did not (didn’t)+ V (infinitive)

Did + S + V (infinitive”) ?

* USE:

5888 Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ với thời gian

xác định Eg: She went shopping with me yesterday afternoon.

Lan wrote a long letter to her sister last night.

5889 Diễn tả một thói quen hay một công việc lâu dài trong quá khứ: used to +

V-infinitive Eg: They used to play on the swings when they were children.

When I was a student, I always went to the library to borrow books.

5888 Các trạng từ thường dùng: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last

Eg: I was watching a football match on T.V at 8 o'clock last night.

5888 Diễn tả một hành động đang tiếp diễn trong quá khứ (QKTD) thì một hành động khác xen vào/cắt ngang (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: I was having dinner when he came.

5891 Diễn tả hai hoặc nhiều hành động xảy ra đồng thời tại cùng một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ

Eg: At 8p.m yesterday, Mary was watching TV while Tom was reading a newspaper.

B PRACTICE.

Choose the best option by circling A, B, C or D.

1 I my old school teacher last week

2 A burglar _ into the house while we television

3 I all of my homework last night

4 In the 19th century, it _ two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon

5 When Carol _ last night, I my favorite show on television

A was calling / watched C called / have watched

B called / was watching D had called / watched

23 When I _ home last night, I _ that Jane _ a beautiful candlelight dinner

23 had arrived / discovered / prepared

24 was arriving / had discovered / was preparing

25 have arrived / was discovering / had prepared

26 arrived / discovered / was preparing

10

7 Sam _ to change a light bulb when he _ and _.

A was trying / slipped / fell C tried / was slipping / falling

B had been trying / slipped D / was falling d has tried / slips / falls

8 I _ you last night after dinner, but you _ there Where _ you?

A was calling / are not / are C called / were not / were

B had called / had not been / were D called / have not been / are

9 The Titanic _ the Atlantic when it _ an iceberg

A was crossing / struck C had crossed / was striking

B crossed / had struck D is crossing / strikes

10 The number of the participants in the survey _ 250 students for Oxford University

11 I _ a terrible accident while I _ on the beach

B was seeing / walked D have seen / were walking

12 What _ when the fire alarm _ off?

A are you doing / will go C have you done / would go

B were you doing / went D will you do / are going

13 They enthusiastically when their teacher in

B will discuss / will come D were discussing / came

5888 I have not met her for three years

A The last time I met her was three years ago B It is three years when I will meet her

C I did not meet her three years ago D During three years, I met her once

15 He last visited London three years ago

A He has been in London for three years B He hasn't visited London for three years

C He didn't visit London three years ago D He was in London for three years

C HOMEWORK.

Choose the best option by circling the letter A, B, C or D

I have not seen Tom for ages

A It has been a long time since I last saw

Tom C Tom and I are friends for a long time

I haven't met my grandparents for five years

B Tom and I do not look the same age

D I often met Tom ages ago

A I have met my grandparents for five years B I often met my grandparents five years ago

C I didn't meet my grandparents five years ago D I last met my grandparents five years ago

3 It is three years since I her in Bangkok in 2013

4 Lan learning English a few years ago

5 _ Tom Cruise's last movie? Yes, I _ it three days ago

A Have you ever seen / saw C Did you ever see / have seen

B Had you ever seen / would see D Will you ever see / saw

6 In the past, people _ to the beach more often

7 Last week, we an interesting film about the animal world

A see B saw C are seeing D will see

8 He his job last month and then he _out of work.

A lost / was B was lost / had been C has lost / was D lost / have been

The plane from Dallas two hours late, so I missed my connecting flight from Frankfurt to London

A takes off B has taken off C will take off D took off

10 When we came, they _ a meeting in the hall

A are having B were having C have been having D have had

THE PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

TENSES A PRESENTATION.

The Past Perfect Tense

* FORMATION

S + had + V (past participle)

(-) S + had not (hadn’t)+ V (past participle).

Had + S + V (past participle) ?

Examples:

(+) By the end of 1999, Tom had lived in Hanoi for 5 years.

(-) We had not done anything about it before the problem was solved.

Had you finished all the work before you left the office?

* USE

Thì QKHT diễn tả một hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trước một thời điểm hoặc một hành động khác trong quá khứ

E.g He had worked in that company for 5 years before 1995

She had known the news before I told her about it.

Thì QKHT được sử dụng trong câu điều kiện loại 3 trong mệnh đề ĐK

E.g If I had known that she was in hospital, I would have come to visit her.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

* FORMATION:

(+) S+ had + been + V_ing …

(-) S+ hadn’t+ been+ V-ing …

Exercise 1 Choose the best option by circling A, B, C or D.

1 They _ for 3 hours when the storm suddenly broke

2 He was sorry that he _ his identity

3 Mary’s house …….before the firemen came

A was burnt B had been burnt C have been burnt D burnt

4 Yesterday, I _ for work late because I _ to set my alarm

12

A had left / forgot C was leaving / was forgetting

5 By the time we _ to the train station, Susan _ for us for more than two hours

A will get / has been waiting C got / was waiting

B got / had been waiting D get / will wait

_ in Rome than he _

No sooner he had arrived / was being kidnapped

No sooner had he arrived / was kidnapped

Had he no sooner arrived / kidnapped

No sooner was he arriving / had been kidnapped

He email before, so I him how to use it

A did not use / had shown C had not used / showed

B has not used / showed D was not using / will show

Doctor Pike the hospital after he an uneventful evening on duty He of hisday of rest

A was leaving / has had / thought C left / had had / was thinking

B will leave / had / will think D is leaving / will have / thinks

Exercise 2 Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect or past perfect continuous)

They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day.

We were very hungry because we (not eat) anything

We (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom They (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.

I (not / see) _ Jacob for several years, but I recognised him immediately

C HOMEWORK.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (past simple, past continuous, past perfect or past perfect continuous)

We (go) to the cinema last week

A bird pooed on the window that I (clean) only some minutes before

Yesterday at nine he (sit) in front of his computer

When their mum got home, the boys (watch) TV for two hours

He (want) to repair our washing machine that (break) a few days before

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE, BE GOING TO AND BE V.ING A PRESENTATION.

The Simple Future Tense

* FORMATION:

S + will + V(infinitive)

(-) S + will not (won’t) + V(infinitive)

(?) Will + S + will + V(infinitive) ?

(I và We có thể dùng với “shall”; will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t)

USE:

refer to the information about the future

express a request.

express a future action decided at the time of speaking

make predictions about future events

Notes: “Will” is usually used with the following adverbs: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next

week/ , soon, sooner or later, and often used with: think, believe, expect, hope, be sure, be certain, possibly, probably, perhaps……

E.g: He will be 20 next week.

I won’t go there tomorrow.

Will you open the door?

Nam is in hospital

Really? I will visit him.

Tomorrow will be warm, with some cloud in the afternoon

2 Be going to

* FORMATION:

(+) S + is/am/are + going to + V(infinitive)

(-) S + is/am/are + not + going to + V(infinitive)

(?) Is/Am/Are + S + going to + V(infinitive)?

* USE:

Elicit the use of “be going to” from Ss

“Be going to” is used to express:

an action happening in the near future with present signs

an intended action in the future:

E.g: Look at the black clouds in the sky It's going to rain.

I am going to sell my house next week.

Be V-ing (The present continuous)

- “Be + Ving” is used to refer to a planned action in the future

Eg My parents have bought some air tickets They are taking us to Ho Chi Minh city

B PRACTICE.

Choose the best option by circling A, B, C or D.

1 - There is someone knocking at the door - ……

A I'll answer it B let me open it C I'm opening it D I’m answering it

2 Why have you bought so much food? - I ………… for ten people

A will cook B.am going to cook C cooked D have cooked

3 Look out! That tree………

A is going to fall B will fall C falls D will be falling

4 Why are you so sad? I think ………… the exam next week

A I would fail B I will fail C I failed D I fail

5 Let me know as soon as Mary … here

1 4

A will get B.is going to get C gets D.is getting

6 John ……….back until ten o’clock Can I take the message?

7 Great news! Jean and Chris ……… to stay with us

8 Don’t worry I’m sure your son … the exam

9 The doctor says I … a baby

A will have B would have C.am going to have D will be having

10…… successful in The Beauty Contest

A I don’t think she is B I think she is not going to be

C I don't think she will be D I don’t think she won’t be

C HOMEWORK.

Exercise 1: Find the mistake in the following sentences

We are probably going to go to Scotland this summer

Exercise 2: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

1 Why do you want all the furniture out of the room?

Because I (shampoo) the carpet It’s impossible to do it unless you take everythingoff it first

2 Do you have to carry so much stuff on your back?

Yes, we do We (camp) out and (cook) our own meals, so we have to

carry a lot

If you leave your keys with the hall porter he (take) the car round to the garage.Have you decided on your colour scheme?

Oh yes, and I've bought the paint I (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green

THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

Thì tương lai tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra ở 1 thời điểm nào đó trong tương lai.

E.g At this time tomorrow morning, they will be attending an important meeting

* Signal words:

at this time tomorrow, at this moment next year, at present next Friday, at 5 p.m tomorrow

The Future Perfect Tense

* FORMATION:

(+) S + shall/will + have + Past Participle…

(-) S + shall/will + not + have + Past Participle…

(?) Shall/will +S + have + Past Participle…?

* USE

Thì tương lai hoàn thành diễn tả 1 hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước 1 thời điểm hoặc 1 hành động khác trong tương lai

E.g When you come back, we will have finished the work

Signal words: by the time, by the end of , before+ future time

3 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

FORMATION:

(+) S + shall/will + have been + V_ing+ …

(-) S + shall/will + not + have been + V_ing+ …

Shall/will +S+ have been + V_ing+ … ? *

USE:

Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của 1 hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước

1 thời điểm hoặc một hành động khác trong tương lai

E.g By the end of this year, he will have been working in this hospital for 30 years

B PRACTICE.

Choose the best option by circling A, B, C or D.

Many natural resources _ by the end of the century

2 By the end of the 21st century, the first car running on the sea water

B will be finished D will be finishing

3 No matter what happens next I _ help you

4 By this time next summer, you _ your studies

A completes B will complete C are completing D will have completed

5 What _ at this time tomorrow?

B will you have done D will you have been doing

6 Soon, people _ most of the time at home

7 _ you send this wedding card to Peter, please?

8 When Peter _, I _ him to your new house

16

A will arrive / take C arrives / will take

B has arrived / am taking D had arrive / had taken

9 I think that everything ready for the project procedure by the end of next month

A will have been B has been C had been D is

10 Dan and Crystal married in June

A are getting B has got C was getting D will have got

C HOMEWORK.

Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

1 Don't phone between 7 and 8 We (have) ………… dinner then

2 Phone me after 8 o'clock We (finish) dinner by then

3 Lisa is from New Zealand She is travelling around Europe at the moment

So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles By the end of the trip, she (travel)… more than 3,000

miles

Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly If he continues like this, he (spend)

… all his money before the end of his holiday

5 If you need to contact me, I (stay)…… at the Lion Hotel until Friday

Peter has to go to a meeting which begins at 10 o'clock It will last about an hour

Mary: Will you be free at 11.30?

Peter: Yes, the meeting (end) ………… by then

MIXED EXERCISES

Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.

1 I learned that the college in 1900

A found B was founded C founded D had been founded

2 After he his English course, he went to England to continue his study

A has finish B had finished C was finished D would finish

3 How since we college?

4.I you lately We three months ago

A haven’t seen- last met B didn’t see- met

5 The Chinese spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo back to Italy

6 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker speaking and the audience

A just finished- were clapping B had just finished- had clapped

C had just finished- were clapping D just finished- had clapped

7 He his job last month and then he out of work

A lost- was B was lost- had been C has lost- was D lost- has been

8 In the last hundred years, travelling much easier and more comfortable

9 He _ in Quang Ngai before I moved to Binh Thuan

A has been living B has lived C had lived D was living

10 In the past, the trip very rough and often dangerous, but things a great deal in thelast hundred and fifty years.

C had been- will change D has been- changed

11 She to Hanoi for her summer vacation last year

12 The train half an hour ago

A has been leaving B left C has left D had left

13 When Carol last night, I my favorite show on television

A was calling- watched B called- have watched

C called- was watching D had called- watched

14 By the time next summer, you your studies

A completes B will complete C are completing D will have completed

By Christmas, I _ for Mr Smith for six years

A will have been working B will work C have been working D will be working

I’ll come and see you before I _ for the States

A leave B will leave C have left D shall leave

17 Sam to change a light bulb when he and down

A was trying-slipped- fell B tried- was slipping- falling

C had been trying- slipped- was falling D has tried- slips- falls

18 I couldn’t cut the grass because the lawn mower a few days previously

19 I for this company for more then thirty years, and I intend to stay here untilI next year

20 Since _, I have heard nothing from him

A he had left B he left C he has left D he was left

21 The man got out of the car, round to the back and opened the book

22 By the time you receive this letter, I for the USA

A have left B will leave C will have left D am leaving

23 While I ……….along the road, I saw a friend of mine

24 By the time I this report, I will give you a ring

25 While my mother a film on TV, my father was cooking dinner It was March 8thyesterday

A watched B was watching C had watched D watches

26 When we came, they _ a meeting in the hall

A are having B were having C have been having D have had

27 Tom and Mary for Vietnam tomorrow

A leave B are leaving C leaving D are left

28

Having finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.

18

A The workers expected to be paid because they had finished their work.

B Having their work finishing, the workers expected to be paid

C Having expected to be paid, the workers finished their work

D Having been finished their work, the workers expected to be paid

I haven't heard from Susan for several months A I

didn't hear from Susan several months ago B I last

heard from Susan several months ago

C Susan heard from me several months ago

D Susan didn't hear from me several months ago

Eight years ago we started writing to each other A We

have rarely written to each other for eight years B

Eight years is a long time for us to write to each other

C We wrote to each other eight years ago

D We have been writing to each other for eight years

Find out the underlined part of each sentence that needs correction

31 This time last week I were staying in Ho Chi Minh city

2 SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT

Singular subject+singular verb Plural subject+plural verb Subject-verb agreement Subject+ singular/plural verb

Confused subjects

A- Singular subject + singular verb:

Bất cứ người học tiếng anh nào cũng đều nắm được một nguyên tắc trong tiếng anh là chủ ngữ số ít phải kết hợp với động từ số ít và ngược lại

Ex: - Mr Orson is a doctor

Tất nhiên đó là lý thuyết còn khi dạy phần này chúng ta nên giới thiệu cho học sinh nắm được

những trường hợp chủ ngữ cụ thể dưới đây được coi là số ít và luôn kết hợp với động từ số ít:

1- Chủ ngữ là những đại từ bất định (infinitive prronouns):

someone/somebody, something, noone/nobody, nothing, anybody/anyone,

anything, everyone/everybody, everything

Ex: - Everyone thinks that He is innocent

Nothing is more valuable than health

2- Chủ ngữ có each và every:

Each/Every + singular noun + singular verb

Ex: - Each student has to overpass an important examination

Every person likes independence and freedom

* Lưu ý: nếu chủ ngữ là each of + plural noun thì có thể dùng động từ ở cả hai hình

thức số ít hay số nhiều

Ex: - Each of the men has/have known this

Tuy nhiên học sinh nên sử dụng động từ số ít dựa theo " careful written

English" 3- Chủ ngữ có "More than one "

More than one + singular noun + singular verb

Ex: - More than one building was built last year ect.

4- Chủ ngữ là "One of/ Not one of "

One of/ Not one of + plural noun + singular verb

Ex: - One of my close friends has died

- Not one of those girls has been in love with him ect.

5- Chủ ngữ là "uncounable nouns" như: water, beer, wine, oil, petrol, rice, wheat

flour, sugar, milk, cheese, butter, salt, sausage, food, meat, sand, soap, information,

air, money,work, homework,

Ex: - Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade

- Bad information on the internet causes social evils ect.

20

* Lưu ý:

a/ Some non-count nouns, such as food, meat, money and sand may be used as

count nouns in order to indicate different types

b/ The word "time" can be either countable or non-countable depending on the

context When it means an occasion, it is a countable When it means a number of hours, days, years, etc it is non-countable

6- Chủ ngữ là:

Some (of) Most of Any of

Plenty of All (of) The majority of The minority of

Ex: - All the furniture was destroyed in the fire

- Most of the rooms in the hotel have air-conditioning.ect.

7- Chủ ngữ là danh động từ (gerund): learning, teaching, playing, speaking, ect , động từ kết hợp

luôn là số ít

Ex: - learning English is interesting

- Playing badminton is popular nowadays ect.

8- Chủ ngữ là động từ nguyên thể (infinitive): to do, to work, to explain, to

understand, to meet, to see, ect cũng luôn đi với động từ số ít

Ex: - To understand his feeling is difficult

- To complete this duty is not easy ect

9- Chủ ngữ là một mệnh đề (clause)

That + clause + singular verb

Ex: - That they once loved eachother is really true

What we have said to you is completely

right 10- Chủ ngữ là "the number"

The number (of) + singular verb

A number (of) + plural verb

Ex: - The number of homless children is becoming bigger and bigger

A number of negative young men easily cause social

evils 11- Chủ ngữ là "many a "

Many a + singular noun + singular verbEx: - Many a student has been awarded the scholarship

B- Plural subject + plural verb:

Trong tiếng anh khi chủ ngữ là một danh từ hay đại từ số nhiều thì sẽ được theo sau bởi một động từ số nhiều.

Ex: - These countries have developed economy

- They are active men

Khi dạy đến sự kết hợp này tôi cũng thường đưa thêm những trường hợp sau luôn

được dùng với động từ số nhiều:

1- Chủ ngữ có: Both and + plural verb

Ex: - Both you and I were wet yesterday

Both literature and English are important subjects

2- Chủ ngữ là tính từ: The + adjective + plural verb: Ex:

- The poor need being helped by the rich.

The intelligent often talk little

3- Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều và luôn kết hợp với động từ số nhiều như:

glasess(cái kính/cặp kính), scissors(cái kìm), trousers(cái quần), shorts, pliers, pants,

jeans, tongs, tweezers, belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings, ouskirts,

paticulars(=information), premises(=building), riches, savings, staires, surroundings, thanks.

Ex: - Which trousers are yours?

The scissors are mine

C- Subject + singular/plural verb

1- Chủ ngữ là:

Any of

Either of + plural noun + singular/plural verb

Neither of

Ex: - Any of them has/have known this

Neither of the English athletes has/have won this year

Tuy nhiên chúng ta nên dùng động từ số ít tuân theo "written careful English"

2- Chủ ngữ có:

None of / + uncountable/ singular noun + singular verb

Ex: - None of my friends have finished the exam yet

None of the counterfeit money has been found

No example is relevant to this case

No examples are relevant to this case

3- Khi chủ ngữ có hai hoặc nhiều hơn các đối tượng được nối với nhau bằng "and"

thì ta thường dùng động từ số nhiều

Ex: - Mary and Tom are classmates

A strong wind and a full sail bring joy to the sailor

Nhưng cũng có trường hợp sử dụng động từ số ít khi chủ thể muốn qui về một đối tượng, hoặc khi hai vật hoặc hai bộ phận khác nhau nhưng được hợp lại thành một cũng được coi là danh từ số ít và kết hợp với động từ số ít.

Ex: - Bread and egg was all I like

The writer and the poet is arriving tonight.(Nhà văn kiêm nhà thơ sẽ )

4- Chủ ngữ là:

Some (of)

Part of

2 2

Half of

Động từ phụ thuộc vào danh từ đứng sau

Ex: - The majority of the students believe him tobe innocent

Some of the salt is necessary

* Lưu ý:

The minority

+ singular verbThe majority

Ex: The majority believes that we are in danger.

5- Các danh từ tập hợp có thể kết hợp được với động từ ở cả hai hình thức tùy theo ý

người nói Một số danh từ tập hợp thông dụng như: audience, army, crew, crowd, class,committee, company, family, flock, group, government, team

Thông thường ta dùng động từ số ít khi người nói xem tập hợp ấy như một đơn vị duy nhất.

Ex: - Almost every family on the street has a son or a daughter studying in universities.

- The audience was like a stone wall, silent and cold

Động từ số nhiều được dùng khi người nói muốn đề cập hay nhấn mạnh đến

từng thành viên trong nhóm đang hoạt động một cách riêng lẻ hoặc tập hợp ấy được

xem như những bộ phận hay thành phần khác nhau.

Ex: - The audience were applauding, cheering, even stamping their feet

Poultry are being fed

6- Với mẫu câu "There + be "thông thường động từ phụ thuộc vào danh từ đứng ngay sau nó.Ex: - There is much traffic at night and many mules on the road

There were two lorries, a car and a motorcycle there

yesterday * Lưu ý: Đôi khi động từ hòa hợp với tất cả các chủ từ sau nó:

Ex: - There are a plaza, a cathedral, and a governor'r palace on the hill

D- Confused subjects:

1- Khi chủ ngữ là một cụm từ có hình thức số nhiều chỉ thời gian, trọng lượng và sự

đo lường thì động từ được kết hợp ở hình thức số ít.

Ex: - Twenty years in prison is a very long time

(Twenty years = a period of time)

Five miles on that road seems impossible for us to

walk ( Five miles = a distance of forty miles)

Twenty dollar is too much for me.

(Twenty dollar = a sum of money)

2- Khi chủ từ đi kèm với cụm giới từ bắt đầu bằng: with, a long with, together with, as well as,

besides, in addition to, other than, like, accompanied by thì động từ được chia theo chủ từ

đứng trước các cụm giới từ này (các cụm giới từ này không ảnh hưởng đến chủ từ trước nó)

Ex: - Mr Black with his children lives there.

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.All the books other than the blue one are very interesting

3- Khi hai chủ từ kết hợp với nhau bằng: or ; either or ; neither nor ; not but ;

not only but also thì động từ được chia theo chủ từ đứng gần động từ nhất.

Ex: - Either you or I am responsible for this

Not his friends but He has caused this

Neither her children nor She has done that

4- Một số danh từ có hình thức số nhiều nhưng luôn được coi là danh từ số ít luôn kết

hợp với động từ số ít: mathematics, physics, economics, politics, phonetics, linguistics,

ethics, optics, civics, genetics, measles, mumps, rickets, AIDS, SARS, news

Ex: - The news of the war has surprised all of us

Measles is not a dangerous disease nowadays

* Proper names with "s" at the end are used like singular nouns Ex:

- The Philippines is famous for beautiful sights.

"Gulliver's Travels" is a very interesting novel

5- Một số danh từ không có hình thức số nhiều nhưng lại luôn là danh từ số nhiều:

police, clergy, children, people, men, women, cattle, poultrry, oxen, mice, lice, geese, feet, teeth, data, erata, curricular, bacteria, luôn kết hợp với động từ số nhiều

Ex: - The police have been looking for the murder for three months now

- The data are not suitable for my purpose

Những danh từ này có thể các em đy gặp ở phần "Danh từ bất qui tắc" nhưng

chúng ta cũng nên hệ thống lại giúp các em được khắc thêm một lần nữa

* Lưu ý: "People" nếu mang nghiy "dân tộc" là danh từ số ít, số nhiều phải thêm "s".Ex: - There are many peoples living in Viet Nam

6- Chủ ngữ là "percent":

percent of + plural noun + plural verb

+ non-count noun + singular verb

Ex: - Fifty percent of the old people of over ninety live in the city

Fifty percent of the oil was lost by

evaporation * Khi chủ ngữ có phân số cũng vậy:

Ex: - Two-thirds of the school children here live in the country

- Two-thirds of the money He earned was illigal

7- Một vài danh từ có thể đi với động từ số nhiều hoặc số ít tùy theo nghĩa:

Ex: - Statistics doesn't appeal me (Statistics : môn thống kê học)

Statistics don't convince me (Statistics: các dữ liệu thống kê)

Tatics is the art of moving military forces (Tatics: Chiến thuật là )

Northern and Southern Tatics towards the end of the Civil war were quite different.(Tatics: Chiến thuật )

Thụng thường cỏc từ nối với nhau bởi từ and làm chủ ngữ thỡ động từ luụn chia theo số nhiều, nhưng chỳ ý cỏc truờng hợp sau:

* Sau each, every dự cú liờn từ and thỡ động từ luụn chia theo số it:

Ex: Each girl and boy has to tell a story

Khi 2 từ nối với nhau bằng từ and để diễn tả 1 vật, 1 ý tưởng duy nhất thỡ động từ cũng chia

theo số it:

Ex: Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast

The teacher and the painter is coming here

2 4

PRACTICE ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

I Choose the best answer to finish each sentence:

1 Each of the men _ responsible for this

2 Bill together with his brothers to the beach every morning

3 Either the monitor or the athletes _ to blame for the bad result

4 Everyone _ with me about my plans

5 Tim as well as his relatives _ safe from the hurricane

6 The results of Dr Frank’s experiment announced on TV last night

7 Fifty minutes the maximum length of time allowed for the exam

8 The cost of living over 10% in the last few years

9 A number of sheep eating grass now

10 Measles sometimes a serious disease

11 Making cakes and pies Mrs Reed’s specialty

12 The United States _ between Canada and Mexico

13 The students in the next classroom _very loudly everyday

14 The singer and the actor coming

15 A cart and horse _ seen at a distance now

16 Two million dollars _not enough for the victims of the tsunami

17 Cattle _ allowed to graze here now

18 Each of the boys _ a book now

19 The poor living here _ help

20 Two-thirds of the money _ mine now

21 Three years in a strange land like a long time for lonely people

22 The teacher, along with his students, _ the procession

A are watching B is watching C have watched D were watching

23 Seventy-five percent of the students _ another language

24 My new pair of pants _at the cleaners

25 The police on the alert for the escaped convict

26 The battery, along with the alternator and starter, up the electrical system of a car

27 Much of what you were told inaccurate

28 Miss White _ her parents is going to pay a visit to the Great Wall

29 The Vietnamese hard-working and brave

30 A good deal of money _ spent on the books

31 The manager or his secretary to give you an interview

32 Ninety percent of the work _ been done

33 Those who _ to go with me, please raise your hand

34 Three-fifths of the police in the school near the town recently

A has trained B have trained C has been trained D have been trained

35 not only you but also he going to Japan?

36 All the books on the shelf to me

2 6

37 The trousers you bought for me _me.

38 Mumps _ usually caught by children

39 The United States _ between Canada and Mexico

40 Physics _ us understand the natural laws

41 The police _ the robber

A were arrested B has arrested C have arrested D was arresting

42 Either you or he wrong

43 John as well as Mary very kind

44 The doctor with the nurses _ exhausted after the operation yesterday

45 Five miles _ not very far

46 _ ten years too long?

47 Neither his parents nor his teacher satisfied with his result

48 None of the butter in the fridge good

49 None of the students _ the test yet

A finished B has finished C is finishing D have finished

50 A pair of shoes _ under the bed

51 200 tons of rice _ last month

52 In the hotel, the bread and butter for breakfast

53 John, along with twenty friends, planning a party now

54.The picture of the soldiers often back many memories

55.The quality of this recordings _not very good

56 The effects of cigarette smoking _ been proven to be extremely harmful so far.

A haveB has C had D will have 57 The use of credit cards in place of cash _

increased rapidly in recent years

58 Neither Bill nor Mary going to the play tomorrow

59 Anything better than going to another movie tonight

60 A number of reporters at the conference yesterday

61.Skating becoming more popular nowadays

62.A number of reporters at the conference now

63.Either John or his wife breakfast each morning

64.After she had perused the material , the secretary said that everything in order

65 Every elementary school teacher to take this training course

66 Neither Jill nor her parents seen this movie before

67 The number of days in a week seven

68.A number of the applicants _already been interviewed

69.Twenty dollars all I can afford to pay for that car

70 The majority of the students _ him to be innocent

71 The majority that we are in no danger

72 Writing many letters her happy

73 No example relevant to this case

2 8

A were B is C are D have been

74 John, along with 20 friends, planning a farewell party now

75 The quality of these recordings not very good

76 Mr Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, _arriving tonight

77 If either of you a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work

78 Living expenses in this country, as well as in many others, _at an all-time high

Mr John, accompanied by several members of the committee, _ proposed some changes of the rules

80 Neither the doctor nor the secretary left yet

81 Fifty minutes not enough time to finish the test

82 Every body who not purchased a ticket should be in this line

83 The view of these disciplines from time to time

84 The pictures of the soldiers often _ back many memories

85 The number of residents been questioned on this matter quite small

86 Both of my brothers in London

87 Studying late at night one of those things that me tired

88 Physics nearly as interesting to me as literature

89 Vehicles just been recalled because of a design fault recently

90 The data _ not suitable for my purpose

A is B has been C was D are

91 Anyone who _ to apply must do so in writing

92 Everything I have _ to you

93 A great number of our students _ American this year

94 Not only the child, but also the grandparents the party

95 The number of people at the exhibit _ amazing

96 Either of my parents or my brother next week

97 None of the information announced to the public

98 Neither the table nor the chairs _ here

How many musical notes of the 11,000 tones that human ear can distinguish in the musical scale?

100 Mark won’t like that bread, nor _that cheese

101 The new manager, accompanied by his wife, arriving today

102 French _ in parts of Canada

103 Seventy-five per cent of the students another language

104 Everyman and a woman _the right to vote

105 Nine of every ten people in the world in the country in which they were born

106 The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth 55 F

107 More than half of the pollution in this river _from industrial waste

30

108 The police _ on the alert for the escaped convict.

109 Everyone who _into the woods should recognize common poisonous plants such aspoison ivy and poison oak

110 The number of chromosomes in a cell from species to species

111 Neither Mary nor her friends _ going to the party

112 The battery, along with the alternator and starter, up the electrical system of a car

113 Each of the Ice Ages _ more than a million years long

114 The production of different kinds of artificial materials essential to the conservation of

our natural resources

115 His knowledge of languages and international relations _ him a lot in his present work

116 I’m happy that everything _ in its place

117 One of my best friends five credit cards

118 There never been an environmental disaster of this magnitude

119 Far too few of us financial discipline

120 Both viruses and genes made form nucleoproteins

Mary, accompanied by her brother on the piano, _very well received at the talent show

yesterday

122 None of the work completed yet

123 It _ these questions that are difficult

The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file _among the best in the country

A are B is C has been D was

125 Many parts of our once beautiful city _ to look like mini garbage dumps

126 The radiation levels from a computer display terminal well below presently accepted

127 The news _ quite alarming at present

128 Thirty five dollars _ too much for this shirt

129 Neither the local environmentalist nor the mayor _a plan that will satisfy everyone

130.No news _ good news

131.Here some accounts that you must check

132.A lot of homework _ me tired

133.Not only Mr Pike but also his sons _ tea

134.Mathematics us with many aspects

135.The United States of about 160 nations

136.Coffee contains caffeine, and

137.Plenty of milk _ consumed everyday

138.Neither you nor I _ responsible for the bad result

139 Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, _ ready for the exam

140.Working for 12 hours a day her very tired

141.The number of the days in a week seven

142.The army eliminated this section of the training test

32

A has B have C are D is

143 _ Julia _ her sister are going to the party

also

144 My wife had never been to Hue, and I

Plants and animals in high mountain areas _with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and

thin air

146 Tom’s family wondering whether there _ anything that they can do

147 The couple _ in Denver but _ to Houston for the winters

148 Each nation its own culture, and our nation has own culture, too

149 None of the corporations _ received the necessary state charter yet

The news of the economic decline upsetting now

Choose the letter A/B/C or D of the underlined portion which is not correct in standard

Happiness and success depends on yourself.

14 Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave

A B C serious questions unanswered

D

15 Everyone have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good

A B C exercise and appropriate rest

22 Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has

A B C been widely used as this one

D

23 There were a time that I used to swim five laps every day, but now I do not have enough time

ABCD 24 The police is on the alert for the escaped convict

32 Every one have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for

A B C good exercise and appropriate rest

D

33 John is the only one of the hikers who have climbed above fifteen thousand feet

34 Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave

A B C unanswered serious questions

37 Along with statistics, strategy, and intelligence, logistics are one of the four main elements of

ABCD military cience

Five percent of the profits was to be distributed to the stockholders

III Choose the incorrect sentence in which the verb disagrees with the subject:

A The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director

A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast

Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us

fish and chips are one of her favorite dishes

2. A Neither has brought the music for the

duet B Where has everybody gone?

C Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street

D Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work

A Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth B Nine

miles were the length of the race

C Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves D.

Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property

A Here are the subjects the president will discuss

There are still several oranges in the baskets

Here come trouble

Each of the loans has been recalled by the bank

A Most of the problems have been solved

All is ready

All was concerned

My entire supply of checks were missing

A Neither the students nor the teacher have signed the petition

Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job

Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved

Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling

A Both of the players were late

Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value

Many a prisoner have tried to escape

Few of the contestants are here

A half of the rent is missing

Two-thirds of her house have been painted

Forty percent is a big commission

Half of the apartments in the building are without heat

A John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art

He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course

David is one of the employees who always work overtime

His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church

A Either his book or that one contains the information

Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal

The records or the stereo has to go

Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move

I KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN

So sánh ngang bằng Cấu

trúc sử dụng là as as

S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun}

My book is as interesting as yours

John sings as well as his sister

His job is not as difficult as mine

They are as lucky as we

Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so.

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He is not as tall as his father.

He is not so tall as his father

Sau as phải là một đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ, không được là một đại từ tân ngữ.

Peter is as tall as I (ĐÚNG)

Peter is as tall as me (SAI)

Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng để so sánh, nhưng nên nhớ trước khi so sánh phải đảm bảo rằng danh từ đó phải có các tính từ tương đương

Khi so sánh bằng danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/

pronoun}

My house is as high as his

My house is the same height as his

Chú ý rằng ngược nghĩa với the same as là different from Không bao giờ dùng different than

Sau đây là một số ví dụ khác về so sánh bằng danh từ

These trees are the same as those

He speaks the same language as she

Her address is the same as Rita’s

Their teacher is different from ours

She takes the same course as her husband

Đối với tính từ, phó từ dài, thêm more hoặc less trước tính từ hoặc phó từ đó (more beautiful;

more important; more believable)

Đối với tính từ tận cùng là phụ âm+y, phải đổi y thành -ier (happy-happier; dry-drier;

pretty-prettier)

Đối với các tính từ có hậu tố -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous cũng biến đổi bằng cách thêm more

Trường hợp đặc biệt: strong-stronger; friendly-friendlier than = more friendly than

Chú ý:

Chỉ một số phó từ là có đuôi –er, bao gồm: faster, quicker, sooner, latter.

Nhớ dùng dạng thức chủ ngữ của đại từ sau than, không được dùng dạng tân ngữ

Ví dụ về so sánh không ngang bằng:

John’s grades are higher than his sister’s

Today is hotter than yesterday

This chair is more comfortable than the other

He speaks Spanish more fluently than I (không dùng than me)

He visits his family less frequently than she does

This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s

So sánh không ngang bằng có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm much hoặc far trước cụm từ

so sánh

A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon

His car is far better than yours

Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine

That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV

She dances much more artistically than her predecessor

He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish

Danh từ cũng được dùng để diễn đạt phép so sánh ngang bằng hoặc hơn/kém Chú ý dùng tính từ

bổ nghĩa đúng với danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được

He earns as much money as his brother

They have as few classes as we

Before payday, I have as little money as my brother

I have more books than she

February has fewer days than March

Their job allows them less fredom than ours does

Khi so sánh một người/ một vật với tất cả những người hoặc vật khác phải thêm else sau

thêm chức năng của một đại từ quan hệ thay thế

Their marriage was as stormy as had been

expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected)

He worries more than was good for him

(Incorrect: than it/what was good for him)

Các tân ngữ cũng có thể bị loại bỏ sau các động từ ở mệnh đề sau THAN và AS:

Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year

(Incorrect: as I did it last year)

They sent more than I had ordered

(Incorrect: than I had ordered it)

She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to

(Incorrect: as I go to him)

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3 Phép so sánh không hợp lý

Khi dùng câu so sánh nên nhớ các đối tượng dùng để so sánh phải tương đương nhau: người với người,

vật với vật Các lỗi thường mắc phải khi sử dụng câu so sánh không hợp lý được chia làm 3 loại:

sở hữu cách, that of và those of.

3.1 Sở hữu cách:

Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (Câu

này so sánh các bức tranh với người chỉ dẫn)

Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s.

(instructor's = instructor's drawings)

3.2 Dùng thêm that of cho danh từ số ít:

Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.

(Câu này so sánh salary với secretary)

Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.

(that of = the salary of)

3.3 Dùng thêm those of cho các danh từ số nhiều:

Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher

(Câu này so sánh duties với teacher)

Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a

teacher (those of = the duties of)

I feel much better today than I did last week

He has less time now than he had before

This magainze is better than that one

He acts worse now than ever before

Lưu ý: farther dùng cho khoảng cách; further dùng cho thông tin hoặc các trường hợp trừu

tượng khác.

The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine

If you want further information, please call to the agent

Next year he will come to the U.S for his further education

5 So sánh bội số

So sánh bội số là so sánh: bằng nửa (half), gấp đôi (twice), gấp ba (three times),

Không được sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ

là đếm được hay không đếm được, vì đằng trước chúng có many/much

This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one

Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year

At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob

Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần ấy chỉ được dùng trong khẩu

ngữ, không được dùng trong văn viết

We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up (twice as many as that number)

6 So sánh kép

Là loại so sánh với cấu trúc: Càng càng Các Adj/Adv so sánh phải đứng ở đầu câu, trước

chúng phải có The Dùng một trong hai mẫu câu sau đây để so sánh kép:

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + VThe hotter it is, the more miserable I feel

(Trời càng nóng, tôi càng thấy khó chịu)

The sooner you take your medicince, the better you will feel

(Anh càng uống thuốc sớm bao nhiêu, anh càng cảm thấy dễ chịu bấy nhiêu)

The bigger they are, the faster they fall

(Chúng càng to bao nhiêu thì càng rơi nhanh bấy nhiêu)

The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + VThe more you study, the smarter you will become

(Càng học, anh càng thông minh hơn)

The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you

(Càng nhìn vào mắt em, anh càng yêu em hơn)

Sau The more ở vế thứ nhất có thể thêm that nhưng không mẫu câu này không phổ biến.

The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become

Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chủ ngữ giả it is thì có thể bỏ chúng

đi The shorter (it is), the better (it is)

Hoặc nếu cả hai vế đều dùng to be thì bỏ đi

The closer to the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is)

Các cách nói: all the better (càng tốt hơn), all the more (càng hơn), not any the more

(chẳng hơn tí nào), none the more (chẳng chút nào) dùng để nhấn mạnh cho các tính từ hoặc phó từ được đem ra so sánh Nó chỉ được dùng với các tính từ trừu tượng và dùng trong văn nói:

Sunday mornings were nice I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to

come round to breakfast

He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience

He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser

Cấu trúc này không dùng cho các tính từ cụ thể:

Those pills have made him all the slimmer (SAI)

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7 Cấu trúc No sooner than (Vừa mới thì đã )

Chỉ dùng cho thời quá khứ và thời hiện tại, không dùng cho thời tương lai No sooner đứng ở đầu một mệnh đề, theo sau nó là một trợ động từ đảo lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh, than đứng ở đầu

mệnh đề còn lại:

No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain

Một ví dụ ở thời hiện tại (will được lấy sang dùng cho hiện tại)

No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave.

Lưu ý: No longer có nghĩa là not anymore Không dùng cấu trúc not longer cho các câu có ý

nghĩa không còn nữa.

He no longer studies at the university

(He does not study at the university anymore.)

S + no longer + Positive Verb

8 So sánh hơn kém không dùng than (giữa 2 đối tượng)

Khi so sánh hơn kém giữa 2 người hoặc 2 vật mà không dùng than, muốn nói đối tượng nào đó là tốt hơn, giỏi hơn, đẹp hơn, thì trước adj và adv so sánh phải có the Chú ý phân biệt trường hợp

này với trường hợp so sánh bậc nhất dưới đây (khi có 3 đối tượng trở lên) Trong câu thường có

cụm từ of the two + noun, nó có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu.

Harvey is the smarter of the two boys

Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier

Pealse give me the smaller of the two cakes

Of the two books, this one is the more interesting

9 So sánh bậc nhất

Để biến tính từ và phó từ thành dạng so sánh bậc nhất, áp dụng quy tắc sau:

Đối với tính từ và phó từ ngắn: thêm đuôi -est.

Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài: dùng most hoặc least.

Trước tính từ hoặc phó từ so sánh phải có the.

Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít đếm được.

Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều đếm được.

adjective/ adverb + est in + singular countable noun

S + V + the most + adjective / adverb +

least + adjective / adverb of + plural countable noun

John is the tallest boy in the family

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters

These shoes are the least expensive of all

Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest

Sau cụm từ One of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn rằng noun phải là số

nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít

One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson

Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world