After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: What is negotiation? What is a holder in due course? What requirements must be met to obtain holder-in-due-course status? What is the shelter principle? In what ways has the holder-in-due-course doctrine been abused?
Trang 1Negotiation, Holder in
Due Course, and
Defenses
Copyright © 2015 McGrawHill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGrawHill Education.
Trang 2 Negotiable Instrument: Written document signed by maker/drawer with
unconditional promise/order to pay certain sum of money on demand or at
definite time to order/bearer
Negotiation: Transfer of possession to third party, who becomes holder of negotiable instrument
Holder: Party who possesses negotiable instrument payable to the party, or
to bearer
Holder in Due Course: Certain holder who has greater legal rights to the
negotiable instrument (compared to mere holder), since the holder in due
Trang 3Negotiation Requirements
Bearer Paper: Merely requires payee’s delivery of
instrument to holder (Physical transfer of negotiable
instrument)
Order Paper: Requires endorsement and delivery
Trang 4 “Blank”: Payee’s (or last endorsee’s) signature
“Special”: Endorser’s signature plus named endorsee
“Qualified”: Endorser’s signature plus use of language “without
recourse” (limits endorser liability)
“Restrictive”: Endorser’s signature plus restrictions on future
negotiation of instrument
Endorsement for deposit or collection only
Endorsement to prohibit further endorsement
Conditional endorsement
Trust endorsement
Trang 5Noncriminal Endorsement Problems
Misspelled Name: Holder may endorse document with misspelled name, holder’s
actual name, or both
Payable to Legal Entity:
Alternative/Joint Payees
Endorsement by any one of listed payees sufficient
Endorsement by all listed payees required
Trang 6Provides incentive for financial intermediaries to engage in transactions,
because they receive greater legal protection by virtue of “holder in due
course” status
Trang 7dishonored, that it has been altered or has an unauthorized signature, or that it is subject to adverse claims or defenses to enforceability of instrument
Trang 8Holder Takes Instrument “For Value” If Holder:
Trang 9Exceptions To Value Requirement
Holder is not a holder in due course if he/she takes
instrument by:
process
course of transferor’s business
Trang 10Holder in due course is generally free from following “personal” defenses:
Lack or failure of consideration
Breach of contract
Fraud in the inducement (in underlying contract)
Incapacity
Illegality
Duress
Unauthorized completion or material alteration of instrument
Trang 11Holder In Due Course Is Subject to Following
“Real” Defenses:
Trang 12If holder cannot attain holder in due course status,
holder can acquire rights and privileges of holder
in due course, if item transferred from a holder in
due course
Trang 13consumer notes may not be subject to holder in
due course status, if consumer credit contract or
purchase money loan contains following statement
(in 10point, boldface type):
“ANY HOLDER OF THIS CONSUMER CREDIT
CONTRACT IS SUBJECT TO ALL CLAIMS AND DEFENSES WHICH THE DEBTOR COULD ASSERT AGAINST THE SELLER OF
GOODS OR SERVICES OBTAINED PURSUANT
HERETO OR WITH THE PROCEEDS HEREOF.
RECOVERY HEREUNDER BY THE DEBTOR
SHALL NOT EXCEED AMOUNTS PAID BY
THE DEBTOR HEREUNDER”
2713