Chapter 12 – Research techniques: Observation, focus groups, and other techniques. In this chapter students will be able to: Explain the advantages of observations, focus groups, expert panels, and content analysis; explain the challenges of conducting objective observations; conduct a research observation;...
Trang 1Planning an Applied Research
Project
Chapter 12 – Research Techniques: Observation, Focus Groups, and Other
Techniques
Trang 2» Explain the advantages of observations, focus groups, expert panels, and content analysis
» Explain the challenges of conducting objective observations
» Conduct a research observation
» Organize a focus group
» Develop an expert panel research design
» Conduct a content analysis research design
Trang 3» Coding
» Coding manual
» Coding schedule
» Content analysis
» Delphi panel
» Descriptive observation
» Detached observer
» Disposition
» Evaluative observation
» Facilitator
» Focus group
» Inferential observation
» Interrater reliability
» Latent content
» Manifest content
» Observer drift
» Outside observer
» Participant observer
» Perceptual flooding
» Pilot observation
» Research blindness
» Selective attention
» Skilled facilitator
» Time frame
» Units of behavior
» Units of observation
Trang 4Research
» Objective way to record and notice behavior of
other people
» Non obtrusive way to gather information with limited involvement of the persons being observed
» Structured and objective model
» Numbers can be analyzed using statistical
techniques
Trang 5Observations
» Observer drift
» Obtaining permission
» Deciding on observer role
» Perceptual flooding
» Recording accurately using a coding scheme
» Selecting units of behavior and time frame
» Selective attention
Trang 6» Outside observer
» Participant observer
» Observer as participant
» Mystery shopper
Trang 7» Gathering many opinions
» Collecting new ideas
» Sampling opinions of select participants
» Enabling reactions of participants to each others’ ideas
» Follow up on opinions possible
» Inclusion of verbal and nonverbal behavior
» Saves time and money and staff time
Trang 8» Clarifying the purpose of the focus group
» Deciding on incentives or stipends
» Selecting and inviting participants
» Developing the questions to be asked in the focus group
» Determining recording systems
» Developing a plan for the facilitator – who will do it and why?
Trang 9(cont’d)
» Selecting a place to hold the focus group
» Creating the process for recording the conversation, both verbal and nonverbal
» Reminding all the participants of the time and
location
» Conducting the focus group
» Thanking them after the group
» Analyzing the recording
Trang 10» Group of people who are chosen for their expertise, wisdom, or experience and who operate as a group
to help solve a problem, provide insight or create predictions for the future
» Effective method to collect a lot of information from professionals who do not meet but conduct their
work by email and other forms of communication
» A Delphi Panel is one form
Trang 11» No communication among the participants
» A tight time table
» Careful review and editing of what you receive
» The value of clear questions to start the process
» The need for participants to commit to a promote review and retune of documents
» How electronic communication helps the process
Trang 12» Objective and careful analysis of words and/or
phrases in a series of documents, videos,
magazines, periodicals, or in order to determine
what the evidence shows
» Content analysis can uncover cultural assumptions about the ways words or images are used
» Content analysis can provide insights about how organizations or individuals use language, phrases
Trang 13» Selection of software (if being used)
» Development of coding schedule
» Coding manual
» Careful training of people involved
» Careful selection of documents
» Clear plan of how to analyze the results
Trang 14» Process of recording what is in a document or set of images in a consistent and replicable manner
» Requires:
˃ Determination of unit of analysis
˃ coding schedule
˃ Coding manual
˃ Training coding persons
Trang 15» Anything unclear?
» One thing that fascinates me about the topics in this class is …