Lecture Note Professional practices in information technology - Lecture No. 21: Computer Security Ethics. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Hackers’ code of ethics, new(er) hacker ethics, security threats, ethical issues in security courses.
Trang 1ProfessionalPracticesin Information Technology
HandBook
COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology
(Virtual Campus) Islamabad, Pakistan
Trang 2Lecture 21 Computer Security Ethics
21.1 Introduction
Being ethical is not necessarily following one’s feelings; “feelings frequently deviate from what
is ethical“. Often because of the way one is raised, ethics and religion are coupled; but ethics is not confined to religion nor is the same as religion. Being ethical is not solely following the law Elements of practical ethics through basic philosophy:
– Ethical thought
– Ethical definition
– Ethical values
Example: “If a person conceives of engineering activity as only making money, then one's definition of practical ethics, one's actions and values will, be guided by this basic philosophical position. “
Security in:
– Client / Workstation / Terminal
– Intranetworks
– Internetworks
In terms of:
– Physical Security
Trang 3– Hackers
– Crackers
– Script Kiddies
– Unethical Employees (logic bombs, backdoor,…)
– Cyberterrorists
– Corporate Spy
– Worm / Virus / Trojan (incl. keyloggers,…)
– Spoofing / Sniffing / Phishing
– DoS / DDoS attacks
Examples:
Trang 4Example of Phishing:
Trang 5Hacker creed (Steven Levy’s “Hackers: Heroes of Computer Revolution” 1984 ):
–Access to computers should be unlimited and total.
–Always yield to the HandsOn Imperative
–All information should be free.
–Mistrust authority promote decentralization.
–Hackers should be judged by their hacking.
–You can create art and beauty on a computer.
–Computers can change your life for the better.
Trang 6–"Above all else, do no harm"
–Protect Privacy
–"Waste not, want not."
–Exceed Limitations
–The Communicational Imperative
–Leave No Traces
–Share!
–Self Defense
–Hacking Helps Security
–Trust, but Test!
In Short : 1) protect data and hardware 2) respect and protect privacy 3) utilize what is being wasted by others 4) exceed unnecessary restrictions 5) promote peoples' right to communicate 6) leave no traces 7) share data and software 8) be vigilant against cybertyranny and 9) test security and system integrity of computer systems
New(er) Hacker Ethics:
Trang 7from unauthorized or unusual sources, and is often hidden.Hackers like to understand how things work, and want to make their own improvements or modifications.
Hackers often disagree with authority, including parents, employers, social customs and laws. They often seek to get around authority they disagree with.Hackers disagree with each other. Different hackers have different values, and come from all backgrounds. This means that what one hacker is opposed to might be embraced by another.
Hackers are persistent, and are willing to devote hours, days and years to pursuing their individual passions. This Code is not to prescribe how hackers act. Instead, it is to help us to recognize our own diversity and identity.
Every hacker must make his or her own decisions about what is right or wrong, and some might
do things they believe are illegal, amoral or antisocial.
Hackers' motivations are their own, and there is no reason for all hackers to agree.Hackers have a shared identity, however, and many shared interests.By reading this Code, hackers can recognize themselves and each other, and understand better the group they are a part of
Hackers’ Code of Ethics:
–Old code vs new code
–Are new hackers aware of the original hacker ethics?
–Are new hackers aware of any hacker ethics?
–Influence of technology and social issues on changes in hacker ethics
–Similarity between the old and new ethics and ethical continuity
Trang 8More security subjects are moved from graduate level to undergraduate level; graduate students are more mature than undergraduate ones. Are security courses’ materials really appropriate? (Some include: trying DDOS, writing and spreading a virus,…)
Major of computer hackers are under the age of 25 and many of them are college students. Using hacking tools in labs and classes increases “comfort level” with such tools the more comfortable people become with one computer technology, the more likely they are to use them There are many justifications for teaching such sensitive issues: to strengthen the nation’s defense against attacks. But do we need to know the details of how to make a bomb in order to defend ourselves against bomb attacks? Using password crackers is not necessary to teach the dangers of using weak and insecure passwords
“Students would learn them on their own anyway We are presenting this material in a responsible manner.” The big question is: how to really present this material in a responsible manner?
Requiring students to sign a statement and take an ethical oath? Teaching ethical issues as part of
a course? Problem: ethical standards cannot be integrated in individuals just over a short period
of time!
Ethical subjects are necessary especially in computer security curricula. Ethical standards should
be taught to students early in the program and students should be reminded of them throughout the program.
Students should become aware about the consequences of misuse of their knowledge
The problem of “deindividualism” (group size, anonymity)
“Deindividualism is a feeling of separation and anonymity that can lead to individuals engaging
in a broader range of unethical behaviors.”
“Deindividuation is the psychological state of separation of the individual from others”. It is often seen in chat rooms and message boards
Making students aware that they are trusted with something important encourages them to live