In this chapter, you will learn to: Explain the terms random experiment, outcome, sample space, permutations, and combinations; define probability; describe the classical, empirical, and subjective approaches to probability; explain and calculate conditional probability and joint probability;...
Trang 1A Survey of Concepts
Trang 2When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the terms random experiment,
outcome , sample space , permutations ,
Trang 4Types of Statistics Types of Statistics
Methods of…
collecting organizing presenting
and analyzing data
Methods of…
collecting organizing presenting
sample information.
Science of…
making inferences
about a population, based on
sample information.
Inferential Inferential
Emphasis now to be on this!
Trang 5…is a measure of the likelihood that an event in the future will happen!
…is a measure of the likelihood that an event in the future will happen!
It can only assume a value between 0 and 1.
A value near zero means the event is not
likely happen; near one means it is likely
There are three definitions of probability:
classical , empirical , and subjective
Trang 6each outcome has a probability
associated with it
Trang 7…is a particular result of a
random experiment
is the collection or set of all the possible outcomes of a
random experiment
…is the collection of one or more
outcomes of an experiment
Trang 8of an Event = NUMBER of Total NUMBERfavourable outcomes of possible outcomes
E Empirical mpirical PProbability robability
Trang 9…. refers to the chance of occurrence assigned to an event
by a particular individual
…. refers to the chance of occurrence assigned to an event
by a particular individual
It is not computed objectively, i.e., not from prior knowledge or from actual
data…
It is not computed objectively, i.e., not from prior knowledge or from actual
Trang 13H
T H T
Trang 14Pie Ice Cream
Soup
Juice
Beef Turkey Fish Beef Turkey Fish
Pie Ice Cream
Pie Ice Cream
Pie
Ice Cream
Pie Ice Cream
Pie Ice Cream Pie
Ice Cream
Trang 15Be e f
T ur ke y Fis h
Be e f
T ur ke y Fis h
I c e Cr e a m 12 12
Trang 165 12
Tree Diagrams
Me nu Appe t ize r :
S o up o r
J uic e Ent r é e :
Be e f
T ur ke y Fis h
Be e f
T ur ke y Fis h
Trang 176/12 4/12
Be e f
T ur ke y Fis h
See next slide…
Trang 18If one thing can be done in M ways, and if after this is done, something else can be done in N ways, then both things can be done in a total of
M*N different ways in that stated order!
If one thing can be done in M ways, and if after this is done, something else can be done in N ways, then
Trang 193 * 2 * 5 = 30
When getting dressed, you have a choice between wearing one of:
3 pairs of shoes
2 pairs of pants
5 shirts Find the number of
different “outfits” possible
When getting dressed, you have a choice between wearing one of:
Trang 20What is the probability of drawing a red Ace
from a deck of well
shuffled cards?
What is the probability of drawing a red Ace
from a deck of well
shuffled cards?
P ( Red Ace ) = 2 /52
robability
Trang 22robability
Trang 2452
Scenarios
1. Draw an Ace Condition Outcomes All Possible Outcomes 4
2. Draw a Black Ace Condition Outcomes All Possible Outcomes 2
Trang 254. Drawing…a Red
Card or a Queen Condition Outcomes All Possible Outcomes 26 52 + 2
52
28 52
52
28 52
=
Trang 28What is the p robability of drawing one card that is both BLACK and a King from a deck of wellshuffled cards?
Trang 29What is the p robability of drawing a card that is either BLACK or a King from a deck of wellshuffled cards?
Formula Formula P(A or B) =
= 28/52= 28/52
P( Black or King) = 26/52 + 4/52 2/52
This is called the Addition Rule
P (A) + P(B) –P(Both)
Trang 30Alternate solution
Trang 34Probabilities
from a Table
Trang 35What is the Probability of selecting a female student?What is the Probability of selecting a female student?
400/750 = 53.33%
Trang 36What is the Probability of selecting a Human
Resources or International major?
What is the Probability of selecting a Human
Resources or International major?
Gender Accounting International HR TOTAL
Trang 37What is the Probability of selecting a Female
or International major?
What is the Probability of selecting a Female
or International major?
Gender Accounting International HR TOTAL
= 400 /750
Trang 38from a Table
Trang 39Gender Accounting International HR TOTAL
Trang 40from a Table
= 51.6% = 51.6%
= 160/310
Trang 41What is the Probability of selecting an
International major, given that the person
selected is a Female?
What is the Probability of selecting an
International major, given that the person
Trang 43= 25 or 25%
Trang 44it, put it back, and repeat
twice more
Draw three cards with replacement i.e., draw one card, look at
it, put it back, and repeat
twice more
Find the probability of drawing 3 Queens in a row:
P(3Q) = 4/52 * 4/52 *4/52 P(3Q) = 4/52 * 4/52 *4/52 = 0.00046 == 0.00046 = most unlikely! most unlikely!
Trang 45 Drawing a RED card from a deck of cards
Drawing a HEART from a deck of cards
Therefore these are NOT independent events!
Trang 46ayes’
heorem
Trang 48Springfield plants (A or B) filled this bottle.
Trang 49P(plant A) = .55 P(plant B) = .45 P(Underfilled A) = .03 P(Underfilled B) = .04
P(plant A) = .55 P(plant B ) = 45
P( U nderfilled A) = .03 P( U nderfilled B ) = 04
Trang 50P(plant A) = .55 P(plant B) = .45 P(Underfilled/A) = .03 P(Underfilled/B) = .04
P(plant A) = .55 P(plant B ) = 45
P( U nderfilled/A) = .03 P( U nderfilled/ B ) = 04
47.83%
The likelihood that the underfilled bottle came from Plant A has been reduced from 55% to
47.83%
Trang 51Rules
Trang 525 52actorials !
… this is just a shorthand notation
that is sometimes used to save time!
Examples:
5! … Means 5*4*3*2*1 = 120 4! … Means 4*3*2*1 = 24
Examples :
5! … Means 5*4*3*2*1 = 120 4! … Means 4*3*2*1 = 24
By definition, 1! =1 and 0! =1 By definition, 1! =1 and 0! =1
Trang 53ombination
n Pr = (n – r)! n!
n Cr = r!(n – r)! n!
Trang 54…How many ways can you arrange n things,
taking r at a time, when order is important?
…How many ways can you arrange n things,
taking r at a time, when order is important?
You are assigned the task of choosing 2 of your 6 classmates to serve on a task force. One will act as the
Trang 57extra content data sets
searchable glossary access to Statistics Canada’s EStat data
…and much more!
Trang 58This completes Chapter 5